Direct Probe of Conical Intersection Photochemistry by Time-Resolved X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism.

The direct probing of photochemical dynamics by detecting the electronic coherence generated during passage through conical intersections is an intriguing challenge. The weak coherence signal and the difficulty in preparing purely excited wave packets that exclude coherence from other sources make it experimentally challenging. We propose to use time-resolved X-ray magnetic circular dichroism to probe the wave packet dynamics around the conical intersection. The magnetic field amplifies the relative strength of the electronic coherence signal compared to populations through the magnetic field response anisotropy. More importantly, since the excited state relaxation through conical intersections involves a change of parity, the magnetic coupling matches the symmetry of the response function with the electronic coherence, making the coherence signal only sensitive to the conical intersection induced coherence and excludes the pump pulse induced coherence between the ground state and excited state. In this theoretical study, we apply this technique to the photodissociation dynamics of a pyrrole molecule and demonstrate its capability of probing electronic coherence at a conical intersection as well as population transfer. We demonstrate that a magnetic field can be effectively used to extract novel information about electron and nuclear molecular dynamics.

Prediction of photodynamics of 200 nm excited cyclobutanone with linear response electronic structure and ab initio multiple spawning.

Simulations of photochemical reaction dynamics have been a challenge to the theoretical chemistry community for some time. In an effort to determine the predictive character of current approaches, we predict the results of an upcoming ultrafast diffraction experiment on the photodynamics of cyclobutanone after excitation to the lowest lying Rydberg state (S2). A picosecond of nonadiabatic dynamics is described with ab initio multiple spawning. We use both time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) theory for the underlying electronic structure theory. We find that the lifetime of the S2 state is more than a picosecond (with both TDDFT and EOM-CCSD). The predicted ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum exhibits numerous structural features, but weak time dependence over the course of the simulations.

Correlated Dirac-Coulomb-Breit multiconfigurational self-consistent-field methods.

The fully correlated frequency-independent Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian provides the most accurate description of electron-electron interaction before going to a genuine relativistic quantum electrodynamics theory of many-electron systems. In this work, we introduce a correlated Dirac-Coulomb-Breit multiconfigurational self-consistent-field method within the frameworks of complete active space and density matrix renormalization group. In this approach, the Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Hamiltonian is included variationally in both the mean-field and correlated electron treatment. We also analyze the importance of the Breit operator in electron correlation and the rotation between the positive- and negative-orbital space in the no-virtual-pair approximation. Atomic fine-structure splittings and lanthanide contraction in diatomic fluorides are used as benchmark studies to understand the contribution from the Breit correlation.

Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery Using Kernel Neighborhood Preserving Embedding and a Modified Sparse Bayesian Classification Model.

Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery plays an important role in modern industrial machines. In this paper, a modified sparse Bayesian classification model (i.e., Standard_SBC) is utilized to construct the fault diagnosis system of rotating machinery. The features are extracted and adopted as the input of the SBC-based fault diagnosis system, and the kernel neighborhood preserving embedding (KNPE) is proposed to fuse the features. The effectiveness of the fault diagnosis system of rotating machinery based on KNPE and Standard_SBC is validated by utilizing two case studies: rolling bearing fault diagnosis and rotating shaft fault diagnosis. Experimental results show that base on the proposed KNPE, the feature fusion method shows superior performance. The accuracy of case1 and case2 is improved from 93.96% to 99.92% and 98.67% to 99.64%, respectively. To further prove the superiority of the KNPE feature fusion method, the kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and relevance vector machine (RVM) are utilized, respectively. This study lays the foundation for the feature fusion and fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.

Six-month repeated irradiation of 650 nm low-level red light reduces the risk of myopia in children: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the six-month repeated irradiation of 650 nm low-level red light (LLRL) decreases the risk of myopia onset in children. METHODS: This was a single-masked, randomized controlled trial. A total of 112 children (aged 6-12 years) were enrolled and randomized to the treatment group or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The cycloplegic spherical equivalent error (SER) of children at baseline was -0.5 diopter (D) to 3D. Children in the treatment group were irradiated with the 650 nm LLRL for 6 min daily. No intervention was given to the control. The primary outcomes are myopia incidence, change in cycloplegic SER, and change in axial length (AL). RESULTS: For the treatment group and control group, the six-month myopia incidence rates were 1.8% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.2-4.9%) and 12.5% (95% CI: 5.5-21.9%), respectively. The difference was significant (p = 0.028). The median changes in AL for the treatment group and control group were -0.02 (interquartile range, IQR: -0.12 to 0.06) mm, and 0.09 (IQR: 0-0.18) mm, respectively. The difference was significant (p < 0.001). The median changes in cycloplegic SER for the treatment group and control group were 0 (IQR: 0-0.25) D, and -0.125 (IQR: -0.375 to 0) D, respectively. The difference was significant (p < 0.001). There was no adverse event. CONCLUSION: The repeated irradiation of 650 nm LLRL may have a strong effect for myopia prevention in children, without risk of adverse events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: this trial is retrospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/ ), the registration number is ChiCTR2200058963.

Relativistic Kramers-Unrestricted Exact-Two-Component Density Matrix Renormalization Group.

In this work we develop a variational relativistic density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach within the exact-two-component (X2C) framework (X2C-DMRG), using spinor orbitals optimized with the two-component relativistic complete active space self-consistent field. We investigate fine-structure splittings of p- (Ga, In, Tl) and d-block (Sc, Y, La) atoms and excitation energies of monohydride molecules (GeH, SnH, and TlH) with X2C-DMRG calculations using an all-electron relativistic Hamiltonian in a Kramers-unrestricted basis. We find that X2C-DMRG yields accurate 2P and 2D splittings compared to multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MRCISD). We also investigated the degree of symmetry breaking in the atomic multiplets and convergence of electron correlation in the total energies. Symmetry breaking can be large in some cases (∼30 meV); however, increasing the number of renormalized block states m for the DMRG optimization recovers the symmetry breaking by several orders of magnitude. Encouragingly, we find the convergence of electron correlation to be close to MRCISDTQ5 quality. Relativistic X2C-DMRG approaches are important for cases where spin-orbit coupling is significant and the underlying reference wave function requires a large determinantal space. We are able to obtain quantitatively correct fine-structure splittings for systems up to 1019 number of determinants with traditional CI approaches, which are currently unfeasible to converge for the field.

A Novel Supervised Filter Feature Selection Method Based on Gaussian Probability Density for Fault Diagnosis of Permanent Magnet DC Motors.

For permanent magnet DC motors (PMDCMs), the amplitude of the current signals gradually decreases after the motor starts. In this work, the time domain features and time-frequency-domain features extracted from several successive segments of current signals make up a feature vector, which is adopted for fault diagnosis of PMDCMs. Many redundant features will lead to a decrease in diagnosis efficiency and increase the computation cost, so it is necessary to eliminate redundant features and features that have negative effects. This paper presents a novel supervised filter feature selection method for reducing data dimension by employing the Gaussian probability density function (GPDF) and named Gaussian vote feature selection (GVFS). To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed GVFS, we compared it with the other five filter feature selection methods by utilizing the PMDCM's data. Additionally, Gaussian naive Bayes (GNB), k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN), and support vector machine (SVM) are utilized for the construction of fault diagnosis models. Experimental results show that the proposed GVFS has a better diagnostic effect than the other five feature selection methods, and the average accuracy of fault diagnosis improves from 97.89% to 99.44%. This paper lays the foundation of fault diagnosis for PMDCMs and provides a novel filter feature selection method.

Mechanical Properties of TC11 Titanium Alloy and Graphene Nanoplatelets/TC11 Composites Prepared by Selective Laser Melting.

Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) with excellent mechanical properties, reinforced by graphene, is deemed the lightweight and high strength structural materials. In this study, TC11 titanium alloy powder and graphene nanosheets (GNPs) were used as raw materials, and the composite powder with good uniformity and fluidity was obtained through non-interventional homogeneous mixing by a planetary mixer. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the GNPs-TC11 composites and TC11 alloy were compared. The results showed that the microstructure of TC11 and the composites was acicular martensite α' phase under the process parameters of 280 W laser power, 1200 mm/s scanning speed, and 0.1 mm hatch spacing. The GNPs in addition, in the composites, reduced the acicular martensite particle size and expanded the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries. The tensile strength and percentage elongation after the fracture of the TC11 titanium alloy were 1265 MPa and 4.3%, respectively. Because of addition of the GNPs, the strength and percentage elongation after the fracture of the composite increased to 1384 MPa and 8.1%, respectively, at a GNPs mass content of 0.2%. The enhancement of mechanical properties can be attributed to grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and load transfer strengthening.

Thermal Conductance of Graphene-Titanium Interface: A Molecular Simulation.

Titanium is a commonly used material in aviation, aerospace, and military applications, due to the outstanding mechanical properties of titanium and its alloys. However, its relatively low thermal conductivity restricts its extended usage. The use of graphene as a filler shows great potential for the enhancement of thermal conductivity in titanium-based metal-matrix composites (MMCs). We used classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods to explore the thermal conductance at the titanium-graphene (Ti/Gr) interface for its thermal boundary conductance, which plays an important role in the thermal properties of Ti-based MMCs. The effects of system size, layer number, temperature, and strain were considered. The results show that the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) decreases with an increasing layer number and reaches a plateau at n = 5. TBC falls under tensile strain and, in turn, it grows with compressive strain. The variation of TBC is explained qualitatively by the interfacial atomic vibration coupling factor. Our findings also provide insights into ways to optimize future thermal management based on Ti-based MMCs materials.

Fault Diagnosis of Permanent Magnet DC Motors Based on Multi-Segment Feature Extraction.

For permanent magnet DC motors (PMDCMs), the amplitude of the current signals gradually decreases after the motor starts. Only using the signal features of current in a single segment is not conducive to fault diagnosis for PMDCMs. In this work, multi-segment feature extraction is presented for improving the effect of fault diagnosis of PMDCMs. Additionally, a support vector machine (SVM), a classification and regression tree (CART), and the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN) are utilized for the construction of fault diagnosis models. The time domain features extracted from several successive segments of current signals make up a feature vector, which is adopted for fault diagnosis of PMDCMs. Experimental results show that multi-segment features have a better diagnostic effect than single-segment features; the average accuracy of fault diagnosis improves by 19.88%. This paper lays the foundation of fault diagnosis for PMDCMs through multi-segment feature extraction and provides a novel method for feature extraction.

Key rules of life and the fading cryosphere: Impacts in alpine lakes and streams.

Alpine regions are changing rapidly due to loss of snow and ice in response to ongoing climate change. While studies have documented ecological responses in alpine lakes and streams to these changes, our ability to predict such outcomes is limited. We propose that the application of fundamental rules of life can help develop necessary predictive frameworks. We focus on four key rules of life and their interactions: the temperature dependence of biotic processes from enzymes to evolution; the wavelength dependence of the effects of solar radiation on biological and ecological processes; the ramifications of the non-arbitrary elemental stoichiometry of life; and maximization of limiting resource use efficiency across scales. As the cryosphere melts and thaws, alpine lakes and streams will experience major changes in temperature regimes, absolute and relative inputs of solar radiation in ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation, and relative supplies of resources (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), leading to nonlinear and interactive effects on particular biota, as well as on community and ecosystem properties. We propose that applying these key rules of life to cryosphere-influenced ecosystems will reduce uncertainties about the impacts of global change and help develop an integrated global view of rapidly changing alpine environments. However, doing so will require intensive interdisciplinary collaboration and international cooperation. More broadly, the alpine cryosphere is an example of a system where improving our understanding of mechanistic underpinnings of living systems might transform our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of ongoing global change across the daunting scope of diversity in Earth's biota and environments.

Modulation of agronomic and nutritional response of Pleurotus eryngii strains by utilizing glycine betaine enriched cotton waste.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of cotton waste enrichment with glycine betaine (GB) for production of two strains (P9, P10) of king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii). Cotton waste was used as (100%) control (T0 = cotton waste) and augmented with various combinations of GB, (T1 = 2 mmol L-1 , T2 = 4 mmol L-1 , T3 = 6 mmol L-1 , T4 = 8 mmol L-1 and T5 = 10 mmol L-1 ). The response of king oyster to GB was evaluated by earliness, yield, biological efficiency (BE), minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca)), total sugars, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, proximate (crude protein, carbohydrates, crude fibers, ash, fats) content of fruiting body and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis compared with the control substrate (cotton waste). RESULTS: The earliness, yield, and BE were higher as compared to control substrate and increased with an augmentation in the concentration of GB within the cotton waste. Two strains showed (on dry weight basis) 33.9-54.9 mg g-1 nitrogen, 6.8-12.5 mg g-1 phosphorus, 16.9-25.1 mg g-1 potassium, 40.5-64.2 mg kg-1 Zn, 17.1-37.3 mg kg-1 Cu, 1174-1325 mg kg-1 Mg, 20.1-29.1 mg kg-1 Mn, 129-265 mg kg-1 Fe, 779-835 mg kg-1 Ca), 6.3%-11.3% total sugars, 7.3-14.9 °Brix total soluble solids, 2.1-7.3% reducing sugars, 10.4-18.1% crude protein, 3.6-4.4% crude fiber and 5.6-16.7 mg (100 g)-1 on various concentration of GB enrich cotton waste. Cotton waste enriched with GB significantly affected nutritional profile of king oyster mushroom. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that GB enriched cotton waste can be used as an innovative substrate to enhance the yield and quality of king oyster mushroom. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Awareness, understanding and use of sodium information labelled on pre-packaged food in Beijing:a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition labelling has been mandatory for pre-packaged foods since 2013 in China, and sodium is one of the nutrients required for display on the nutritional information panel (NIP). This study aimed to estimate the awareness, understanding of, and use of sodium labelling information among the population in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in urban Beijing in 2016 on pre-packaged foods. The researchers randomly selected 380 residents from four convenient but disconnected communities and 370 shoppers from four supermarkets owned by different companies and conducted face-to-face interviews. Questions on nutritional knowledge, health attitude, understanding and use of nutritional labels as well as other related factors were assessed. RESULTS: All of the 380 community residents and 308 of the 370 supermarket shoppers successfully completed the survey. Of those 688 respondents, 91.3% understood that excessive salt intake was harmful, 19.5% were aware that sodium content is listed on the NIP, 5.5% understood the meaning of NRV% (Percentage of Nutrient Reference Values), 47.7% did not know the relationship between sodium and salt, and 12.6% reported they frequently read the label when shopping. Factors for why people were more likely to choose a product because of its low level of salt shown on the label include income level and their level of awareness of the link between salt and diet. CONCLUSIONS: Although the participants had a good understanding of the harmful effects of salt, the awareness, understanding and use of sodium labels was very low in Beijing, and even worse nationwide. Efforts should be taken to educate the public to understand and use the NIP better and design clearer ways of displaying such information, such as front-of pack (FoP) labelling or health-related smartphone applications to improve health and help people make better food choices.

Binding energy and mechanical stability of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotube serpentines.

Recently, Geblinger et al. [Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 195 (2008)] and Machado et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 105502 (2013)] reported the experimental and molecular dynamics realization of S-like shaped single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the so-called CNT serpentines. We reported here results from continuum modeling of the binding energy γ between different single- and multi-walled CNT serpentines and substrates as well as the mechanical stability of the CNT serpentine formation. The critical length for the mechanical stability and adhesion of different CNT serpentines are determined in dependence of EiIi, d, and γ, where EiIi and d are the CNT bending stiffness and distance of the CNT translation period. Our continuum model is validated by comparing its solution to full-atom molecular dynamics calculations. The derived analytical solutions are of great importance for understanding the interaction mechanism between different single- and multi-walled CNT serpentines and substrates.

Properties and release behavior of sodium alginate-based nanocomposite active films: Effects of particle size of IRMOF-3.

Nanoparticles are used as fillers to improve the properties of biopolymers, and their particle size is an important parameter. This work aims to investigate the effect of particle size of isoreticular metal-organic framework-3 (IRMOF-3) on the mechanical, physical, and release properties of sodium alginate (SA)-based composite active film. In our study, IRMOF-3 with six different particle sizes was synthesized by introducing additives. IRMOF-3 loading with carvacrol (IRMOF-3/CA nanoparticles) was incorporated into the SA matrix to prepare the composite film. The characterization and testing results of films showed that the particle size of nanoparticles affected the physical morphology and chemical structure of the film. Especially smaller nanoparticles uniformly dispersed into the SA matrix more easily, forming a denser and more stable spatial network structure with SA, which could more significantly improve the tensile strength, water vapor barrier, and hydrophobic properties of the film (P < 0.05). In addition, the CA release rate from the active film could be significantly reduced by about 33.90 % even when the smallest particle size of the IRMOF-3/CA nanoparticles was added. Therefore, when IRMOF-3/CA is used as the nano-filler to develop SA-based active film, its particle size has a potential influence on the properties of the film.

Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function in response to environmental temperature changes in Apostichopus japonicus.

Global temperatures have risen as a result of climate change, and the resulting warmer seawater will exert physiological stresses on many aquatic animals, including Apostichopus japonicus. It has been suggested that the sensitivity of aquatic poikilothermal animals to climate change is closely related to mitochondrial function. Therefore, understanding the interaction between elevated temperature and mitochondrial functioning is key to characterizing organisms' responses to heat stress. However, little is known about the mitochondrial response to heat stress in A. japonicus. In this work, we investigated the morphological and functional changes of A. japonicus mitochondria under three representative temperatures, control temperature (18 °C), aestivation temperature (25 °C) and heat stress temperature (32 °C) temperatures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of mitochondrial morphology combined with proteomics and metabolomics techniques. The results showed that the mitochondrial morphology of A. japonicus was altered, with decreases in the number of mitochondrial cristae at 25 °C and mitochondrial lysis, fracture, and vacuolization at 32 °C. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed 103 differentially expressed proteins and 161 differential metabolites at 25 °C. At 32 °C, the levels of 214 proteins and 172 metabolites were significantly altered. These proteins and metabolites were involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, substance transport, membrane potential homeostasis, anti-stress processes, mitochondrial autophagy, and apoptosis. Furthermore, a hypothetical network of proteins and metabolites in A. japonicus mitochondria in response to temperature changes was constructed based on proteomic and metabolomic data. These results suggest that the dynamic regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial morphology in A. japonicus may play important roles in the response to elevated temperatures. In summary, this study describes the response of A. japonicus mitochondria to temperature changes from the perspectives of morphology, proteins, and metabolites, which provided a better understanding the mechanisms of mitochondrial regulation under environment stress in marine echinoderms.

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe x-ray spectroscopy of liquid water.

Attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have long been sought as the most straightforward method for observing electron dynamics in real time. Although there has been much success with overlapped near-infrared femtosecond and extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses combined with theory, true attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have been limited. We used a synchronized attosecond x-ray pulse pair from an x-ray free-electron laser to study the electronic response to valence ionization in liquid water through all x-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (AX-ATAS). Our analysis showed that the AX-ATAS response is confined to the subfemtosecond timescale, eliminating any hydrogen atom motion and demonstrating experimentally that the 1b1 splitting in the x-ray emission spectrum is related to dynamics and is not evidence of two structural motifs in ambient liquid water.

[Water intake of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate total intake of drinking water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and to provide scientific evidence for developing standard of intake of drinking water for primary and middle school students in China. METHODS: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students were selected from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou using multi-stage random sampling method and 5868 subjects completed the survey. The information on the amounts of daily drinking water was recorded for seven consecutive days using a 24 hour measurement. The amounts of daily drinking water among different cities and ages and between boys and girls or urban and rural were analyzed. RESULTS: The average daily total drinking water of subjects was (1089 ± 540) ml, with significant differences among the four cities ((1165 ± 549), (1126 ± 544), (866 ± 421), (1185 ± 568) ml in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou, respectively; F = 114.28, P < 0.05). The average daily drinking water was significantly higher in boys (1157 ± 575) ml than in girls (1026 ± 498) ml (Z = 8.88, P < 0.05), and in urban (1185 ± 578) ml than in rural (991 ± 480) ml (Z = 13.94, P < 0.05). The difference among different ages was statistically significant (F = 91.53, P < 0.05) with ascending order in 7 - 10, 11 - 13 and 14 - 17 years old ((953 ± 483), (1134 ± 551) and (1170 ± 557) ml respectively). CONCLUSION: The daily consumption of total drinking water is different in primary and middle school students among different cities, regions, genders and ages.

[Drinking behaviors of adults at different time of day in four cities of China in summer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the drinking behaviors of adults at different time of day in four cities of China in summer. METHODS: A total of 1483 adults aged 18 - 60 years old from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method. The information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement. RESULTS: The proportion (97% - 99%) and mean (290 - 471 ml) of drinking water of subjects after breakfast, lunch and supper are higher than other time of day (P < 0.01). The distribution of plain water, tea, beverages at different time of day was the same as total drinking water. Among three periods a day, the amount of drinking water in the morning (719 ml/d) was the most, followed by in the afternoon (539 ml/d), and the least in the evening (417 ml/d), the difference was statistically significant (F = 972.55, P < 0.01). The highest consumption of plain water and beverages were in the morning. The consumption of tea in the morning was close to it in the afternoon and higher than that in the evening (t = -52.13, P < 0.01). The average daily drinking water in mealtime was 240 ml, while non-mealtime was 1436 ml, so the difference was statistically significant. Beverages in non-mealtime were higher than mealtime while plain water in non-meal time was higher than meal time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The highest consumption of drinking was plain water among three periods a day, and beverages were higher in mealtime while plain water higher in non-mealtime.

Velvet Family Members Regulate Pigment Synthesis of the Fruiting Bodies of Auricularia cornea.

Color is a crucial feature to consider when breeding and improving strains of Auricularia cornea. To uncover the mechanism of white strain formation in A. cornea, this study selected parental strains that were homozygous for the color trait and analyzed the genetic laws of A. cornea color through genetic population construction, such as test-cross, back-cross, and self-cross populations, and the statistical analysis of color trait segregation. Moreover, the study developed SSR molecular markers to construct a genetic linkage map, perform the fine mapping the color-controlling genetic locus, and verify candidate genes using yeast two-hybrid, transcriptome analysis, and different light treatments. The results of the study indicated that the color trait of A. cornea is controlled by two pairs of alleles. When both pairs of loci are dominant, the fruiting body is purple, while when both pairs of loci are recessive or one pair of loci is recessive, the fruiting body is white. Based on the linkage map, the study finely mapped the color locus within Contig9_29,619bp-53,463bp in the A. cornea genome and successfully predicted the color-controlling locus gene A18078 (AcveA), which belongs to the Velvet factor family protein and has a conserved structure domain of the VeA protein. It can form a dimer with the VelB protein to inhibit pigment synthesis in filamentous fungi. Lastly, the study validated the interaction between AcVeA and VelB (AcVelB) in A. cornea at the gene, protein, and phenotype levels, revealing the mechanism of inhibition of pigment synthesis in A. cornea. Under dark conditions, dimerization occurs, allowing it to enter the nucleus and inhibit pigment synthesis, leading to a lighter fruiting body color. However, under light conditions, the dimer content is low and cannot enter the nucleus to inhibit pigment synthesis. In summary, this study clarified the mechanism of white strain formation in A. cornea, which could aid in improving white strains of A. cornea and studying the genetic basis of color in other fungi.