An analysis of the influence of sex hormones on Balb/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Sex steroids can determine several responses in the clinical evolution of malaria. Seventy Balb-c mice were randomly distributed into 7 groups (10 mice per group): G1 to G6 corresponding to castrated females, castrated females that received estradiol cypionate, uncastrated females, castrated males, castrated males that received intramuscular testosterone decanoate and uncastrated males infected with Plasmodium berghei, and G7, the control group. The mice were evaluated with regard to survival, parasitemia, temperature, body weight, hemoglobin level (anemia) and splenic index. Castrated infected females had lower rates of survival. In the castrated male, the administration of testosterone had a negative influence on survival. There was a progressive increase in parasitemia without repercussions for survival. Castration had a significant influence on weight gain in females. Weight loss was observed in all mice, except those in groups G2 and G5, although this bore no direct relation to parasitemia. A significant and progressive decline in temperature and hemoglobin levels occurred in mice over the course of their infection, which differed from the G7 group. The weight of the spleen in relation to total body weight did not differ among the groups of infected mice, but was significantly higher than it was for the control group.

Copaiba oil effect on induced fecal peritonitis in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic substance on survival of rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, describing histopathological and oxidative stress findings. METHODS: Forty rats (Ratus norvegicus) were distributed into five study groups (N=8): Sham group (ShG): normal standard animals; Sepse group (SepG): submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Pre group (PreG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP; Post CLP group (PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection from the first day of CLP until death by sepsis; and Pre/Post group (Pre/PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP and from the first day of CLP until de death by sepsis. After the death of the animals, blood was collected for assessment of oxidative stress and histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized. RESULTS: Survival analysis demonstrated that animals treated with copaiba oil prior to the execution of the CLP (PreG and Pre/Post groups) had longer survival compared to the sepsis group (p<0.0001) whereas animals receiving copaiba only after the completion of CLP (PostG) showed no statistically significant difference compared to the sepsis group. However, when comparing the two groups in which was administered copaiba previously (PreG and Pre/PostG groups), there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.4672). There was no statistical difference between histopathological findings or the levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba increases survival of rats subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Copaiba oil effect under different pathways in mice subjected to sepsis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil administered by different routes on survival of mices subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. METHODS: Thirty two mice were distributed into four study groups (N=8): Sham group: normal standard animals; CONTROL GROUP: submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Gavage group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by gavage; and Subcutaneous group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by subcutaneous injection. After the death of the histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized. RESULTS: All animals that received copaiba, regardless of the route used, survived longer when compared to the control group (p<0.0001), whereas the survival time ranged from 20 hours for the control group up to 32 hours for the animals of gavage group and 52 for subcutaneous group. The animals that received gavage copaiba lived about and about 20 hours unless the subcutaneous group (p=0.0042). There was no statistical difference when compared the intensity of inflammatory response (p>0.05) CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba in mice subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture, resulted in a survival time higher than non-use or use of this oil by gavage.

Copaiba oil effect on induced fecal peritonitis in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic substance on survival of rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, describing histopathological and oxidative stress findings.METHODS:Forty rats (Ratus norvegicus) were distributed into five study groups (N=8): Sham group (ShG): normal standard animals; Sepse group (SepG): submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Pre group (PreG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP; Post CLP group (PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection from the first day of CLP until death by sepsis; and Pre/Post group (Pre/PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP and from the first day of CLP until de death by sepsis. After the death of the animals, blood was collected for assessment of oxidative stress and histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized.RESULTS: Survival analysis demonstrated that animals treated with copaiba oil prior to the execution of the CLP (PreG and Pre/Post groups) had longer survival compared to the sepsis group (p<0.0001) whereas animals receiving copaiba only after the completion of CLP (PostG) showed no statistically significant difference compared to the sepsis group. However, when comparing the two groups in which was administered copaiba previously (PreG and Pre/PostG groups), there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.4672). There was no statistical difference between histopathological findings or the levels of oxidative stress.CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba increases survival of rats subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Copaiba oil effect under different pathways in mice subjected to sepsis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil administered by different routes on survival of mices subjected to cecal ligation and puncture. METHODS: Thirty two mice were distributed into four study groups (N=8): Sham group: normal standard animals; Control group: submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Gavage group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by gavage; and Subcutaneous group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by subcutaneous injection. After the death of the histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized. RESULTS: All animals that received copaiba, regardless of the route used, survived longer when compared to the control group (p<0.0001), whereas the survival time ranged from 20 hours for the control group up to 32 hours for the animals of gavage group and 52 for subcutaneous group. The animals that received gavage copaiba lived about and about 20 hours unless the subcutaneous group (p=0.0042). There was no statistical difference when compared the intensity of inflammatory response (p>0.05) CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba in mice subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture, resulted in a survival time higher than non-use or use of this oil by gavage. .

Qualidade das prescrições médicas em um Centro de Saúde Escola da Amazônia Brasileira / Quality of medical prescriptions in a School Health Center of the Brazilian Amazon

Justificativa: As falhas devidas à prescrição contribuem significativamente para o índice total de erros de medicações e têm elevado potencial para resultarem em consequências prejudiciais para o paciente.Esse risco aumenta à medida que profissionais não conseguem entender a prescrição; devido à letra ilegível ou à falta de informações necessárias para a correta administração. Objetivo: Determinar a qualidade das prescrições médicas em um Centro de Saúde Escola da Amazônia Brasileira no período de agosto e setembro de 2011. Métodos: O presente estudo caracteriza-se como clínico e observacional, tendo sido realizado por meio da avaliação da amostra de 360 cópias aleatórias de prescrições manuais de receitas simples, feitas por médicos pertencentes ao quadro de funcionários do Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco, Unidade de Saúde vinculada à Universidade do Estado do Pará, no período de agosto e setembro de 2011. O protocolo de pesquisa teve como base o disposto no Capítulo VI, Artigo 35 da Lei 5.991/1973, a qual padroniza e estabelece os dados imprescindíveis para a boa compreensão de um receituário. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente através do teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis com correção pelo método de t-Student. Resultados: Constatou-se que 28,92% das prescrições encontravam-se ilegíveis, 91,52% apresentavam abreviaturas e 10,59% apresentavam posologia incompleta. Nenhuma das prescrições apresentava endereço do paciente. Conclusão: a qualidade da prescrição médica do Centro de Ensino estudado necessita de melhorias, para que sejam evitados erros de medicação e do processo de assistência à saúde, bem como para que a qualidade de vida dos pacientes possa ser assegurada...

Background: Failures due to prescription contribute significantly to the total index of errors and medications and they have increased the potential to result in harmful consequences for the patient. This risk increases as professionals cannot understand those prescriptions correctly, due to the letter unreadable or lack of information necessary for the correct administration. Objective: To determine the quality of the prescriptions in a School Health Center of the Brazilian Amazon, in the period of August and September of 2011. Methods: The study is characterized as observational and clinical, having been performed through the random evaluation of a sample with 360 copies of prescriptions simple recipes, manuals made by doctors belonging to the staff of Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco, during the period of August and September of 2011. The research protocol was based on the provisions of chapter VI, Article 35 of Law 5,991/1973, which standardizes and establishes the data essential for the proper understanding of a prescription pad. All data obtained were analyzed statistically through non- parametric test, Kruskal-Wallis with correction by method of t-Student. Results: It was found that 28.92% of prescriptions were unreadable, 91.52% had abbreviations and 10.59% had incomplete posology. None of the prescriptions presented patient's address.Conclusion: The quality of prescriptions in this center needs improvements, so that medication errors are avoided and the health care process, as well as the quality of life of patients can be assured...