"The highest in each class was a twilight baby": scientific motherhood, twilight sleep and the eugenics movement in McClure's Magazine.

In the early twentieth century, childbirth was increasingly being viewed as a medical experience in North America. Women were encouraged to engage with 'scientific motherhood' by adhering to medical advice and undergoing the latest medical and technological interventions. Two movements simultaneously emerged that engaged with scientific motherhood: the positive eugenics movement, which sought to encourage reproduction among specific groups, and the twilight sleep movement, which promoted the use of pain management during childbirth. While these two distinct movements had different goals, they intersected both in their intended audiences (white, middle-class and upper-class American women) and in their prioritisation of medical and scientific authority. This article builds on work that has identified connections between twilight sleep and the eugenics movement to consider the role of twentieth-century magazines in rhetorically linking the eugenics and twilight sleep movements, and how this contributed to constructing the cultural role of the 'scientific mother'.As a key proponent of twilight sleep, the American monthly periodical McClure's Magazine is the focus of this investigation. Articles published in McClure's incorporated the rhetoric of the eugenics movement to promote twilight sleep and 'painless childbirth', while also engaging with concerns of the eugenics movement by framing the falling birthrate among American women as a social and political problem. Alongside the rhetorical framing within McClure's articles, we focus on visual material such as photographs that exhibit 'eugenic mothers' and healthy 'twilight sleep babies' to promote the method's safety and efficacy to American audiences. This article incorporates scholarship on early twentieth-century eugenics and photography, women's involvement in the eugenics movement, and twilight sleep and the politics of women's health. Through its analysis, this article demonstrates that the convergence of developments in obstetrics and the eugenics movement in popular media had complex implications for women's reproductive agency in the early twentieth century.

Understanding sexual and gender minority substance use through latent profiles of ecological systems.

Background: Whereas the increased use of substances in sexual and gender minority (SGM) samples has been well documented, further person-centered analyses are necessary to better understand the unique profiles of SGM individuals and substance use. Methods: Utilizing a sample of 1,852 SGM emerging adults (Mage = 23.31) recruited via Prolific, a latent profile analysis was conducted to determine profiles of ecological systems using self-esteem, hope for the future, minority group connection, and a history of childhood adverse experiences. These profiles were then used to explore intergroup differences in the use of substances (alcohol, cannabis, prescription opioids, hallucinogens, heroin, tobacco, and amphetamines). Results: Four profiles were identified in this sample: (1) moderate with low self-esteem (47.8%), (2) connected with low adversity (30.9%), (3) moderate with high self-esteem (11.5%), and (4) disconnected with adversity (9.7%). Significant differences between profiles in the frequency of use were found in all substances except for cannabis and hallucinogens. Of note, participants in the connected with low adversity profile reported significantly more frequent alcohol use (M = 3.30) compared to the disconnected with adversity (M = 2.89) and the moderate with low self-esteem (M = 2.96) profiles. Additionally, the disconnected with adversity profile reported significantly more frequent tobacco use (M = 1.99) compared to all other profiles. Conclusion: With a majority of the sample fitting profiles marked by mental health concerns, the present study indicates the need to identify and address risk and protective factors for SGM emerging adults' substance use and highlights differences within the larger SGM community. Implications for improving mental health are described.

Factors associated with intentions to seek formal and informal mental health help among college students with suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: Identify factors associated with formal and informal mental health help-seeking intentions among college students reporting suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). PARTICIPANTS: College students with STBs in the 2018-2020 Healthy Minds Study. METHODS: Cross-sectional secondary analysis using logistic regressions to determine whether demographic (age, sex, race, religion, and finances) and psychosocial factors (mental health, perceptions about mental health help, and barriers) are associated with (in)formal help-seeking intentions. RESULTS: Positive significant factors for all help-seeking intentions included being in a romantic relationship, Christian, symptoms of anxiety, or positive beliefs and knowledge about therapy efficacy. Depressive symptoms, Black/African American, psychological inflexibility, low perceived need, and barriers were negatively associated. Informal help-seeking was negatively associated with Hispanic/Latinx and personal stigma toward mental health. Formal help-seeking was positively associated with Asian/Asian American and negatively associated with financial stress. CONCLUSIONS: Unique factors were associated with formal or informal help-seeking intentions in college students with STBs.

Family-of-origin rejection on suicidal ideation among a sexual minority sample.

Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States. Among sexual minority populations, suicide risk is elevated; this can be explained by minority stress. One such source of minority stress is family-of-origin rejection, a known risk factor for suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents; however, less is known about this association among sexual minority adults. While navigating the intersection of minority stress theory and the interpersonal theory of suicide, this study sought to evaluate the impact of family-of-origin rejection distress on suicidal ideation among a sample of adults with marginalized sexual orientations. Recruited for two larger studies, 325 LGB participants (64.3% cisgender, 35.7% transgender or nonbinary) completed an online survey concerning minority stressors, depressive symptoms, and suicide. Using cross-sectional mediation analysis, family-of-origin rejection distress was indirectly associated with suicidal thoughts through depressive symptoms. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

You can tell me anything: Disclosure of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in psychotherapy.

Only half of clients disclose suicidal thoughts or behaviors in psychotherapy. Qualitatively, we sought to understand the experience of disclosing suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) to clinicians and applied the disclosure processes model (Chaudoir & Fisher, 2010) to frame our findings. Participants (N = 68) responded to an anonymous, open-ended survey about their experience of disclosing or withholding recent STBs in therapy. Half of our sample (n = 34) withheld their STBs from their psychotherapist, whereas the other half (n = 34) disclosed. We coded primary themes of the disclosure process and framed these processes using the disclosure processes model framework. Motivations for nondisclosure primarily included fear of negative outcomes, particularly involuntary hospitalization. Motivations for disclosure included help-seeking intentions to address STBs and a positive therapist-client relationship. Clients' perceptions of psychotherapists' responses to the disclosure were described as supportive, the level of care was adjusted, or a lack of appropriate care was displayed. The findings of this study reveal common motivations for disclosing or withholding STBs and how psychotherapist responses to disclosures impact clients. Implications for promoting STBs disclosure in psychotherapy and responses to clients are included. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Suicidal ideation and behaviors in young adults: A latent profile analysis.

Suicide rates in the United States are climbing; thus, sophisticated methods that identify how risk and protective factors are associated with suicide risk are necessary. Young adults face an especially tumultuous period as they are maintaining relationships, having children, and building careers. A sample of young adults (n = 4,208) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) was included in a latent profile analysis based on hypothesized risk (depressive symptoms, job demands, isolation, alcohol use, and childhood abuse) and protective indicators (relationship quality with parents and other adults, friendships, job satisfaction and alignment with goals, and religiosity). A three-profile solution yielded the following distinct profiles: Childhood Isolation (n = 594), Flourishing (n = 2,974), and Adult Isolation and Burdensomeness (n = 628). Participants in the Childhood Isolation profile were associated with an increased risk for suicidal ideation (OR = 1.61) but not for suicide attempts in the past year. Participants in the Adult Isolation and Burdensomeness profile were associated with high risk for suicidal ideation (OR = 3.53) as well as suicide attempts in the past year (OR = 2.70). The Flourishing profile was associated with a reduced risk for suicidal ideation (OR = 0.45) and past year suicide attempts (OR = 0.52). Results of this study emphasize the importance of understanding how risk and protective factors analyzed simultaneously provide new information about suicide risk in young adults. Prevention efforts addressing decreasing isolation and reducing burdensomeness are recommended for individuals at risk. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Clinical efficacy of EMDR in unipolar depression: Changes in theta cordance.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has demonstrated efficacy in treating major depressive disorder. EMDR increases cerebral perfusion in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Activity in the ACC and dlPFC can be measured by theta cordance (TC) but has not been examined in EMDR. Ten participants (3 men, 7 women, M age = 42.31 ± 15.03) received ten 75 ± 15 minute EMDR sessions over 6.5 ± .5 weeks. Results indicated that PHQ-9 depression scores reduced from T1 (M = 13.9 ± 3.31) to T11 (M = 6.30 ± 3.23) with EMDR (SMD = 2.30), and that fTC but not pfTC was significantly related to this change. Depression declined as fTC declined. EMDR may engage the dlPFC or ACC that modulates depression and aid in reducing fTC and thus depression levels.

Perpetrator Risk Markers for Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence: A Meta-Analysis.

Johnson developed a typology of intimate partner violence (IPV) which includes two different categories of violence: situational couple violence (SCV) and intimate terrorism (IT). Johnson proposed that IT is more likely to be found in clinical samples (e.g., batterer intervention programs or domestic violence shelters) compared to nonclinical (general population) samples. This meta-analysis (n = 149 studies; k = 216 effect sizes) examines differences in the strengths of IPV risk markers in clinical and nonclinical samples of male perpetrators and female victims. All variables (communication and conflict resolution, demand-withdraw patterns, relationship dissatisfaction, controlling behaviors, jealousy, patriarchal beliefs, power in the relationship, and stalking) were expected to be significantly related to IPV for both clinical and nonclinical populations. However, specific variables indicative of IT (control, jealousy, patriarchal beliefs, power, and stalking) were expected to be more strongly associated with clinical samples compared to nonclinical samples. As expected, most variables were significant for clinical and nonclinical populations, and IT risk markers (control, power, jealousy, and patriarchal beliefs) were significantly stronger risk markers for IPV in clinical samples. These results indicate that Johnson's typology may be conceptualized as representing a continuum of violence, with IT being more severe due to the controlling nature of the violence. Sample type needs to be considered when research about IPV is disseminated, as different degrees of IPV (IT vs. SCV) may be present depending on sample type. Implications from this study include the need to differentiate the level of violence and to tailor intervention for IPV appropriately.

Traumatic Experiences in Childhood and Adult Substance Use in a Nonclinical Sample: The Mediating Role of Arousal/Reactivity.

The vast majority of adults in the United States experience at least one traumatic event during childhood. According to the self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders, adult survivors of childhood trauma may cope with trauma-related symptoms via alcohol or drug use. The purpose of this study is to identify through which specific PTSD symptom clusters childhood trauma exposure are associated with adult substance use. Participants of this study (N = 627) were not recruited based on substance use or traumatic exposure. Results of this study demonstrate that arousal/reactivity partially mediates the association between childhood trauma and current substance use. Implications for treatment include recommendations for trauma-informed approaches that aim to decrease arousal/reactivity and subsequently substance use.

The buffering effect of belonging on the negative association of childhood trauma with adult mental health and risky alcohol use.

More than half of the American population has experienced at least one childhood traumatic event in their lifetime, which can lead to alcohol misuse and mental and physiological health issues. A sense of belonging in close relationships is hypothesized to promote resiliency against the negative outcomes of childhood trauma experiences. Using a sample of 654 adults aged 26-40years old, this study examined the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and adult risky alcohol use mediated by mental health status and perceptions of belonging. Results indicated that having a greater sense of belonging was associated with greater mental health and reduced reports of risky alcohol use. The negative total association of childhood trauma on adult mental health was partially mediated by a sense of belonging, indicating that a sense of belonging may buffer the impact of childhood trauma on later mental health outcomes and therefor potentially decrease later risky alcohol use in adulthood. Recommendations for systemic treatment and increasing close relationships across the lifespan as resiliency factors are explored. Implementations for public policy changes for Marriage and Family Therapists are discussed.

Army Soldiers and Suicidal Thoughts: The Impact of Negative Relationship Dynamics Moderated by the Dissolution of Romantic Relationships.

Suicide among United States active-duty Army soldiers rapidly increased over the past two decades. Using a sample of 322 soldiers from the Army STARRS study, the researchers examined if romantic relationship factors (i.e., hostile disagreements and relationship distress) were linked with suicidal thoughts in Army soldiers, and if these associations were moderated by a recent separation or divorce. Hostile disagreements and relational distress were both significantly associated with higher rates of suicidal ideation. These associations were significantly amplified in magnitude when in the context of a recent separation or divorce. Implications include novel assessment, prevention, and treatment efforts focused on romantic relationships that may reduce the likelihood of soldiers experiencing thoughts of suicide.

Suicidal Risk Following the Termination of Romantic Relationships.

BACKGROUND: The termination of a romantic relationship is an established predictor of suicide attempt. Severing a relationship with a romantic figure can feel life-ending, based on attachment theory. AIMS: The primary goal of this study was to determine if specific risk markers for suicide are related to an individual's commitment level to the romantic relationship prior to its dissolution. METHOD: The purpose of this study was to examine if commitment and investment are linked with suicidal risk in a sample of adults (n = 208) in the United States ages 18-64 who experienced the break-up of a significant romantic relationship within the past 3 months. RESULTS: A structural equation model analysis revealed a significant association between commitment to the romantic relationship and suicidal risk when mediated by depression. This suggests that high commitment to the previous romantic relationship is indirectly associated with suicidal risk, indicating a need for increased attention to individuals who recently experienced a break-up. LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and by retrospective accounts of the previous relationships. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that high commitment to a romantic relationship may serve as a risk factor of depression and therefore of suicide when the relationship is terminated.