Self-rated health among people living with HIV in Spain in 2019: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has become a chronic disease and well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is now of particular concern. The objectives of this paper were to describe self-rated health among PLHIV, on ART and on ART virally suppressed and to analyse its determinants. METHODS: Data were obtained from a second-generation surveillance system based on a cross-sectional one-day survey in public hospitals. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected among HIV-infected inpatients and outpatients receiving HIV-related care the day of the survey in 86 hospitals in 2019. Self-rated health was measured using a question included in the National Health Survey: "In the last 12 months, how would you rate your health status?" an ordinal variable with five categories (very good, good, moderate, bad and very bad). For the analysis, these responses were dichotomized into two categories: 1 = very good/good and 0 = moderate, bad or very bad health status. Factors associated with very good/good self-rated health were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 800 PLHIV, 67.5% perceived their health as very good/good, 68.4% among PLHIV on ART and 71.7% of those virally suppressed. Having university education (adjusted odds ratio (aOR):2.1), being unemployed (aOR:0.3) or retired (aOR:0.2), ever being diagnosed of AIDS (aOR:0.6), comorbidities (aOR:0.3), less than 2 year since HIV diagnosis (aOR:0.3) and not receiving ART (aOR:0.3) were associated with good self-rated health. Moreover, among PLHIV on ART, viral load less than 200 copies (aOR:3.2) were related to better perceived health. Bad adherence was inversely associated with good self-rated health among PLHIV on ART (aOR:0.5) and of those virally suppressed (aOR:0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly seven in 10 PLHIV in Spain considered their health status as very good/good, being higher among virally suppressed PLHIV. Both demographic and clinical determinants affect quality of life.

The contribution of telemedicine to hepatitis C elimination in a correctional facility.

BACKGROUND: micro-elimination has been recently proposed as an efficient strategy to achieve global hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. The Spanish Health Ministry Strategic Plan for hepatitis C infection highlighted intervention in prisons as a priority action. However, there are important barriers associated with the specialized care provision to the penitentiary population. AIMS: to assess the contribution of telemedicine for HCV elimination in a correctional facility in Spain. METHODS: an open label program of HCV elimination via telemedicine was started on February 3rd, 2015 in a large penitentiary of 1,200 inmates, as an alternative to referring patients to specialists. An anonymous satisfaction survey was performed among a random sample of inmates and all participating doctors. RESULTS: the prevalence of HCV viremia prior to program initiation was 12.4%. One hundred and thirty-one patients received DAA HCV treatment during the period 2015-2018; 42.74% had a HCV-HIV co-infection. Overall, 97% achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). A second regime of DAA successfully rescued non-responder patients and the HCV prevalence was zero at the end of the program. Satisfaction was high or very high according to 67% of inmates and all participating doctors. CONCLUSION: telemedicine is an effective tool for HCV elimination in penitentiary correctional facilities where referral to specialists is difficult. The extensive use of this technology should be recommended in this setting in order to facilitate equitable access to specialized care.

Executive summary: Pre-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV infection in adults in Spain: July 2016.

Administration of antiretroviral drugs to individuals exposed to, but not infected by, HIV has been shown to reduce the risk of transmission. The efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) makes it obligatory to include it in an integral program of prevention of HIV transmission, together with other measures, such as use of the condom, training, counseling, and appropriate treatment of infected individuals. In this document, the AIDS Study Group (GeSIDA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica [SEIMC]) provides its views on this important subject. The available evidence on the usefulness of PrEP in the prevention of transmission of HIV is presented, and the components that should make up a PrEP program and whose development and implementation are feasible in Spain are set out.

Executive summary of the consensus document on post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV, HBV and HCV in adults and children.

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be a secondary measure to prevent infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when primary prevention has failed. PEP is advised for people with sporadic and exceptional risk exposure to HIV. This consensus document about occupational and non-occupational PEP recommendations aims to be a technical document for healthcare professionals. Its main objective is to facilitate the appropriate use of PEP. To this end, some recommendations have been established to assess the risk of transmission in different types of exposure, situations where PEP should be recommended, special circumstances to take into account, antiretroviral (ARV) guidelines including start and end of the treatment, early monitoring of tolerance and adherence to the treatment, subsequent monitoring of people exposed, independently of having received PEP or not, and need of psychological support. This document is intended for all professionals who work in clinical practice in the field of HIV infection.

Executive summary: Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections and other coinfections in HIV-infected patients: May 2015.

Opportunistic infections continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. They often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an opportunistic infection. The present article is an executive summary of the document that updates the previous recommendations on the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This document is intended for all professionals who work in clinical practice in the field of HIV infection.

Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections and other coinfections in HIV-infected patients: May 2015.

Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections (OIs) continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI. The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Temporal Series Analysis of Population Cycle Threshold Counts as a Predictor of Surge in Cases and Hospitalizations during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

Tools to predict surges in cases and hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic may help guide public health decisions. Low cycle threshold (CT) counts may indicate greater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in the respiratory tract, and thereby may be used as a surrogate marker of enhanced viral transmission. Several population studies have found an association between the oscillations in the mean CT over time and the evolution of the pandemic. For the first time, we applied temporal series analysis (Granger-type causality) to validate the CT counts as an epidemiological marker of forthcoming pandemic waves using samples and analyzing cases and hospital admissions during the third pandemic wave (October 2020 to May 2021) in Madrid. A total of 22,906 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive nasopharyngeal swabs were evaluated; the mean CT value was 27.4 (SD: 2.1) (22.2% below 20 cycles). During this period, 422,110 cases and 36,727 hospital admissions were also recorded. A temporal association was found between the CT counts and the cases of COVID-19 with a lag of 9-10 days (p ≤ 0.01) and hospital admissions by COVID-19 (p < 0.04) with a lag of 2-6 days. According to a validated method to prove associations between variables that change over time, the short-term evolution of average CT counts in the population may forecast the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patterns of Sexualized Drug Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV: Insights from a Comprehensive Study-The U-SEX-2 GESIDA 9416 Study.

BACKGROUND: Sexualized drug use (SDU) has become a public health concern in recent years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SDU in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV (HIV + GBMSM) in Madrid during 2019/2020 and compare it with data from 2016/2017 in order to detect changes in patterns. METHODS: We analyzed the frequency of SDU in a sample of HIV + GBMSM attending HIV clinics, who participated in an anonymous online survey regarding sexual behavior and recreational drug use. The association between SDU, sexual risk behaviors, and STIs was evaluated. RESULTS: This study included 424 HIV + GBMSM, with a mean age of 40 (10.43) years. Overall, 94% (396) reported being sexually active. Additionally, 33% (140) had been diagnosed with an STI within the previous year. Moreover, 54% (229) had used drugs in the last year, 25% (107) engaged in SDU, and 16% (17) reported engagement in slamsex. After adjusting for confounding factors, SDU was associated with STIs, fisting, unprotected anal intercourse, and having >24 sexual partners in the last year. According to the DUDIT test scores, 80% (81) probably had problematic drug use (≥6 points), and 8% (8) probable drug dependence (≥25 points). When comparing the U-SEX-1 (2016/2017) data with the U-SEX-2 (2019/2020) data, no significant differences were found in the proportion of participants practicing SDU or slamming. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SDU among HIV + GBMSM has remained high in recent years and without significant changes. The risk of problematic drug use among those who practice SDU is high. We observed a clear association between SDU, high-risk sexual behaviors, and STIs.

Vaccination trends in people with HIV infection participanting in the hospital-based survey of patients infected with HIV, 2006-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the trend in hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, tetanus and seasonal influenza vaccination in people with HIV infection and to analyse associated factors. METHODS: The Hospital Survey of Patients with HIV, an annual cross-sectional study conducted on a fixed day (2006-2021), was used. Inpatients and outpatients were included. Trends in vaccination and associated factors were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 8643 participants were included. Vaccination rates increased to 65.3% for hepatitis A, 83.7% for hepatitis B, 49.3% for tetanus, 68.9% for pneumococcal and 74.5% for seasonal influenza in 2021. Factors positively associated with vaccination were older age for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination; higher educational level for hepatitis A and tetanus; living in a closed institutions or prison for tetanus, pneumococcal and influenza; and having acquired HIV through sex between men for hepatitis A, B and pneumococcal. In addition, being on antiretroviral treatment and having a high CD4 count were positively associated with vaccination for all these diseases. Factors inversely associated with vaccination were being older (hepatitis A, B and tetanus), being an immigrant (tetanus and seasonal influenza) and being an injection drug user/ex-user for hepatitis A and B. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination in people with HIV has increased in the study period. The results are in line with the recommendations in this population, although there is still room to reach the established vaccination indicators.

Dream changes following initiation of efavirenz treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate abnormalities in the quality of dreams after the use of efavirenz. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ten HIV patients without neuropsychiatric diseases underwent a polisomnography (PSG) study before and after efavirenz treatment, [after 10.4 (SD 5.4) days]. Patients were awoke after REM phases to record their dreams. All patients had therapeutic efavirenz plasma levels. RESULTS: Dreams were recalled in 84% before efavirenz and 43% after efavirenz (p=0.024). There were no differences in the mean number of words per dream before and after efavirenz treatment (61.9 versus 47.5, p=0.115). The proportion of dreams with no neutral emotional content (either pleasant or unpleasant) was 37.5% in the first night and 66.7% in the second night (p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: There were a higher proportion of dreams with no neutral emotional content after efavirenz treatment in this group of patients. However, no longer dreams and no more dreams with negative emotional content were noted. Dream recall was lower after efavirenz treatment.

[Recommendations on bladder cancer Management during COVID-19 pandemia: lessons learned and future plans.] / Recomendaciones sobre el manejo del carcinoma de vejiga en situación de pandemia por Covid-19. Experiencia aprendida y preparación para el futuro.

OBJECTIVES: The guidelines and recommendation sof good clinical practice have been disrupted by new and urgent policies, marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Urothelial carcinoma has a significant prevalence in Spain, whose population has been greatly affected by COVID-19, directly by the disease and indirectly by the confinement. The objective of this work is to offer recommendations on protocols and guidelines adjusted to different phases of the pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This document on the management of bladder carcinoma is based on few evidence on urological oncological practice during the first months of the pandemic and on the authors' experience in this pathology during the crisis of COVID-19. Hospital experts in infectious disseases and radiology have participated to design a common strategy to reorganize the activity. RESULTS: Different proposals for treatment and follow-up of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer adjusted for oncological risk and the different phases of the pandemic are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic's spread was unimaginable just a few months ago. Health systems have been shaken by the disease in the most critical phases. It is necessary, at this time, to make an additional effort to develop tools that can facilitate the care of bladder carcinoma and minimize the impact and risks for patients and health professionals in the future.

 OBJETIVOS: Las directrices y recomendaciones de la buena práctica clínica se han visto trastocadas por las nuevas y urgentes prioridades, marcadas po rla pandemia COVID-19. El carcinoma urotelial es una enfermedad de prevalencia significativa en España, cuya población se ha visto muy afectada por la COVID-19, directamente por la enfermedad e indirectamente por el confinamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer recomendaciones sobre protocolos y circuitos asistenciales ajustados a diferentes fases de la pandemia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El presente documento sobre el manejo del carcinoma vesical, se basa en la escasa evidencia sobre la práctica oncológica urológica durante los primeros meses de la pandemia y en la experiencia de los autores en esta patología durante la crisis del COVID-19. En ella, han participado expertos hospitalarios en patología infecciosa y radiodiagnóstico para diseñar una estrategia común y reorganizar así la actividad. RESULTADOS: Se presentan distintas propuestas de tratamiento y seguimiento de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer vesical ajustados al riesgo oncológico en las diferentes fases de la pandemia. CONCLUSIONES: La velocidad de expansión de la pandemia era inimaginable hace solo unos meses. Los sistemas sanitarios se han visto sacudidos por la enfermedad en las fases más críticas. Es necesario, en estos momentos, realizar un esfuerzo más para desarrollar herramientas que puedan facilitar la asistencia del carcinoma vesical y minimizar el impacto y los riesgos para los pacientes y los profesionales de la salud en el futuro.

Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb-V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice - Vie-KinD study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited data are available on the effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapies in the real world for HCV-infected patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV (3D/2D regimen) with or without ribavirin (RBV) in HCV or HCV/HIV co-infected patients with GT1/GT4 and CKD (IIIb-V stages), including those under hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in routine clinical practice in Spain in 2015. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-interventional, retrospective, multicenter data collection study in 31 Spanish sites. Socio-demographic, clinical variables, study treatment characteristics, effectiveness and tolerability data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Data from 135 patients with a mean age (SD) of 58.3 (11.4) years were analyzed: 92.6% GT1 (81.6% GT1b and 17.6% GT1a) and 7.4% GT4, 14 (10.4%) HIV/HCV co-infected, 19.0% with fibrosis F3 and 28.1% F4 by FibroScan®, 52.6% were previously treated with pegIFN and RBV. 11.1%, 14.8% and 74.1% of patients had CKD stage IIIb, IV and V respectively. 68.9% of patients were on hemodialysis; 8.9% on peritoneal dialysis and 38.5% had history of renal transplant. A total of 125 (96.2%) of 135 patients were treated with 3D, 10 (7.4%) with 2D and 30.4% received RBV. The overall intention-to-treat (ITT) sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) was 92.6% (125/135) and the overall modified-ITT (mITT) SVR12 was 99.2% (125/126). The SVR12 rates (ITT) per sub-groups were: HCV mono-infected (91.7%), HCV/HIV co-infected (100%), GT1 (92.0%), GT4 (100%), CKD stage IIIb (86.7%), stage IV (95%) and stage V (93%). Among the 10 non-SVR there was only 1 virologic failure (0.7%); 4 patients had missing data due lost to follow up (3.0%) and 5 patients discontinued 3D/2D regimen (3.7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision. CONCLUSIONS: These results have shown that 3D/2D regimens are effective and tolerable in patients with advanced CKD including those in dialysis with GT 1 or 4 chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV coinfection in a real-life cohort. The overall SVR12 rates were 92.6% (ITT) and 99.2% (mITT) without clinically relevant changes in eGFR until 12 weeks post-treatment. These results are consistent with those reported in clinical trials.

Is routine ophthalmoscopy really necessary in candidemic patients?

The purpose of this study was to determine among patients with candidemia the real rate of ophthalmoscopy and the impact of performing ocular assessment on the outcome of the disease. We performed a post hoc analysis of a prospective, multicenter, population-based candidemia surveillance program implemented in Spain during 2010-2011 (CANDIPOP). Ophthalmoscopy was performed in only 168 of the 365 patients with candidemia (46%). Ocular lesions related to candidemia were found in only 13/168 patients (7.7%), of whom 1 reported ocular symptoms (incidence of symptomatic disease in the whole population, 0.27% [1/365]). Ophthalmological findings led to a change in antifungal therapy in only 5.9% of cases (10/168), and performance of the test was not related to a better outcome. Ocular candidiasis was not associated with a worse outcome and progressed favorably in all but 1 evaluable patient, who did not experience vision loss. The low frequency of ophthalmoscopy and ocular involvement and the asymptomatic nature of ocular candidiasis, with a favorable outcome in almost all cases, lead us to reconsider the need for systematic ophthalmoscopy in all candidemic patients.

[Measurement of antimicrobial consumption using DDD per 100 bed-days versus DDD per 100 discharges after the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program]. / Evaluación del consumo de antimicrobianos mediante DDD/100 estancias versus DDD/100 altas en la implantación de un Programa de Optimización del Uso de Antimicrobianos.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring antimicrobial consumption in hospitals is a necessary measure. The indicators commonly employed do not clearly reflect the antibiotic selection pressure. The objective of this study is to evaluate two different methods that analyze antimicrobial consumption based on DDD, per stay and per discharge, before and after the implementation an antimicrobial stewardship program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comparative pre-post study of antimicrobial consumption with the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program using DDD per 100 bed-days and DDD per 100 discharges as indicators. RESULTS: Hospital bed days remained stable and discharges increased slightly along the period of study Antibiotic consumption in DDD per 100 bed-days decreased by 2.5% versus 3.8% when expressed as DDD per 100 discharges. Antifungal consumption decreased by more than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: When average hospital stay decreases, reductions in the consumption of antimicrobials with an antimicrobial stewardship program system occur at the expense of reducing the number of patients receiving treatment, while increases occur due to longer durations of treatment.

Recomendaciones sobre el uso de pruebas antigénicas en el diagnóstico de la infección aguda por SARS-CoV-2 en la segunda onda pandémica: actitud en distintos contextos clínicos / Recommendations for use of antigenic tests in the diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in the second pandemic wave: attitude in different clinical settings

La alta transmisibilidad del SARS-CoV-2 antes y poco después de la aparición de los síntomas sugiere que sólo diagnosticar y aislar a pacientes sintomáticos puede no ser suficiente para interrumpir la propagación de la infección; por ello son también necesarias medidas de salud pública como el distanciamiento social. Adicionalmente será importante detectar a los nuevos infectados que permanecen asintomáticos, que pueden ascender al 50% o más de los casos. Las técnicas moleculares son el patrón de referencia para el diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, el uso masivo de estas técnicas ha generado algunos problemas. Por un lado, la escasez de los recursos (analizadores, fungibles y reactivos), y por otro el retraso en la notificación de resultados. Estos dos hechos se traducen en un retraso en la aplicación de las medidas de aislamiento entre casos y contactos, lo que favorece la expansión de la infección. Las pruebas de detección de antígenos son también métodos de diagnóstico directo, con la ventaja de obtener el resultado en pocos minutos y en el mismo lugar de atención. Además, la sencillez y el bajo coste de estas pruebas permiten repetirlas en días sucesivos en determinados contextos clínicos. La sensibilidad de las pruebas de antígenos es generalmente menor que la de las que detectan ácidos nucleicos, si bien su especificidad es comparable. Se ha comprobado que las pruebas antigénicas tienen más validez en los días alrededor del inicio de síntomas, cuando la carga viral en nasofaringe es mayor. Disponer de un análisis de detección viral rápido y en tiempo real como la prueba de antígenos se ha demostrado más útil para controlar la expansión de la infección que pruebas más sensibles, pero de mayor coste y tiempo de respuesta, como son las pruebas moleculares. Las principales instituciones sanitarias como la OMS, los CDC y el propio Ministerio de Sanidad del Gobierno de España plantean el uso de las pruebas antigénicas en una amplia variedad de estrategias para responder a la pandemia. El presente documento pretende servir de apoyo a los médicos implicados en la atención de pacientes con sospecha de infección por SC2, en el contexto de una incidencia creciente en España desde septiembre de 2020 que representa ya la segunda onda pandémica de COVID-19

The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 before and shortly after the onset of symptoms suggests that only diagnosing and isolating symptomatic patients may not be sufficient to interrupt the spread of infection; therefore, public health measures such as personal distancing are also necessary. Additionally, it will be important to detect the newly infected individuals who remain asymptomatic, which may account for 50% or more of the cases. Molecular techniques are the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the massive use of these techniques has generated some problems. On the one hand, the scarcity of resources (analyzers, fungibles and reagents), and on the other the delay in the notification of results. These two facts translate into a lag in the application of isolation measures among cases and contacts, which favors the spread of the infection. Antigen detection tests are also direct diagnostic methods, with the advantage of obtaining the result in a few minutes and at the very "pointof-care". Furthermore, the simplicity and low cost of these tests allow them to be repeated on successive days in certain clinical settings. The sensitivity of antigen tests is generally lower than that of nucleic acid tests, although their specificity is comparable. Antigenic tests have been shown to be more valid in the days around the onset of symptoms, when the viral load in the nasopharynx is higher. Having a rapid and real-time viral detection assay such as the antigen test has been shown to be more useful to control the spread of the infection than more sensitive tests, but with greater cost and response time, such as in case of molecular tests. The main health institutions such as the WHO, the CDC and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Spain propose the use of antigenic tests in a wide variety of strategies to respond to the pandemic. This document aims to support physicians involved in the care of patients with suspected SC2 infection, in the context of a growing incidence in Spain since September 2020, which already represents the second pandemic wave of COVID-19

Predictive model of readmission to internal medicine wards.

OBJECTIVE: Prevention of readmission to hospital is considered an outstanding example of a cost-effective practice. Our aim was to derive and validate a clinically useful index to quantify the risk of readmission among patients discharged from Internal Medicine departments. METHODS: We analysed hospital Basic Minimum Data Sets (BMDS) recorded between 2006 and 2008 to determine patterns of rehospitalization. Multivariate statistical analysis of routinely collected data was used to develop an algorithm ('SEMI INDEX') to identify patients predicted to have the highest risk of readmission in the 30 days following discharge. The algorithm was developed by using data from admissions in 2006-2007, for four age subgroups. Coefficients for the most powerful and statistically significant variables were applied against episodes recorded in 2008 to validate the findings of the algorithm developed from the first sample. RESULTS: Of the 999,089 internal medicine admissions in Spain during 2006-2007, 12.4% were rehospitalized within 30 days. The key factors that predicted subsequent admission included male sex, length of stay, comorbidity of the patient, and some clinical conditions. There were small but relevant differences among the different age subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Readmissions to Internal Medicine departments are prevalent (12.4%). The SEMI INDEX can be used to assess accurately the risk of readmission within 30 days after discharge.

Prevalence of the notification of malnutrition in the departments of internal medicine and its prognostic implications.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Detection and notification of malnutrition are essential to adopt a support plan and take costs into account. The aim of this study was to describe how often discharge sheets from Internal Medicine (IM) units include malnutrition among diagnoses (notification frequency) using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision Clinical Modification -ICD-9. Factors associated with this diagnosis and its prognostic implications are also assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Minimum Basic Data Set from the Spanish hospitals (Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs) was revised, and patients with diagnosis of malnutrition (ICD-9: 260-263.9) were identified. RESULTS: 1,567,659 patients were analysed (21,804-1.4%- with malnutrition). These patients were older (72.4 vs 70.8 years of age), had a greater degree of comorbidity (Charlson >2: 28% vs 23.5%), and resided in nursing homes more often (3.9% vs 1.9%) than the non-undernourished. The malnutrition associated diagnoses were: dementia, cancer, HIV infection and chronic renal failure. Mortality (19.5% vs 9.8%), hospital stay (18.1 vs 9.8 days), costs (5228.46 vs 3537.8 €) and relative weights applied to each Diagnosis Related Group (2.6 vs 1.1) were higher (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Notification of malnutrition in IM departments is low, below the prevalence described in inpatients. This diagnosis is associated with an increase in morbidity, mortality and costs.

Mortality and complications in very old patients (90+) admitted to departments of internal medicine in Spain.

SUMMARY: Patients over 90 years of age (the "very elderly") account for an increasing number of admissions to departments of internal medicine (IM). The aim of this study was to analyse the demographic data, hospitalization characteristics, medical complications, and predictors of mortality in patients over 90 admitted to IM departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients admitted to IM departments in Spain between the years 2005 and 2007 were analysed. Clinical and demographic data were compared with records from "younger elderly" patients (65-90). RESULTS: During the study period, there were 1,567,659 patient admissions to IM departments in Spain, and 90,679 (5.8%) were older than 90. Hospital mortality occurred in 22.3% of very elderly patients. The main predictors for hospital death were pressure ulcer (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.55, CI95% 1.45-1.66), thromboembolic disease (OR 1.83, CI95% 1.61-2.09), nosocomial pneumonia (OR 2.53, CI95% 2.39-2.69), hip fracture (OR 2.20, CI95% 1.53-3.18), male gender (OR 1.06, CI95% 1.03-1.10), age (OR 1.05, CI95% 1.04-1.06), dementia (OR 1.13, CI95% 1.08-1.18), cancer (OR 1.60, CI95% 1.51-1.71), acute respiratory failure (OR 1.83, CI95% 1.76-1.89), acute infectious disease (OR 2.30, IC95% 2.11-2.52), and Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.21, CI95% 1.16-1.26). CONCLUSIONS: Very elderly patients represent a large and growing fraction of the total admissions to IM departments in Spain. They are at higher risk for complications during their hospital stay and mortality rate is double that of the younger elderly.

Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections and other coinfections in HIV-infected patients: may 2015 / Prevención y tratamiento de infecciones oportunistas y otras coinfecciones en pacientes infectados por el VIH: mayo de 2015

Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections (OIs) continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI. The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

A pesar del gran avance que ha supuesto el tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) para el pronóstico de la infección por el VIH, las infecciones oportunistas (IO) continúan siendo causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en estos pacientes. Ello ocurre en muchos casos debido a la inmunodepresión grave, bien ante la falta de adherencia al TAR, el fracaso del mismo o el desconocimiento de la existencia de la infección por el VIH en pacientes que comienzan con una IO. El presente artículo actualiza las recomendaciones de prevención y tratamiento de diferentes infecciones en pacientes con infección por VIH: parasitarias, fúngicas, víricas, micobacterianas, bacterianas e importadas, además del síndrome de reconstitución inmune