Automated production of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 using a TRACERlab FXFN synthesis module.

The interest in gallium-68 labelled positron-emission tomography probes continues to increase around the world. However, one of the barriers for routine clinical use is the cost of the automated synthesis units for relatively simple labelling procedures. Herein, we describe the adaptation of a TRACERlab FXFN synthesis module for the automated production of gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals using a cation-exchange cartridge for postprocessing of the 68 Ge/68 Ga generator eluate. The recovery of activity from the cartridge was 95.6% to 98.9% using solutions of acidified sodium chloride (5 M with pH = 1-3). The radiosyntheses of [68 Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 were performed using acetate sodium buffer or 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, with a total duration of 21 and 23 minutes, respectively, including generator elution and radiopharmaceutical dispensing. Activity yields were 77% ± 2% for [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and 68% ± 3% for [68 Ga]Ga-DOTANOC (n > 100). The labelled peptides had a radiochemical purity exceeding 97%, and all quality control parameters were in conformity with the limits prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia.

Chronic Sleep Restriction Impairs the Antitumor Immune Response in Mice.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep regulates immune function reciprocally and can affect the parameters that are directly involved in the immune response. Sleep deprivation is considered to be a stress-causing factor and is associated with impaired immune activity. It causes increased glucocorticoid concentrations by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; this can lead to a series of disorders that are associated with the prolonged or increased secretion of these hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleep restriction (SR) on the development of pulmonary experimental metastasis and the modulation of the tumor immune response. METHODS: The SR protocol was accomplished by depriving C57BL/6 male mice of sleep for 18 h/day for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. The modified multiple-platforms method was used for SR. RESULTS: The results showed that cytotoxic cells (i.e., natural killer [NK] and CD8+ T cells) were reduced in number and regulatory T cells were predominant in the tumor microenvironment. Sleep-restricted mice also exhibited a reduced number of dendritic cells in their lymph nodes, which may have contributed to the ineffective activation of tumor-specific T cells. Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also reduced in the sleep-restricted mice, thus indicating an immunosuppressive status. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep dep-rivation induces failure in the activity of cells that are im-portant to the tumor immune response, both in the tumor microenvironment and on the periphery. This leads to the early onset and increased growth rate of lung metastasis.

Gene expression in B-1 cells from lupus-prone mice.

New Zealand Black X New Zealand White F1 [(NZB/NZW)F1] mice develop an autoimmune condition with similarities to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we demonstrate that B-1 cells, which have previously been reported to be involved in several autoimmune diseases, have altered gene expression in these mice. RNA was extracted from purified B-1 cells of disease-free C57BL/6 mice and lupus-prone (NZB/NZW)F1 mice. Gene expression was analysed using DNA microarray techniques and validated by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In (NZB/NZW)F1 mice, some genes had altered expression patterns compared to disease-free controls. Specifically, the upregulation of Ifitm1, Pvrl2 and Ifi202b and downregulation of Trp53bp1 mRNA were observed in (NZB/NZW)F1 mice. These genes are known to be associated with autoimmune diseases. This pattern of gene expression in B-1 cells could understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the altered gene expression observed in B-1 cells in our experimental model is important for SLE prognosis and therapy, and these implications are discussed herein.

Inhibition of macrophage functions by the C-terminus of murine S100A9 is dependent on B-1 cells.

The protein S100A9 plays a key role in the control of inflammatory response. The C-terminus of the murine S100A9 protein (mS100A9p) downregulates the spreading and phagocytic activity of adherent peritoneal cells. Murine peritoneal cells are constituted by macrophages and B-1 cells, and the latter exert an inhibitory effect on macrophage functions by secreting interleukin- (IL-) 10. Here, we investigated the influence of B-1 cells on the inhibitory effect evoked by mS100A9p on macrophages. mS100A9p did not alter spreading and phagocytosis either by peritoneal macrophages obtained from mice deprived of B-1 cells or by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMϕ). Nevertheless, when BMDMϕ were cocultivated by direct or indirect contact with B-1 cells treated with mS100A9p, the phagocytosis by BMDMϕ was decreased, showing that the effect of mS100A9p on macrophages was modulated by B-1 cells and/or their secretory compounds. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of mS100A9p on phagocytosis by adherent peritoneal cells was abolished in cells obtained from IL-10 knockout mice. Taken together, the results show that mS100A9p has no direct inhibitory effect on macrophages; however, mS100A9p modulates B-1 cells, which in turn downregulates macrophages, at least in part, via IL-10. These data contribute to the characterization of S100A9 functions involving B-1 cells in the regulation of the inflammatory process.

[Perception of the risk of drugs consumption in teenagers of our environment]. / Consumo de drogas en los adolescentes: percepción del riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To know the perception of the risk of drugs consumption and its influence in the attitudes and behaviors of the pupils of Second Year in the High Schools in Torrijos (Toledo). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative descriptive study made from April to July 2010 two High Schools in Torrijos by nurses who have worked in the Health Centre. The sample consisted of sixteen pupils taken from the lists were provided by teachers of the High School. The data was obtained making four group interviews distributed according to the gender; the speech saturation was got with these interviews. There are made categories of information after analyzing the contents. RESULTS AND DISCUSION: The teenagers know most of the drugs but alcohol and tobacco are not identified like a drug. They connect the beginning of the High School with first contact with the drugs. The most important reasons for the beginning of the consumption are invulnerability feelings and pressure of the groups. There is evidence of more consumption in males. The most important negative effects are considered risky sexual relations, traffic accidents and giving up studies. They ask for more accessibility of health services. CONCLUSIONS: The health strategies should tend to the expectations of the teenagers and not only to give information. A prevention program of the drugs consumption must include aspects to promote the development of personal abilities and reinforce their capacities of facing up to drugs.

Impact of sleep restriction in B-1 cells activation and differentiation.

B-1 lymphocytes are a subtype of B cells with functional and phenotypic features that differ from conventional B lymphocytes. These cells are mainly located in mice's pleural and peritoneal cavities and express unconventional B cell surface markers. B-1 cells participate in immunity by producing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines and physically interacting with other immune cells. In addition, B-1 cells can differentiate into mononuclear phagocyte-like cells and phagocytize several pathogens. However, the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells are not entirely understood. It is known that several factors can influence B-1 cells, such as pathogens components and the immune response. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of chronic stress on B-1 cell activation and differentiation into phagocytes. The experimental sleep restriction was used as a stress model since the sleep alteration alters several immune cells' functions. Thus, mice were submitted to sleep restriction for 21 consecutive days, and the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that B-1 cells initiated the differentiation process into mononuclear phagocytes after the period of sleep restriction. In addition, we detected a significant decrease in lymphoid lineage commitment factors (EBF, E2A, Blnk) (*P < 0.05) and an increase in the G-CSFR gene (related to the myeloid lineage commitment factor) (****P < 0.0001), as compared to control mice no submitted to sleep restriction. An increase in the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (**P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05, respectively) and a higher production of nitric oxide (NO) (*P < 0.05) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (*P < 0.05) were also observed in B-1 cells from mice submitted to sleep restriction. Nevertheless, B-1 cells from sleep-restricted mice showed a significant reduction in the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, -6, and -9, and interleukine-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression (***P < 0.001) as compared to control. Sleep-restricted mice intraperitoneally infected withL. amazonensispromastigotes showed a reduction in the average internalized parasites (*P < 0.05) by B-1 cells. These findings suggest that sleep restriction interferes with B-1 lymphocyte activation and differentiation. In addition, b-1 cells assumed a more myeloid profile but with a lower phagocytic capacity in this stress condition.

Development of [18F]ICMT-11 for Imaging Caspase-3/7 Activity during Therapy-Induced Apoptosis.

Insufficient apoptosis is a recognised hallmark of cancer. A strategy to quantitatively measure apoptosis in vivo would be of immense value in both drug discovery and routine patient management. The first irreversible step in the apoptosis cascade is activation of the "executioner" caspase-3 enzyme to commence cleavage of key structural proteins. One strategy to measure caspase-3 activity is Positron Emission Tomography using isatin-5-sulfonamide radiotracers. One such radiotracer is [18F]ICMT-11, which has progressed to clinical application. This review summarises the design and development process for [18F]ICMT-11, suggesting potential avenues for further innovation.

Dexmedetomidine in medical cardiac intensive care units. Data from a multicenter prospective registry.

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine induces cooperative and arousable sedation. Our aim was to analyze dexmedetomidine use in medical cardiac intensive care units (CICU). METHODS: Multicenter prospective registry of patients treated with dexmedetomidine in CICU. Consecutive inclusion during a 12-month period. RESULTS: A total of 410 patients were included, mean age was 67.4 ± 13.9 years, and 94 (22.9%) were women. Before using dexmedetomidine, 247 patients (60.2%) had delirium, 48 developed delirium after dexmedetomidine use. In 178 (43.4%) dexmedetomidine was used during weaning from mechanical ventilation, with a reintubation rate of 10.1%, early reintubation rate (<24 h) 1.7%. Seventy-seven patients (18.8%) died during admission. Dexmedetomidine mean dose infusion was 0.51 ± 0.25 µ/kg/h, during a median of 34 h (interquartile range 12-78 h). Three hundred forty-eight patients received adjuvant sedatives (84.9%). Sixty-eight patients (16.6%) had adverse effects. The most frequent adverse effects were hypotension with systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg (44 patients - 10.7%), bradycardia <40 beats per minute (15 patients - 3.7%), and both bradycardia and hypotension (4 patients - 1.0%). Patients with adverse effects received more frequently inotropes (53 [81.6%] vs. 212 [65.4%], p = 0.02) and fewer adjuvant sedatives (49 [75.4%] vs. 282 [87.0%], p = 0.01). The independent predictors of adverse effects were inotropes use (odds ratio [OR] 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-5.74, p = 0.008) and lack of adjuvant sedatives (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.49-6.26, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine safety for medical CICU patients seems to be similar to that for general intensive care unit patients. Inotropes and lack of adjuvant sedatives were associated with adverse effects.

Progress in the use of immunotherapy to treat uterine cervical cancer.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has a high incidence in many of the world's populations, and it has been hypothesized to be a precursor of uterine cervical cancer. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia also shares similar pathological traits with human papillomavirus infections. Various surgical treatments have been proposed over the years for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, including conization, hysterectomy and, more recently, a loop electrosurgical excisional procedure. However, a higher recurrence rate of the disease has been observed after these procedures. Therefore, immunotherapy has been proposed as a potential treatment to be used in conjunction with surgery, or independently, as treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Currently, immunotherapy includes the application of recombinant viral proteins, vaccines, or antibody- and dendritic cell-based therapies. In this review, we summarize the development and testing of these immunotherapy approaches, particularly in regard to their application for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells.

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression.

Pathological Response and Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Following Neoadjuvant Carboplatin plus Docetaxel.

PURPOSE: Prognostic value of pathologic complete response (pCR) and extent of pathologic response attained with anthracycline-free platinum plus taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is unknown. We report recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) according to degree of pathologic response in patients treated with carboplatin plus docetaxel NAC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One-hundred and ninety patients with stage I-III TNBC were treated with neoadjuvant carboplatin (AUC6) plus docetaxel (75 mg/m2) every 21 days × 6 cycles. pCR (no evidence of invasive tumor in breast and axilla) and Residual cancer burden (RCB) were evaluated. Patients were followed for recurrence and survival. Extent of pathologic response was associated with RFS and OS using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Median age was 51 years, and 52% were node-positive. pCR and RCB I rates were 55% and 13%, respectively. Five percent of pCR patients, 0% of RCB I patients, and 58% of RCB II/III patients received adjuvant anthracyclines. Three-year RFS and OS were 79% and 87%, respectively. Three-year RFS was 90% in patients with pCR and 66% in those without pCR [HR = 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14-0.62; P = 0.0001]. Three-year OS was 94% in patients with pCR and 79% in those without pCR (HR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10-0.63; P = 0.001). Patients with RCB I demonstrated 3-year RFS (93%) and OS (100%) similar to those with pCR. On multivariable analysis, higher tumor stage, node positivity, and RCB II/III were associated with worse RFS. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant carboplatin plus docetaxel yields encouraging efficacy in TNBC. Patients achieving pCR or RCB I with this regimen demonstrate excellent 3-year RFS and OS without adjuvant anthracycline.

Tolerogenic property of B-1b cells in a model of allergic reaction.

Since B-1 cells were first described, their origin and function remain controversial. Given the ability to produce natural antibodies and large amounts of IL-10, there is a consensus about their role in innate immunity. More recently, however, B-1 cells have been associated to adaptive immunity as well, due to the demonstration of immunological memory and antigen presentation capability. Here we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of pre-sensitized B-1b cells (obtained from OVA-sensitized mice) to naïve B-1 deficient animals, drastically affects the ability of transplanted animals to mount an adaptive response upon immunization with OVA. In contrast to naïve B-1 populated mice, mice transplanted with sensitized B-1 exhibit lower anti-OVA antibody levels, milder footpad swelling in response to OVA subcutaneous injection and reduced granulomatous reaction to OVA-coated beads. Moreover, we show that these pre-sensitized B-1 cells, when acting as APCs, induce poor T cell proliferation in vitro when compared with macrophages or B-1 cells obtained from naïve mice. This property may be due in part to insufficient expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86, necessary for optimal antigen presentation. In conclusion, our data suggest a novel role for B-1 cells as part of suppressor mechanisms in the immune system.

Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Carboplatin plus Docetaxel in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Combined Analysis of Two Cohorts.

PURPOSE: Recent studies demonstrate that addition of neoadjuvant (NA) carboplatin to anthracycline/taxane chemotherapy improves pathologic complete response (pCR) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Effectiveness of anthracycline-free platinum combinations in TNBC is not well known. Here, we report efficacy of NA carboplatin + docetaxel (CbD) in TNBC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The study population includes 190 patients with stage I-III TNBC treated uniformly on two independent prospective cohorts. All patients were prescribed NA chemotherapy regimen of carboplatin (AUC 6) + docetaxel (75 mg/m2) given every 21 days × 6 cycles. pCR (no evidence of invasive tumor in the breast and axilla) and residual cancer burden (RCB) were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 190 patients, median tumor size was 35 mm, 52% were lymph node positive, and 16% had germline BRCA1/2 mutation. The overall pCR and RCB 0 + 1 rates were 55% and 68%, respectively. pCRs in patients with BRCA-associated and wild-type TNBC were 59% and 56%, respectively (P = 0.83). On multivariable analysis, stage III disease was the only factor associated with a lower likelihood of achieving a pCR. Twenty-one percent and 7% of patients, respectively, experienced at least one grade 3 or 4 adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: The CbD regimen was well tolerated and yielded high pCR rates in both BRCA-associated and wild-type TNBC. These results are comparable with pCR achieved with the addition of carboplatin to anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy. Our study adds to the existing data on the efficacy of platinum agents in TNBC and supports further exploration of the CbD regimen in randomized studies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 649-57. ©2016 AACR.

Patient-centered Outcomes of Root Canal Treatment: A Cohort Follow-up Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pulpal pathology in terms of oral health-related quality of life and to evaluate root canal treatment in terms of pain during and at 7 days after treatment. METHODS: A consecutive sample of 250 adult patients requiring root canal treatment for a permanent tooth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) participated in this 1 week-follow-up study. The baseline impact regarding oral pain and well-being was recorded. After the root canal treatment had been performed, the pain and the comfort experienced during and 7 days after treatment were recorded on a 0-10 visual analog scale. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the modulating factors of pain. RESULTS: At baseline, 41.2% of the patients reported a lot of pain, and the severity of the pain and the functional limitation were significantly greater among men compared with women. During the procedure, 62% of patients did not feel any pain, and 95% were relatively comfortable during the intervention. After 7 days, 60.4% reported some kind of post-treatment pain although on average this was very slight (1.5 ± 1.6 on a 0-10 range). Intrasubject comparisons revealed that the pain decreased progressively from the preoperative phase up to the postoperative phase, the pain being more acute in patients with vital teeth than those with necrotic pulps. CONCLUSIONS: The main impact on quality of life of pulpal pathology occurred in the pain and psychological discomfort dimensions. In more than 90% of patients undergoing root canal treatment, pain was totally or partially relieved after 7 days.

Sleep-deprivation reduces NK cell number and function mediated by ß-adrenergic signalling.

Reduction of sleep time triggers a stress response, leading to augmented levels of glucocorticoids and adrenaline. These hormones regulate components of the innate immune system such as natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether and how stress hormones could alter the population and function of NK and NKT cells of mice submitted to different lengths of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD, from 24 to 72 h). Results showed that 72h of PSD decreased not only NK and NKT cell counts, but also their cytotoxic activity against B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. Propranolol treatment during PSD reversed these effects, indicating a major inhibitory role of beta-adrenergic receptors (ß-AR) on NK cells function. Moreover, both corticosterone plasma levels and expression of beta 2-adrenergic receptors (ß2-AR) in NK cells increased by 48 h of PSD. In vitro incubation of NK cells with dexamethasone augmented the level of ß2-AR in the cell surface, suggesting that glucocorticoids could induce ß2-AR expression. In summary, we propose that reduction of NK and NKT cell number and cytotoxic activity appears to be mediated by glucocorticoids-induced increased expression of ß2-AR in these cells.

Contaminación bacteriana de cámara anterior durante la cirugía de catarata / Anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de contaminación bacteriana en cámara anterior durante la cirugía de catarata. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de serie de casos, en el cual participaron los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de catarata en el Servicio de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, en el período comprendido de enero del año 2015 a diciembre 2016. Se relacionaron los antecedentes patológicos personales oculares y sistémicos, los factores de riesgo asociados y las complicaciones transoperatorias con la presencia de bacterias en la cámara anterior al final de la cirugía. Los pacientes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente en el salón de cirugía. La muestra quedó constituida por 200 pacientes y divididos en tres grupos dependiendo de la experiencia de los cirujanos. Resultados: Al inicio del proceder quirúrgico, el 100 por ciento de los cultivos fueron negativos, mientras que al final de la cirugía se detectó crecimiento bacteriano en el 3 por ciento. Los gérmenes Gram positivos fueron los de mayor frecuencia (66,6 por ciento) donde el Staphylococcus epidermidis se aisló en un 50 por ciento de los casos. No existió relación significativa entre antecedentes patológicos personales oculares, sistémicos y los factores de riesgo asociados. La ruptura de la cápsula posterior fue la complicación transoperatoria más frecuente y al 4,7 por ciento se le detectó crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión: Se detecta una baja frecuencia de contaminación de la cámara anterior al final de la cirugía de catarata y los gérmenes comúnmente encontrados están relacionados con la microbiota de la superficie ocular(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the presence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional case-series study was conducted of patients undergoing cataract surgery at the Ocular Microsurgery Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January 2015 to December 2016. Personal ocular and systemic pathological antecedents, associated risk factors and perioperative complications, were related to the presence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination at the end of surgery. Patients were randomly selected in the operating room. The sample was composed of 200 patients, who were divided into three groups according to the surgeons' experience. Results: At the start of the surgical procedure, 100 percent of the cultures were negative, whereas at the end 3 percent bacterial growth was detected. Gram-positive germs were the most common (66.6 percent), with Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated in 50 percent of the cases. No significant relationship was found between personal ocular or systemic pathological antecedents and associated risk factors. Posterior capsule rupture was the most frequent intraoperative complication, with 4.7 percent bacterial growth detected. Conclusion: Low frequency of anterior chamber contamination was detected at the end of cataract surgery, and the germs commonly found are related to the ocular surface microbiota(AU)

Tumor del estroma extragastrointestinal (EGIST) mesentérico: entidad rara con evolución atípica / Mesenteric extragastrointestinal stromal tumor (EGIST): a rare variant with unusual behaviour

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) constituyen el tipo más frecuente de neoplasia mesenquimal del estroma gastrointestinal. Los casos que presentan características similares clínico-patológicas y moleculares que los GIST se ubican en los tejidos blandos del abdomen, y han sido denominados tumores del estroma extragastrointestinal (EGIST). Son infrecuentes y conocemos poco acerca de su pronóstico y manejo más adecuado. Presentamos el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de EGIST de localización en mesocolon con una evolución atípica. Este tipo de situaciones plantea un reto al diagnóstico diferencial a lo largo de todo el proceso y enfatiza la importancia de un manejo multidisciplinar.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Those GIST arising outside the gastrointestinal tract are called extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumours (EGIST) and share clinical, pathological and molecular features. They are very rare and very little is known about the correct management and prognosis of these neoplasms. The case is presented of a patient with a mesenteric EGIST and an unusual outcome. Its differential diagnosis is difficult, and the need for a multidisciplinary team approach is emphasised.

[Frequency and characteristics of the dysmenorrhea of women in the zone of health of Torrijos (Toledo)]. / Frecuencia y características de la dismenorrea en mujeres de la zona de salud de Torrijos (Toledo).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in the Torrijos area of Toledo, the social-demographic and individual characteristics that could be associated with it, and the self-care measures and self-medication used. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted in women 15-45 years old selected by accidental or non-probability sampling during the visit to the Torrijos (Toledo) health centre between April and May 2008. All participants were interviewed about their personal data, presence of dysmenorrhea, its frequency and severity, limitations and self-care strategies. Data were entered for statistical analysis into the Windoes SPSS 9.0 program. RESULTS: A total of 290 women were included, whose mean age was 29.8 years. The prevalence was 55.9% (162) (CI95% 49.9-61.6). The pain intensity was 4.96/10. We found a higher frequency in younger women (77.9% (81) vs. 34.1% (29)), nulliparous and alcohol consumers. In the cluster analysis just the age remained associated [OR=0.92 (CI95% 0.88-0.96)]. Normal daily activities were affected in 36.9% (107) of the women interviewed and 34.1% (99)haD consulted a doctor. A total of 72.1% (209) have taken medicines (NSAIDs and analgesics were commonly used). CONCLUSION: Dysmenorrhea is a potentially incapacitating problem. It is very common, and requires more attention in Primary Health Care.

Consumo de drogas en los adolescentes. Percepción del riesgo / Perception of the risk of drugs consumption in teenagers of our environment

Objetivo. Conocer la percepción del riesgo del consumo de drogas y su influencia en las actitudes y conductas en los alumnos de 2º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de los institutos de Torrijos (Toledo). Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y julio de 2010 en dos institutos de educación secundaria de Torrijos por enfermeras del Centro de Salud. Muestra de dieciséis alumnos seleccionados de listados proporcionados por informantes claves de los institutos. Los datos se obtuvieron con la realización de cuatro entrevistas grupales distribuidas según género, con las que se alcanzó la saturación del discurso. Se realizó un análisis de contenido categorial temático. Resultados y discusión. Los adolescentes conocen la mayoría de drogas pero no identifican alcohol y tabaco como tales. Relacionan el comienzo del instituto con el primer contacto con las mismas. Las causas principales del inicio del consumo son el sentimiento de invulnerabilidad y la presión de iguales. Se evidencia un mayor consumo en chicos. Las repercusiones negativas más destacadas son relaciones sexuales de riesgo, accidentes de tráfico y abandono de estudios. Demandan mayor accesibilidad y un espacio físico al que acudir para solventar dudas. Conclusiones. Las estrategias sanitarias deberían ir encaminadas a cubrir las expectativas de los adolescentes y no solo limitarnos a proporcionar información. Un programa para prevención de consumo de drogas debe incluir aspectos que promuevan el desarrollo de habilidades personales y refuercen capacidades de afrontamiento frente al consumo de drogas(AU)

Objective. To know the perception of the risk of drugs consumption and its influence in the attitudes and behaviors of the pupils of Second Year in the High Schools in Torrijos (Toledo). Materials and methods. Qualitative descriptive study made from April to July 2010 two High Schools in Torrijos by nurses who have worked in the Health Centre. The sample consisted of sixteen pupils taken from the lists were provided by teachers of the High School. The data was obtained making four group interviews distributed according to the gender; the speech saturation was got with these interviews. There are made categories of information after analyzing the contents. Results and discusion. The teenagers know most of the drugs but alcohol and tobacco are not identified like a drug. They connect the beginning of the High School with first contact with the drugs. The most important reasons for the beginning of the consumption are invulnerability feelings and pressure of the groups. There is evidence of more consumption in males. The most important negative effects are considered risky sexual relations, traffic accidents and giving up studies. They ask for more accessibility of health services. Conclusions. The health strategies should tend to the expectations of the teenagers and not only to give information. A prevention program of the drugs consumption must include aspects to promote the development of personal abilities and reinforce their capacities of facing up to drugs(AU)