Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry measurement of facial asymmetry in patients with congenital muscular torticollis: a non-invasive method.

The aim of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry based methods for measuring craniofacial asymmetry in patients with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). This study focused on the differences in craniofacial asymmetry in CMT patients compared with a healthy control group using 3D photographs. The difference in facial asymmetry between the CMT group and control group was measured using two methods to analyse facial asymmetry in distinct anatomical regions: (1) mirroring and surface-based registration to analyse the overall facial asymmetry; (2) the 'coherent point drift' based method. Thirty-one patients with CMT and 84 controls were included in the study. A statistically significant difference was found between the CMT patients and a healthy control group. The measured facial asymmetry for the CMT group was 1.71±0.66mm and for the controls 0.46±0.14mm (P<0.05). A significant difference was found in surface ratio for the cheek, nose and the forehead region (P<0.05). With its minimal invasive character, 3D stereophotogrammetry is a useful tool in measuring the facial asymmetry associated with CMT and to quantify the treatment-induced facial changes. In the future 3D facial data could be used to create a ranking-scale to categorize the severity of facial asymmetry.

Characterizing the face in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate facial weakness in patients with FSHD to better define clinical signs, and pilot a facial weakness severity score. METHODS: 87 FSHD patients and 55 controls were video recorded while performing seven facial tasks. The videos were assessed by three independent examiners to compile an overview of signs of facial weakness. Next, videos were semi-quantitatively assessed using a newly developed 4-point facial weakness score (FWS). This score was evaluated and correlated to other FSHD disease characteristics. RESULTS: Patients had lower scores on the total FWS than controls (mean score 43 ± 28, range 4-118, vs 14 ± 9, range 0-35, p < 0.001) and on all seven individual facial tasks (all p < 0.001). 54% of patients had FWS scores outside the range of controls. Patients had more asymmetry between the left and right side of the face than controls. About 10% of the patients had very mild facial weakness. These were mostly males (89%) with longer D4Z4 repeat sizes of 7-9 units. More severe facial weakness correlated to more severe overall disease severity and shorter D4Z4 repeat size, but not to disease duration. Interobserver agreement for the FWS between three raters was low with a Fleiss Kappa of 0.437. CONCLUSION: This study provides an overview of the clinical spectrum of facial weakness and its relation to other disease characteristics. The 4-point scale we introduced to grade the severity of facial weakness enables correlation of facial weakness to disease characteristics, but is not suited as clinical outcome measure for longitudinal studies.