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PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of intravesical glucosamine in treating overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: Ninety-two female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 4 groups i.e. protamine sulfate (PS), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and glucosamine-treated PS (GPS), and normal saline control (NC) were used. We induced hyperactivity in rats via intravesical infusion of PS and potassium chloride (KCl), whereas the NC group underwent a sustained intravesical saline infusion for 1 h. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potential antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory agent was employed as positive control. Cystometrography (CMG) was then conducted to determine urodynamic parameters, i.e., leak point pressure (LPP, n = 48) and inter-contractile interval, the duration between two voids (ICI, n = 32). RESULTS: LPP was significantly elevated in the GPS group (mean ± SD: 110.9 ± 6.2 mmHg) compared to the NC (81.0 ± 32.5 mmHg), PS (40.3 ± 10.9 mmHg), and NAC group (70.3 ± 19.4 mmHg). The cystometrogram data also reveals a prolonged ICI in the GPS group (241.3 ± 40.2 s) compared to the NC group (216.0 ± 41.7 s), PS group (128.8 ± 23.6 s), and NAC group (193.8 ± 28.3 s). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study implies the ameliorative impact of GPS treatment on OAB in terms of improved urodynamic parameters, including LPP and ICI.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucosamina , Cloruro de Potasio , Protaminas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva , Animales , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Ratas , Administración Intravesical , Glucosamina/farmacología , Glucosamina/uso terapéutico , Glucosamina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The impact of body mass index (BMI) on patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) undergoing radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is controversial. Increasing evidence suggests an age-dependent relationship between obesity and outcomes for some solid organ tumors. Herein, we aimed to assess the prognostic value of preoperative BMI in UTUC patients treated with RNU in Taiwan. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study of 468 UTUC patients undergoing RNU during January 2010-December 2017, with preoperative BMI classification and subgroup analysis based on ages of < or ≥ 70 years. All UTUC patients underwent RNU and bladder cuff excision. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival, and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression model were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 36 months. Patients with higher versus lower BMI (cutoff: 25 kg/m2) showed no differences in OS; older patients had poor OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-2.40; p < 0.001). Older age was an independent predictor of poor OS in multivariate Cox regression analysis (p = 0.001). Younger patients with higher BMI (p = 0.02) had better DFS than older patients with no BMI-related survival differences. Higher BMI was an independent predictor of favorable DFS in younger patients in multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.28-0.99; p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Younger UTUC patients with higher BMI were independently associated with a favorable DFS.
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Carcinoma de Células Transicionales , Neoplasias Renales , Neoplasias Ureterales , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria , Neoplasias Urológicas , Humanos , Nefroureterectomía , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/patología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Neoplasias Ureterales/cirugía , Pronóstico , Neoplasias Renales/cirugía , Pelvis Renal/patología , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologíaRESUMEN
Polyphenols and flavonoids from non-fermented green tea and fully-fermented black tea exhibit antioxidant abilities that function as natural health foods for daily consumption. Nonetheless, evidence regarding prophylactic effects of purple shoot tea on immunomodulation remains scarce. We compared the immunomodulatory effects of different tea processes on oxidative stress and cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Major constituents of four tea products, Taiwan Tea Experiment Station No.12 (TTES No. 12) black and green tea and purple shoot black and purple shoot green tea (TB, TG, PB and PG, respectively), were analyzed to explore the prophylactic effects on expressions of free radicals, nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cell models. PG contained abundant levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and proanthocyanidins (371.28 ± 3.83; 86.37 ± 1.46; 234.67 ± 10.1; and 24.81 ± 0.75 mg/g, respectively) contributing to excellent free radical scavenging potency. In both the LPS-activated inflammation model and the prophylactic model, all tea extracts suppressed NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner, especially for PG. Intriguingly, most tea extracts enhanced expressions of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages, except PG. However, all teas disrupted downstream transduction of chemoattractant MCP-1 for immune cell trafficking. In the prophylactic model, all teas inhibited inflammatory responses by attenuating expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, especially for TG and PG. Our prophylactic model demonstrated PG exerts robust effects on modulating LPS-induced cytokine expressions of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α through scavenging free radicals and NO. In light of the prophylactic effects on LPS-related inflammation, PG effectively scavenges free radicals to modulate cytokine cascades that could serve as a functional beverage for immunomodulation.
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the association of asymptomatic pyuria before ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL) with postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS: This observational case-control study identified the patients undergoing URSL for ureteral stones between May 2011 and October 2015. The included patients were classified into two groups: the asymptomatic pyuria group (6-50 white blood cells [WBCs]/high-power field [HPF]) and the non-pyuria group (≤ 5 WBCs/HPF). All data were collected by reviewing medical records. Postoperative outcomes were collected in terms of febrile UTI, emergency visits, and stone-free rate. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients were included, 101 in the pyuria group, 131 in the non-pyuria group. Two (0.9%) patients developed febrile UTI after URSL and 12 (5.2%) patients visited emergency department for URSL-related symptoms. The overall stone-free rate was 90.9%. There was no significant difference between the pyuria and non-pyuria groups regarding febrile UTI, emergency visits, and stone-free rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that pyuria was neither significantly associated with postoperative febrile UTI (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.06-18.10, P = 0.98), nor with emergency visits (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.13-1.85, P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the patients with sterile urine prior to URSL, those with asymptomatic pyuria were not prone to develop febrile UTI after URSL.
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Litotricia/efectos adversos , Periodo Preoperatorio , Piuria/diagnóstico , Cálculos Ureterales/cirugía , Ureteroscopía/efectos adversos , Infecciones Urinarias/etiología , Adulto , Enfermedades Asintomáticas , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Fiebre/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
AIM OF THE STUDY: Recurrence is more common in bilateral chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) than in unilateral. Our aim was to quantitatively compare the late phase of brain shifting postevacuation in unilateral and bilateral CSDHs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed computed tomography (CT) scans and medical records of consecutive patients with CSDHs who underwent burr hole drainage. CT scan images (preoperative and postoperative days [PODs] 30 and 60) were imported to Adobe Photoshop, and temporal and spatial changes in brain shifting between PODs 30 and 60, and also the subdural space on POD 60, were analyzed. RESULTS: The bilateral group exhibited a significantly greater late phase of brain shifting than the unilateral group between PODs 30 and 60 (P < 0.001). The median late phase of brain shifting of the bilateral group was 8.9 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.3-9.0 mm) between PODs 30 and 60, while that of the unilateral group was 1.8 mm (IQR: 1.3-2.5 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The postevacuation late phase of brain shifting is statistically greater in bilateral CSDHs than in unilateral CSDHs, which might facilitate bridging vein tearing and consequent rebleeding. This may be one factor accounting for the higher recurrence rate of bilateral CSDHs.
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Hematoma Subdural Crónico/diagnóstico por imagen , Hematoma Subdural Crónico/cirugía , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Craneotomía/métodos , Drenaje/métodos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , RecurrenciaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to test: (i) the validation and reliability of the Thai versions of overactive bladder (OAB) questionnaires (the 8-item and 3-item Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score questionnaires [OAB-v8 and OAB-v3, respectively] and the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire [OAB-q]); and (ii) the correlation of the OAB-v8, OAB-v3, and the single-question Quality of Life Questionnaire (1-QoL) to the OAB-q in Thai women with OAB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During January to March 2011, 36 Thai women with OAB attending a urogynecology clinic at Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand were recruited. All questionnaires were given as a psychometric test twice, 2 weeks apart. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha of the OAB-v8 was higher (and above 0.7) than OAB-v3 at both week 0 and week 2. The intraclass correlations (ricc ) were 0.64, 0.85, and 0.97 for the OABV8, OAB-v3, and OAB-q, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) of OAB-v3 and OAB-q at weeks 0 and 2 (0.40 and 0.49) were lower than those for OAB-v8 and OAB-q at weeks 0 and 2 (0.62 and 0.62). All questions on the OAB-v3 had a lower weighted kappa than OAB-v8. There was no statistically significant difference in the OAB-q score in each level of 1-QoL score at week 0 (P = 0.12) and at week 2 (P = 0.29). CONCLUSION: The reliability of the OAB-v3 is poorer than that of the OAB-v8. The OAB-v3 is poorer correlated to the OAB-q than to the OAB-v8. A short questionnaire, such as the OAB-v3 and the 1-QoL, has poor reliability and is poorly correlated to the OAB-q and is not recommended as a replacement for the standard questionnaires, such as the OAB-q and the OAB-v8. The OAB-v3 should only be used in large screening populations where there are time limits.
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Calidad de Vida , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vejiga Urinaria Hiperactiva/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , TailandiaRESUMEN
Melanoma is extremely resistant to chemotherapy and the death rate is increasing hastily worldwide. Extracellular matrix promotes the migration and invasion of tumor cells through the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Evidence has shown that natural dietary antioxidants are capable of inhibiting cancer cell growth. Our recent studies showed that hinokitiol, a natural bioactive compound, inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelets aggregation. The present study is to investigate the anticancer efficacy of hinokitiol against B16-F10 melanoma cells via modulating tumor invasion factors MMPs, antioxidant enzymes in vitro. An in vivo mice model of histological investigation was performed to study the patterns of elastic and collagen fibers. Hinokitiol inhibited the expression and activity of MMPs-2 and -9 in B16-F10 melanoma cells, as measured by western blotting and gelatin zymography, respectively. An observed increase in protein expression of MMPs 2/9 in melanoma cells was significantly inhibited by hinokitiol. Notably, hinokitiol (1-5 µM) increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the reduction in melanoma cells. Also, hinokitiol (2-10 µM) concentration dependently reduced in vitro Fenton reaction induced hydroxyl radical (OH·) formation. An in vivo study showed that hinokitiol treatment increased elastic fibers (EF), collagens dispersion, and improved alveolar alterations in the lungs of B16/F10 injected mice. Overall, our findings propose that hinokitiol may be a potent anticancer candidate through down regulation of MMPs 9/2, reduction of OH· production and enhancement of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Catalasa/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Monoterpenos/farmacología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Tropolona/análogos & derivados , Animales , Catalasa/genética , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Radical Hidroxilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/genética , Melanoma Experimental , Ratones , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Tropolona/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an important transcription factor that modulates cellular responses to hypoxia and also plays critical roles in cancer progression. Recently, somatic mutations and decreased copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mutations were shown to have the potential to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction on HIF-1α function are not fully understood. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction regulates HIF-1α expression. METHODS: Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were treated with various mitochondrial respiration inhibitors and an uncoupler, respectively, and the mRNA and protein expressions as well as transactivation activity of HIF-1α were determined. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was further analyzed by compound C and AMPK knock-down. RESULTS: Treatments of mitochondrial inhibitors and an uncoupler respectively reduced both the protein level and transactivation activity of HIF-1α in HepG2 cells under normoxia or hypoxia. The mitochondrial dysfunction-repressed HIF-1α protein synthesis was associated with decreased phosphorylations of p70(S6K) and 4E-BP-1. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction decreased intracellular ATP content and elevated the phosphorylation of AMPK. Treatments with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, and knock-down of AMPK partially rescued the mitochondrial dysfunction-repressed HIF-1α expression. CONCLUSIONS: Mitochondrial dysfunctions resulted in reduced HIF-1α protein synthesis through AMPK-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our results provided a mechanism for communication from mitochondria to the nucleus through AMPK-HIF-1α. Mitochondrial function is important for HIF-1α expression in cancer progression.
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Adenilato Quinasa/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/enzimología , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/biosíntesis , Neoplasias Hepáticas/enzimología , Mitocondrias/fisiología , Secuencia de Bases , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Cartilla de ADN , Activación Enzimática , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To detect non-bladder conditions in patients with interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome. METHODS: A total of 122 female interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome patients and a control group of 122 age-matched female patients with stress urinary incontinence completed screening questionnaires for irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular disorder, multiple chemical sensitivities, tension and migraine headache, localized myofascial pain disorder, and fibromyalgia. Interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome patients also completed questionnaires on interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome symptom severity, including the O'Leary-Sant symptom index, and the visual analog scale for pain and urgency. RESULTS: Interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome patients were more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome than controls (37.5% vs 11.5%), and tension/migraine headache (38.7% vs 15.7%; all P < 0.001). The prevalence of temporomandibular disorder, multiple chemical sensitivities, localized myofascial pain disorders and fibromyalgia did not reach a statistical significant difference between the two groups. In the multivariate model, associations were also observed for irritable bowel syndrome (odds ratio 2.546; 95% confidence interval 1.136-5.704) and tension/migraine headache (odds ratio 2.684; 95% confidence interval 1.233-5.842). Patients with more comorbid conditions had more severe and bothersome interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome symptoms as measured by the visual analog scale of pain (P = 0.008) and O'Leary-Sant bother index (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome patients are more likely to have multiple non-bladder conditions. These conditions correlate with the severity of interstitial cystitis/hypersensitive bladder syndrome symptoms.
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Cistitis Intersticial/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Cefaleas Primarias/epidemiología , Humanos , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Taiwán/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The molecular mechanisms underlying lung inflammation in toxic smoke inhalation injury are unknown. We investigated the signaling pathway responsible for the induction of interleukin 8 by wood smoke extract in lung epithelial cells and lung inflammation induced by wood smoke exposure in mice. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled study. SETTING: A research laboratory. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN RESULTS: Exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells to wood smoke extract sequentially activated NADPH oxidase and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level; activated AMP-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase (two mitogen-activated protein kinases), and nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 (two transcription factors); and induced interleukin-8. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation with apocynin or siRNA targeting p47(phox ) (a subunit of NADPH oxidase) attenuated the increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and interleukin-8 induction. Removal of intracellular reactive oxygen species by N-acetyl-cysteine reduced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase, and interleukin-8 induction. Prevention of AMP-activated protein kinase activation by Compound C or AMP-activated protein kinase siRNA lessened the activation of Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 and interleukin-8 induction. Inhibition of Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by inhibitors reduced the activation of nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 and interleukin-8 induction. Abrogation of nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 activation by inhibitors attenuated the interleukin-8 induction. Additionally, acute exposure of mice to wood smoke promoted AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (an interleukin-8 homolog) in lung epithelial cells and lungs and lung inflammation, all of which were reduced by Compound C treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-8 induction by wood smoke extract in lung epithelial cells is mediated by novel NADPH oxidase-dependent, reactive oxygen species-sensitive AMP-activated protein kinase signaling with Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase as the downstream kinases and nuclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 as the downstream transcription factors. This AMP-activated protein kinase signaling is likely important for inducing lung inflammation with toxic smoke exposure in mice.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Lesión por Inhalación de Humo/enzimología , Lesión por Inhalación de Humo/inmunología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Inflamación/enzimología , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Lesión por Inhalación de Humo/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Laryngeal exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) evokes sensory irritation, but the mechanisms are largely unclear. The TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors are two types of Ca(2+)-permeant channels located at the terminals of airway capsaicin-sensitive afferents. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the airway reflex evoked by laryngeal CS exposure in anesthetized rats. METHODS: CS (7 ml) was delivered into a functionally isolated larynx, while the animals (n = 201) breathed spontaneously. Respiratory parameters were measured. All use of pharmacological agents involved pretreatment by laryngeal application. RESULTS: Laryngeal CS exposure immediately evoked a concentration-dependant apneic response that was unrelated to the nicotine content of the CS. This inhibition of breathing was abolished by bilateral sectioning of the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs) or by perineural capsaicin treatment of the SLNs (selective blocking of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neural conduction), suggesting the involvement of superior laryngeal capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the reflex. The reflex apnea was significantly attenuated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (antioxidant), EGTA (extracellular Ca(2+) chelator) and BAPTA-AM (intracellular Ca(2+) chelator), indicating the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+). This reflex apnea was also partially reduced by HC030031 (TRPA1 receptor antagonist) and capsazepine (TRPV1 receptor antagonist), and was nearly abolished by a combination of these two antagonists, suggesting a central role for the TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors. Furthermore, the reflex apnea was attenuated by indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor); however, the attenuation by indomethacin was not increased by pretreatment with HC030031 or capsazepine, indicating that TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptor functionality is, at least in part, linked to cyclooxygenase metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: The reflex apnea evoked by laryngeal CS requires activation of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors, which are likely to be located at the terminals of superior laryngeal capsaicin-sensitive afferents. Laryngeal sensory irritation by CS seems to depend on the actions of ROS and cyclooxygenase metabolites on these two types of receptors.
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Capsaicina/farmacología , Laringe/efectos de los fármacos , Fumar/fisiopatología , Canales Catiónicos TRPC/efectos de los fármacos , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/efectos de los fármacos , Acetanilidas/farmacología , Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apnea/inducido químicamente , Apnea/fisiopatología , Canales de Calcio/metabolismo , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Quelantes/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ácido Egtácico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Egtácico/farmacología , Indometacina/farmacología , Nervios Laríngeos , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Purinas/farmacología , Ratas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/farmacología , Canal Catiónico TRPA1RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa), preoperative prediction of extraprostatic extension (EPE) can facilitate patient selection for nerve-sparing procedures. Since both multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and prostate health index (PHI) have shown promise for the diagnosis and prognostication of PCa, we investigated whether a combination of mpMRI and PHI evaluations can improve the prediction of EPE after RP. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with PCa and treated with RP were prospectively enrolled between February 2017 and July 2019. Preoperative blood samples were analyzed for PHI (defined as [p2PSA/fPSA] × âtPSA), and mpMRI examinations were performed and interpreted by a single experienced uroradiologist retrospectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the performance of mpMRI, PHI, and their combination in predicting EPE after RP. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were included for analysis. The pathological T stage was T3a or more in 59.5%. Overall staging accuracy of mpMRI for EPE was 72.4% (sensitivity and specificity: 73.2% and 71.2%, respectively). The area under the ROC of the combination of mpMRI and PHI in predicting EPE (0.785) was higher than those of mpMRI alone (0.717; p = 0.0007) and PHI alone (0.722; p = 0.0236). mpMRI showed false-negative non-EPE results in 26 patients (16%), and a PHI threshold of >40 could avoid undiagnosed EPE before RP in 21 of these 26 patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of PHI and mpMRI may better predict the EPE preoperatively, facilitating preoperative counseling and tailoring the need for nerve-sparing RP.
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Imágenes de Resonancia Magnética Multiparamétrica , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Próstata/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Prostatectomía , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugíaRESUMEN
Background: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) has become popular in treating upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and an emerging trend was observed in robotic approaches. Therefore, we compared robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RANU) and LNU for the treatment of UTUC. Materials and Methods: This observational and retrospective case-series study included UTUC patients who underwent LNU or RANU. A pure laparoscopic approach was adopted in the LNU treatment group, and bladder cuff excision (BCE) was performed mostly with the open approach. Either the da Vinci Si or Xi surgical system was used for RANU. Extravesical BCE was performed, and bladder defects were closed intracorporeally. Perioperative and oncologic outcomes were compared between the LNU and RANU groups. Results: A total of 231 patients who underwent RANU (n = 87) or LNU (n = 144) were included. No significant differences were noted between the groups in terms of demographics, tumor characteristics, operative time, catheter time, or complications. Compared with LNU, RANU had a lower intraoperative blood loss (30 vs. 150 mL, p < 0.001) and shorter postoperative hospital stay (8 vs. 9 days, p = 0.009). The 5-year overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and bladder recurrence-free survival were comparable between the groups. Conclusion: Compared with LNU, RANU had similar perioperative and oncologic outcomes but was superior in terms of intraoperative blood loss and postoperative length of hospital stay. However, considering the potential biases owing to the heterogeneity of our cases, the interpretation of the results must be very cautious.
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Carcinoma de Células Transicionales , Neoplasias Renales , Laparoscopía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados , Robótica , Neoplasias Ureterales , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria , Humanos , Nefroureterectomía/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Transicionales/cirugía , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Pérdida de Sangre Quirúrgica , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Laparoscopía/métodos , Neoplasias Ureterales/cirugía , Neoplasias Renales/cirugíaRESUMEN
Objective: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also known as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a major chronic complication of diabetes and is the most frequent cause of kidney failure globally. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of DN would lead to the development of novel therapeutic options. Acrolein, an α,ß-unsaturated aldehyde, is a common dietary and environmental pollutant. Design: The role of acrolein and the potential protective action of acrolein scavengers in DN were investigated using high-fat diet/ streptozotocin-induced DN mice and in vitro DN cellular models. Methods: Acrolein-protein conjugates (Acr-PCs) in kidney tissues were examined using immunohistochemistry. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and downstream signaling pathways were analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Acr-PCs in DN patients were analyzed using an established Acr-PC ELISA system. Results: We found an increase in Acr-PCs in kidney cells using in vivo and in vitro DN models. Hyperglycemia activated the RAS and downstream MAPK pathways, increasing inflammatory cytokines and cellular apoptosis in two human kidney cell lines (HK2 and HEK293). A similar effect was induced by acrolein. Furthermore, acrolein scavengers such as N-acetylcysteine, hydralazine, and carnosine could ameliorate diabetes-induced kidney injury. Clinically, we also found increased Acr-PCs in serum samples or kidney tissues of DKD patients compared to normal volunteers, and the Acr-PCs were negatively correlated with kidney function. Conclusions: These results together suggest that acrolein plays a role in the pathogenesis of DN and could be a diagnostic marker and effective therapeutic target to ameliorate the development of DN.
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Carnosina , Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Contaminantes Ambientales , Acetilcisteína/metabolismo , Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Acetilcisteína/uso terapéutico , Acroleína/metabolismo , Acroleína/farmacología , Acroleína/uso terapéutico , Animales , Carnosina/metabolismo , Carnosina/farmacología , Carnosina/uso terapéutico , Citocinas , Diabetes Mellitus/patología , Nefropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/patología , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/farmacología , Contaminantes Ambientales/uso terapéutico , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hidralazina/metabolismo , Hidralazina/farmacología , Hidralazina/uso terapéutico , Riñón/metabolismo , Ratones , Estreptozocina/metabolismo , Estreptozocina/farmacología , Estreptozocina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to characterize the smooth muscle differentiation of purified human muscle-derived cells (hMDCs). The isolation and purification of hMDCs were conducted by modified preplate technique and Dynal CD34 cell selection. Smooth muscle cell differentiation was induced by the use of smooth muscle induction medium (SMIM) and low-serum medium. The gene expressions at the mRNA and protein levels of undifferentiated and differentiated hMDCs were tested by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. Western blot and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated the purified hMDCs cultured in SMIM for 4 weeks and expressed significant amount of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) and α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA). The cells cultured in low-serum medium for 4 weeks also expressed ASMA, while the control group did not. RT-PCR analysis showed increased gene expression of smooth muscle markers, such as ASMA, Calponin, SM22, Caldesmon, Smoothelin and MHC when purified hMDCs were exposed to SMIM for 2 and 4 weeks when compared to the controls. In conclusion, we confirmed the smooth muscle differentiation capability of purified hMDCs. The gene expression of smooth muscle differentiation of purified hMDCs was characterized. These cells may be potential biomaterials for human tissue regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Músculo Esquelético/citología , Músculo Liso/citología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/citología , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Calmodulina/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Calmodulina/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Medios de Cultivo/farmacología , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/genética , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/genética , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Células Madre/citología , Células Madre/metabolismo , CalponinasRESUMEN
Successful fertilization is tightly regulated by capacitation and decapacitation processes. Without appropriate decapacitation regulation, sperm would undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction which leads to loss of fertilization ability. Seminal plasma is known to negatively regulate sperm capacitation. However, the suppressive mechanisms still remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate the decapacitation mechanism of mouse seminal vesicle autoantigen (SVA) might target membrane sphingomyelin (SPM) and regulate plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) activity. The SVA was shown to suppress sperm capacitation induced by a broad panel of capacitation factors (bovine serum albumin (BSA), PAF, and cyclodextrin (CD)). Furthermore, SVA significantly decreased [Ca(2+)](i) and NaHCO(3)-induced [cAMP](i). Cyclic AMP agonists bypassed the SVA's suppressive ability. Importantly, the SVA may regulate PMCA activity which was evidenced by the fact that the SVA decreased the [Ca(2+)](i) and intracellular pH (pH(i)) of sperm; meanwhile, a PMCA inhibitor (carboxyeosin) could reverse SVA's suppression of [Ca(2+)](i). The potential target of the SVA on membrane SPM/lipid rafts was highlighted by the high binding affinity of SPM-SVA (with a K(d) of ~3 µM) which was close to the IC(50) of SVA's suppressive activity. Additionally, treatment of mink lung epithelial cells with the SVA enhanced plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression stimulated by tumor growth factor (TGF)-ß and CD. These observations supported the membrane lipid-raft targeting of SVA. In summary, in this paper, we demonstrate that the decapacitation mechanism of the SVA might target membrane sphingolipid SPM and regulate PMCA activity to lower [Ca(2+)](i), thereby decreasing the [cAMP](i) level and preventing sperm pre-capacitation.
Asunto(s)
Autoantígenos/fisiología , Calcio/metabolismo , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio de la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Proteínas de Secreción de la Vesícula Seminal/fisiología , Capacitación Espermática , Animales , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Microdominios de Membrana , Ratones , Esfingolípidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether CD34+ purified human muscle-derived cells (hMDCs) are capable of multiple lineage differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hMDCs were isolated from human skeletal muscle and purified using a CD34+ cell selection system (Dynal Biotech, Oslo, Norway). Adherent populations of cells were expanded in culture and cell differentiation was induced using different kinds of growth factors and different differentiation-conditional media. The immunohistochemical properties of CD34+ hMDCs were examined after varying periods in culture. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to investigate the gene expression of the undifferentiated and differentiated hMDCs. RESULTS: Using special differentiation conditions the CD34+ hMDCs could be differentiated into myogenic cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. The differentiation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed multiple-lineage gene-level expression in the different cultivation periods of the differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the multi-lineage capacity of a population of stem cells, termed CD34+ hMDCs. Our findings showed that CD34+ hMDCs are capable of multiple mesodermal-lineage differentiation, as shown by the expression of several lineage-specific genes. They can be differentiated toward the myogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. These cells might have potential for use in tissue regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Células Madre Multipotentes/citología , Células Musculares/citología , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Músculo Esquelético/citología , Regeneración , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To purify human muscle-derived cells (hMDCs) that could be used for managing urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and for bladder reconstitution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: hMDCs isolated by a modified preplate technique (MPT) from skeletal muscles of limbs were purified by CD34 antibody and magnetic Dynabeads cell selection system (MDCSS). The growth-doubling time of the hMDCs and purified hMDCs was measured. The purified hMDCs were characterized by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: The growth-doubling time of hMDCs was approximately 24 h, which increased to 35 h after purifying using the MDCSS. There were scanty fibroblasts after purification and the MDCSS-purified hMDCs were identified by high expression of stem cell markers and myoblast markers. The expression proportion of the stem cell marker CD34 and myoblast marker CD56 in the hMDCs was higher after purification (MDCSS) than before (MPT), at 32.13% vs 4.12% and 21.56% vs 8.60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The purification of hMDCs showing high expression of stem cell and myoblast markers is feasible. These purified hMDCs could potentially be used for urological regeneration.
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Disfunción Eréctil/terapia , Separación Inmunomagnética/métodos , Células Musculares/citología , Trasplante de Células Madre/métodos , Enfermedades de la Vejiga Urinaria/terapia , Incontinencia Urinaria/terapia , Adulto , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Masculino , Células Musculares/trasplante , Músculo Esquelético/citología , Regeneración , Células Madre/citología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Some patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms hesitate to undergo surgical treatment until acute urinary retention (AUR) occurs. Some of these patients have been found to have hydronephrosis or even renal insufficiency. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hydronephrosis in patients with AUR who needed to receive transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 91 patients from January 2014 to June 2015, who had BPH and received TURP for AUR. Patients with urolithiasis, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, gross hematuria, previous bladder radiation therapy, or urinary tract surgery were excluded. Parameters of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA), total prostate volume (PV), age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), and serum creatinine (Cr) were compared between the hydronephrosis and non-hydronephrosis groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in IPP (p < 0.001) and Serum Cr (p < 0.001) between the hydronephrosis and non-hydronephrosis groups. For IPP, the cut-off values of the highest risk of hydronephrosis was 1.95 cm. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, DM, HTN, CAD, total PV, and PSA between the two groups. IPP was not correlated with total PV (p = 0.423). Most of the patients with hydronephrosis had renal function improvement after TURP. CONCLUSION: IPP was a significant risk factor for hydronephrosis in BPH patients. If the patients' IPP exceeded 1.95 cm, they had a higher risk of having hydronephrosis when AUR occurred. Hydronephrosis is a risk factor for renal insufficiency, and Serum Cr levels decreased significantly in the patients of our study.
Asunto(s)
Hidronefrosis/etiología , Próstata/patología , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal/etiología , Resección Transuretral de la Próstata/efectos adversos , Retención Urinaria/cirugía , Enfermedad Aguda , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Creatinina/sangre , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hiperplasia Prostática/sangre , Hiperplasia Prostática/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are models to predict pathological outcomes based on established clinical and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-derived parameters; however, they are not satisfactory. p2PSA and its derived biomarkers have shown promise for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to investigate whether p2PSA-derived biomarkers can assist in the prediction of aggressive pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients who were diagnosed with PCa and treated with RP between February 2017 and December 2018. Preoperative blood samples were analyzed for tPSA, free PSA (fPSA), percentage of fPSA (%fPSA), [-2]proPSA (p2PSA), and percentage of p2PSA (%p2PSA). Prostate health index (PHI) was calculated as (p2PSA/fPSA) × âtPSA. Prostate volume was determined by transrectal ultrasound using the ellipsoid formula, and PHI density was calculated as PHI/prostate volume. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were estimated for various PSA/p2PSA derivatives. Aggressive pathological outcomes measured after RP were defined as pathological T3 or a Gleason score (GS) >6 as determined in RP specimens. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-four patients were included for analysis. Postoperative GS was >6 in 86.1% of the patients, and pT stage was T3a or more in 54.2%. Among all PSA- and p2PSA-derived biomarkers, PHI density was the best biomarker to predict aggressive pathological outcomes after RP. The odds ratio of having an aggressive pathological outcome of RP was 8.796 (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, adding %fPSA to base model did not improve the accuracy (area under curve), but adding PHI and PHI density to base model improved the accuracy by 2% and 16%, respectively, in predicting pT3 stage or GS ≥ 7. The risk of pT3 stage or GS ≥ 7 was 20.8% for PHI density <1.125, and 64.6% for PHI density >1.125 (sensitivity: 74.6% and specificity: 88.9%). CONCLUSION: PHI density may further aid in predicting aggressive pathological outcomes after RP. This biomarker may be useful in preoperative counseling and may have potential in decision making when choosing between definitive treatment and active surveillance of newly diagnosed PCa.