Subjective well-being's alterations as risk factors for major depressive disorder during the perimenopause onset: an analytical cross-sectional study amongst Mexican women residing in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

BACKGROUND: Subjective well-being (SWB) can be defined as a self-report evaluation that reflects the satisfaction, and emotional level, over several social and personal indicators. Alterations in these indicators could become risk factors (RF) for major depressive disorder (MDD), but this association has not been studied at women's life stages such as the perimenopause onset, despite its increasing prevalence for depressive symptomatology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify if SWB's alterations determine RF for MDD during the perimenopause. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was realized in 252 Mexican women with perimenopause's age range (48 ± 1.7) and menopausal symptomatology, treated on Medical Units belonging to Jalisco's 13th Health-Region. We applied the INEGI's Basic Self-Reported Wellbeing Survey (BIARE) that measured 30 SWB's indicators. To identify MDD's presence, the Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was applied. The sample was studied with associative analysis, along with logistic regression models, to determine adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: Trough the BDI-II we identified 40.5% women with MDD. When compared with the undepressed group we found lower scores in all the SWB's indicators, along with significant associations for depressive symptomatology. However, the logistic regression allowed us to identify significant RF when the women specifically reported personal life-dissatisfaction (aOR 9.6, 95% CI 1.90-17.68), emotional imbalances between happiness/sadness (aOR 7.1, 95% CI 1.49-13.57) and concentration/boredom (aOR 6.7, 95% CI 1.43-13.48); free-time dissatisfaction (aOR 5.5, 95% CI 1.17-5.70), public security unconformity (aOR 5.4, 95% CI 2.20-11.3), and sense of purposelessness (aOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.07-19.41). CONCLUSION: The main objective of the study was to determine if SWB's alterations are RF for depressive symptomatology, finding that social indicators with low scores are associated with MDD by means of aOR -Which were higher when compared to international research studies. Considering this, we suggest that more studies should be implemented, in order to understand and correctly attend the women's social conditions during their perimenopause transition.

Factors related to road system organisation and its association with mortality due to motor vehicle-pedestrian collisions in Guadalajara Metropolitan Area.

INTRODUCTION: Traffic events are one of the five leading causes of mortality in Mexico. Pedestrians are one of the main road users involved in such incidents and have the highest mortality rate, which is regularly analysed in relation to vehicles and pedestrians, but not the built environment. The purpose of this study was to analyse the elements of the road system organisation that influences the mortality rate of pedestrians hit by motor vehicles in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. METHOD: We designed a case and control study in which the cases were sites where a pedestrian died during 2012. The controls were sites close to where the death occurred, as well as those with road infrastructure characteristics similar to those where the events took place. We obtained the pedestrian data from the death certificates and assessed some of the environmental elements of the road sites. A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate OR; 95% CI. RESULTS: Road system factors related with pedestrian mortality in close locations were: the presence of bus stops on intersections in one street or both, and road system features, such as the presence of traffic islands, vehicle flow and pedestrian flow. CONCLUSIONS: According to the urban network theory and multiple theory, the final elements resulted as risk factors due to a fault in connectivity between the nodes. A temporal analysis of urban features will help urban planners make decisions regarding the safety of pedestrians and other road users.

[Drowning risk factors into cistern for children 1 to 4 years old]. / Factores de riesgo en la asfixia por inmersión en aljibe en niños de uno a cuartro años.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze risk factors for drowning deaths in tanks, from home, for children between one and four years, residents of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara and the neighboring municipalities in the period 2009-2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control study, 28 children (cases) between one and four years old, whose cause of death was drowning in the well of your home, from 2009-2011, in the metropolitan zone of Guadalajara and the neighboring municipalities, and 113 children (controls) of the same age, if neighbors whose homes had cistern. Deaths were classified with W73 and W74 codes from International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD 10th). A questionnaire for variables: age and sex of child; age, marital status, occupation and education of the household head and mother; housing conditions; and location, type and segurity cistern lid, and forms the removal of water therefrom. RESULTS: The rate of drowning deaths, age-specific, was 2.7 deaths per 100,000 children between one and four years of age during the study period. The ages of two and three years had the greatest risk of drowning. Sex had a predominance of children, two girls one over. The heads of families and mothers of cases were younger (< 29 years), with maximum secondary schooling. Most of the houses had not finished complete. The characteristics of de well, as metal lid,foil or plastic, the lack of assurance of the tank and the location of the cover, crossing sites, showed association with death by drowning. The absence of a pump to draw water in cases the proved statistically more significant with p = 0.002. CONCLUSION: The results of our study show the presence of drowning deaths in children between one and four years associated with the type of cistern cover, the locking mechanism, a way of extracting the water and the location of the well, and thus the need to implement preventive measures in education and engineering, to reduce or avoid the risk of death by suffocation in the study group.

[Falls mortality trends in México, 1979-2010]. / [Tendencia de mortalidad por caídas en México, 1979-2010].

AIM: To analyze the mortality trend by accidental falls in Mexico, from 1979 to 2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used official mortality data in México. Variables included were mortality cause, place of lesion, age, sex, year of mortality registration, size of the town of occurrence, state, occupation, workplace falls. RESULTS: During that period, 124,509 deaths by accidental and intentional falls were registered; of these 77.03% were men. From 1989 (3.20 per 100,000) to 2010 (1.99 per 100,000), the mortality trend was falling (ß = -0.053/ 100,000, p ≤ 0.001). In the majority of states, we found a decreased between 1993-1997 and 2006 to 2010, except in Aguascalientes, Puebla, Baja California Sur, Durango and Nuevo León. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in México that showed the descending trend of mortality in accidental falls in the last two decades.

[Drowning mortality trends in children younger than 5 years old in Mexico, 1979-2008]. / Tendencia de la mortalidad de la asfixia por inmersión en niños menores de cinco años en México de 1979 a 2008.

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality trends from drowning in children younger than 5 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mortality records of children younger than 5 years old were obtained from the National Health Information (SINAIS) system of Mexico from 1979 to 2008. Cause of death by asphyxia was established according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 9th and 10th). We analyzed age, sex, federal state, year and place where the event occurred. RESULTS: Fatal drowning diminished from 7.64 in 1979 to 3.59 deaths per 100,000 in 2008. This trend was observed throughout the assessment period and in all federal states. Children younger than 2 years showed the highest rate of death. Mortality was higher in males than females (1.7:1). A great proportion of events happen at home. CONCLUSION: Drowning mortality among children less than 5 years old in Mexico shows a downward trend in all states.

[Trends in mortality by burns in Mexico, 1979-2009]. / Tendencia de mortalidad por quemaduras en México, 1979-2009.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends in burn-related mortality rates in Mexico from 1979-2009. METHODS: Burn-related mortality standardized rates and trends were estimated from official mortality data in Mexico. Variables included were:age, sex, federal state and year of death. RESULTS: From 1979-2009, 33,333 burn-related deaths were registered. During this period, the burn-mortality rate decreased, stating from a rate of 2.32/100,000 in 1979 and dropping to 0.72/100,000 in 2007, but in 2008 and 2009 the mortality rates occurred in the states of Baja California, Chihuahua, Baja California Sur,Sonora and Durango, all of these states in the northwest of Mexico. Men were twice as likely as women to die from burns. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality caused by burns in Mexico presents a descendent tendency in most of the states of the Country, with the exception of the northwest region, which may be related to the lack of specialized units in the treatment of burn distance between the population centers and the specialized attention units.

The Newcastle satisfaction with nursing scales in a Mexican Oncology Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The principal aim of this study was to identify whether the Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales (NSNS) could be used on cancer patients. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on cancer patients (n = 298). RESULTS: We found that a majority of cancer patients were around 50 years old (hospitalized patients [HP]: 49.5 ± 14.9; chemotherapy outpatients [COP]: 49.4 ± 12.7), were female (HP: 74%; COP: 63.5%), and had received education at least up to elementary level (HP: 70%; COP: 80%). Breast cancer was the principal type of cancer (>34%) in both groups (HP and COP). The groups were comparable in age, sex distribution, place of origin, educational qualification, and type of cancer. Among HP, the experience and satisfaction scales of the NSNS showed good internal consistency (n = 235, α >0.9, r > 0.7), while among COP, only the satisfaction scale showed good internal consistency (n = 62, α = 1.00). Most patients' perceptions (level of satisfaction) of hospitalization and chemotherapy services were positive (98% and 97%, respectively). CONCLUSION: An NSNS instrument specifically designed for ambulatory care cancer patients is necessary for it to be useful in assessing cancer patients' perception of nursing care. This will help improve the quality of care in Mexico.The presence of cancer by itself could modify the patients' satisfaction level. Further large-scale studies are required to investigate the patients' perceptions of nursing care using the NSNS on different cancer patient groups.

A search for a safer bucket to prevent children drowning at home.

BACKGROUND: Unintentional drowning is the leading cause of death for children younger than 5 years old. A bucket is one of the most common water container in which children can drown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the base diameter of a bucket and the necessary force to shed it. METHODS: This was an experimental study. We used six galvanized buckets of different diameters. Each selected bucket was pulled using a pulley with other buckets full of water until the water spilled out. The statistical analysis was done by linear regression with p less than 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: This research shows a direct relation between the wide base diameter (in a bucket 23 cm high, 25 cm rim, with a 20 cm water depth) and the strength required to spill the liquid contents (ß= 1.21; x= diameter of the base in centimeters; α= 14.59; r= 0.99 and p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the bucket structure could determine the risk of child drowning. The risk could increase directly as its base width increases.

The work-health balance questionnaire: cultural adaptation and validation in Spanish

El objetivo de este estudio fue hacer una adaptación cultural del cuestionario del balance trabajo-salud (WHBq; (Gragnano et al., 2017) al idioma español y proporcionar evidencia mediante el análisis factorial, la confiabilidad y validez. Este instrumento se compone de tres escalas: Incompatibilidad trabajo-salud (WHI), clima de salud (HC) y apoyo externo (ES), con un total de 17 ítems. Este se aplicó a una muestra de trabajadores mexicanos (n = 316). El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló un modelo de tres factores reproducido en la estructura original, el cual mostró un buen ajuste (CFI = 0.950; SRMR = 0.051; RMSEA = 0.069). La confiabilidad de cada factor y del cuestionario en su totalidad fue satisfactorio (ω mayor a 0.70). El AVE fue inferior a 0.50 solo en ES. Se discuten las soluciones para este problema. La validez de constructo se evaluó por criterio externo. El WHBq en su versión al español mostró adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y su relación teórica consistente con variables externas. Con estos resultados se confirma que este instrumento es una herramienta válida y confiable para su uso en México.(AU)

This study aimed to adapt the Work-Health Balance question-naire (WHBq; (Gragnano, Miglioretti, Frings-Dresen, & de Boer, 2017)in-to Spanish and to provide evidence for its factorial structure, reliability, and validity. WHBq comprises 17 itemswith three scales: Work-Health In-compatibility (WHI), Health Climate (HC) and External Support (ES). It was applied to a sample of Mexican workers (n =316). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the three-factor model replicating the original struc-ture provided good fit (CFI = 0.950; SRMR = 0.051; RMSEA = 0.069). The reliability of each factor and the whole questionnaire were satisfactory (α and ω higher than0.70). The AVE was lower than 0.50 only for ES. So-lutions to this problem are discussed. Concurrent and differential validitywas examined with external criteria.The WHBq in its Spanishversion shows good psychometric properties and theoretically consistent relation-ships with external variables. These findings provide support for its use as a valid and reliable tool in Mexico.(AU)

[Epidemiologic profile of children with burns from the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", 2009-2011]. / Perfil epidemiológico de niños con quemaduras del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, 2009-2011.

BACKGROUND: Burns are a public health problem, ranking among the 20 principal causes of morbidity in Mexico. Children are a more vulnerable group to suffer from these injuries. For that reason, we analyzed cases in order to gain a better comprehension and to propose preventive measures for this problem. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological profile of those injuries to allow us to plan and implement actions for burn prevention. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included demographic characteristics of the child, the parents and the burn injuries from children treated at this Burn Unit. Statistical analysis was done to calculate amounts, proportions and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The epidemiological profile of the injuries included males (63.4%) <5 years of age (65.2%) with educational level according to their age (56.2%). Parents of the included children were <35 years old with basic educational level. Burns were caused by hot water (56.2%) and occurred between noon and midnight (73.0%). The majority of the burns were shallow and deep second-degree or minor (69.2%) and affected <20% of body surface area (74.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This epidemiological profile paved the way for preventive actions beginning with scientific research to guide the actions in a progressive direction along with the cooperative actions of public and private institutions in the development of programs and strategies. The end result would be the establishment of a public policy for accidental injuries.

Validación en español del instrumento Core competencies for public health professionals en Guadalajara (Jalisco, México) / Spanish validation of the «Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals» tool in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Validar en español el instrumento Core competencies for public health professionals (CCPHP), en población de Guadalajara (Jalisco, México). MÉTODO: Estudio transversal. Se tradujo al español el instrumento CCPHP. Se aplicó a una muestra propositiva de 460 estudiantes de medicina y 460 expertos en salud pública. Se determinó la validez de constructo y la consistencia interna y externa del instrumento con el 95% de confianza (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: La muestra la formaron 460 estudiantes de medicina (62,1% femeninos y 37,9% masculinos), con edad media de 19,55 ± 0,87 años y 460 expertos en salud pública (50% femeninos y 50% masculinos), con edad media de 52,20 ± 10,26 años, el 90% con doctorado y el 10% con posdoctorado. La consistencia interna fue del 89% (alfa de Cronbach = 0,890) y la consistencia externa del 80,4% (ρ de Spearman = 0,804). En cuanto a la validez de constructo: mediana en estudiantes 195; intervalo 113-332; mediana en expertos 281,5; intervalo 226-365; U de Mann-Whitney = 34,5 (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El CCPHP en español demostró elevadas consistencias interna y externa, así como validez de constructo. Al carecer de un estándar de oro, es necesario comparar los resultados de este instrumento con pruebas objetivas de esta competencia para sustentar su validez de criterio

OBJECTIVE: To validate the «Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals» (CCPHP) tool in Spanish in a population from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted after translating the CCPHP tool into the Spanish language. It was then applied to a purposing sample of 460 medical students and 460 public health experts. The tool construct validity, as well as internal and external consistency, was determined, with 95% of confidence limits (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: The study included a total of 460 medicine students, 62.1% females and 37.9% males, with mean age 19.55 ± 0.87 years. As regards the 460 public health experts, of whom 50% were females and 50% males, with mean age 52.20 ± 10.26 years, there 90% with a doctorate degree and 10% with post-doctorate degree. Internal consistency: 89% (Alpha de Cronbach = 0.890). External consistency: 80.4% (Spearman ρ = 0.804). Construct validity: student median 195, interval 113-332, expert median 281.5, interval 226-365, Mann-Whitney's U = 34.5 (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CCPHP in Spanish showed high internal and external consistencies, as well as construct validity. Lacking a gold standard, a comparison of the results of this tool against objective evidence of this competency is needed in order to sustain its criterion validity

Riesgo para el desarrollo de trastorno depresivo mayor al existir alteraciones en la sintomatología menopaúsica en mujeres de Guadalajara, Jalisco / Risk for the development of major depressive disorder when there are alterations in menopausal symptoms in women from Guadalajara, Jalisco

RESUMEN Antecedentes: El Trastorno Depresivo Mayor (TDM) puede presentarse durante el inicio de la menopausia, variando su prevalencia de acuerdo a diferentes factores de riesgo clínicos y sociodemográficos; presentándose una mayor asociación al existir alteraciones en la sintomatología menopaúsica. Ante esto, se buscará determinar el riesgo para desarrollar TDM al presentar alteraciones en la sintomatología menopaúsica. Metodología: Es un diseño transversal analítico que incluyó a 252 mujeres iniciando su menopausia (48±1.7 años), atendidas en centros de salud de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes sociodemográficos, utilizando el Inventario de Depresión de Beck para identificar el TDM y la Escala de Valoración de la Menopausia para determinar alteraciones en los principales dominios sintomatológicos de la menopausia. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de asociación por medio de Odds Ratio (OR), aplicando finalmente una regresión logística. Resultados: La prevalencia de TDM fue de 40.5%, teniendo asociación con el antecedente de uso de anticonceptivos y con el agravamiento en la sintomatología menopaúsica. El análisis ajustado determinó que hay más riesgo de presentar TDM cuando existen alteraciones en los dominios sintomatológicos, tales como en el somático (OR 3.96, IC95% 1.58-9.95), el urogenital (OR 4.29, IC95% 2.13-8.65) y el psicológico (OR 13.55, IC95% 3.97-46.30). Conclusión: La presencia de alteraciones en la sintomatología menopaúsica se encuentra asociado con un mayor riesgo de presentar TDM, sobre todo si el dominio psicológico está afectado, por lo cual es necesario que el personal de salud identifique estas alteraciones y brinde un manejo temprano en esta etapa de la vida.

ABSTRACT Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can occur during the onset of the menopause, varying its prevalence according to different clinical and sociodemographic risk factors; presenting a greater association with the existence of alterations in the menopausal symptomatology. Given this, we will seek to determine the risk to develop MDD by presenting alterations in the menopausal symptoms Methodology: It is an analytical cross-sectional design that included 252 women beginning their menopause (48±1.7 years old), and who were attended in health centers of Guadalajara, Jalisco. The analyzed variables were their sociodemographic background, using the Beck Depression Inventory to identify the MDD and the Menopause Rating Scale to determine alterations in the main symptomatological domains of the menopause. Descriptive and association analyzes were performed by means of Odds Ratio (OR), subsequently applying a logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of MDD was 40.5%, with significant associations with the history of contraceptive use and the worsening of menopausal symptoms. The adjusted analysis allowed us to determine that there is more risk for developing MDD when there were alterations in the symptomatological domains, such as in the somatic (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.58-9.95), the urogenital (OR 4.29, IC95% 2.13-8.65) and in the psychological (OR 13.55, IC95% 3.97-46.30). Conclusion: The presence of alterations in the menopausal symptomatology is associated with an increased risk of developing MDD, especially if the psychological domain is affected, which is why it is necessary for health personnel to identify these alterations and provide early management in this stage of live.

Hábitos e ingesta alimentaria de frutas y verduras en estudiantes de educación superior / Habits and food intake of fruit and vegetables in university students

RESUMEN Introducción: Los hábitos y la ingesta alimentaria saludable en la población son esenciales en el individuo, principalmente los correspondientes a frutas y verduras por los beneficios que proporcionan a la salud. Objetivo: Determinar los hábitos y la ingesta en frutas y verduras en estudiantes. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal realizado en 218 estudiantes de educación superior (de 18 a 30 años). Se utilizó un instrumento validado y confiable, para medir los hábitos e ingesta de alimentos. Resultados: Las frutas, como parte de alimentos entre comidas, fueron preferentemente ingeridas por las mujeres más que por los hombres (p= 0,006); fueron ingeridas por todos los estudiantes, preferentemente por los >25 años que por los menores a esta edad (p= 0,05). Las mujeres tuvieron una mayor ingesta de verduras que los hombres (p= 0,07). La preparación de alimentos para su consumo es realizada principalmente por mujeres; y más del 50% los consume fuera de casa. Conclusión: La ingesta en frutas y verduras se encontró por debajo de los 400 g recomendados por la OMS en todos los casos, aún en el grupo de mujeres que las consumieron más entre comidas.

ABSTRACT Background: Eating habits and healthy dietary intake in the population are essential, especially the intake of fruit and vegetable for their health benefits. Therefore, the aim of this work was to understand the habits and the intake of fruits and vegetables among students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed, considering a sample of 218 university students (18 to 30 years old). A validated and reliable instrument was used to measure food consumption and food preparation habits. Results: Fruits as a snack between meals were ingested by more women than men (p= 0.006), the ingestion of fruits was more common among students >25 years compared to younger students (p= 0.05). Women reported a higher intake of vegetables compared to men (p= 0.07). Women mainly prepared food and more than 50% ate outside the home. Conclusion: The ingestion of fruits and vegetables was below WHO recommendations (400 g), even in the group of women who consumed fruit as a snack.

[Invisibility of working conditions and children's health in the Felipe Angeles market]. / La invisibilidad de las condiciones laborales y de salud de niños del mercado Felipe Angeles.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the work environment and health of children working in the Felipe Angeles market in Guadalajara. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive study which included 198 children working in the aforementioned market. A questionnaire was used which asked about the sociodemographic variables, the work environment and the health of such children. RESULTS: The children working in the market were predominantly male (89.9 %), aged 6 to 17 years old, residing in Guadalajara; 71 % were attending school. 83 % of the children had started working in the market between 7 to 10 years old and 75 % had worked there for 1 year or more. Workdays lasted all week, without rest in 50 % of the cases. The children perceived health risks as concerning abrasion, contusion, fractures, being run over and other psychosocial types related to becoming the victims of theft or becoming addicts. CONCLUSIONS: The children's work environment and health were not suitable for their age and affected their physical and psychosocial state as the site had deficient architecture making it impossible to carry out activities appropriate for their age and provoked workplace risk for which there was no prevention.

Perfil epidemiológico de niños con quemaduras del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca, 2009-2011 / Epidemiologic profile of children with burns from the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", 2009-2011

ResumenIntroducción: Las quemaduras son un problema de salud pública ubicado dentro de las 20 principales causas de morbilidad en México. Uno de los grupos más vulnerables son los niños. Al realizar un análisis de los casos, se aporta para un mejor entendimiento del problema y pueden generarse medidas preventivas al respecto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el perfil epidemiológico de niños con quemaduras que ingresan a la Unidad de Niños con Quemaduras del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó características demográficas del lesionado, de sus padres y de las quemaduras de niños atendidos durante 2009 a 2011. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo mediante el cálculo de frecuencias absolutas, proporciones e intervalos de confianza de 95%.Resultados: El perfil epidemiológico de los niños lesionados fue principalmente de varones (63.4%) menores de cinco años de edad (65.2%), con escolaridad de acuerdo con su edad (69.2%); hijos de padres menores de 35 años con escolaridad básica. Las lesiones fueron causadas por agua (56.2%) durante el lapso de las 12 p.m. a las 11:59 p.m. (73.0%) produciendo quemaduras de segundo grado superficial y profundo o menores (69.2%) que afectaron menos del 20% de la superficie corporal total (74.5%).Conclusiones: Este perfil epidemiológico permite ampliar el panorama de las acciones preventivas, iniciando con investigaciones científicas que orienten el rumbo que se debe seguir, trabajando conjuntamente con instituciones públicas y privadas en la elaboración de programas y estrategias, así como el establecimiento de una política pública para lesiones no intencionales.

AbstractBackground: Burns are a public health problem, ranking among the 20 principal causes of morbidity in Mexico. Children are a more vulnerable group to suffer from these injuries. For that reason, we analyzed cases in order to gain a better comprehension and to propose preventive measures for this problem. The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological profile of those injuries to allow us to plan and implement actions for burn prevention.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study that included demographic characteristics of the child, the parents and the burn injuries from children treated at this Burn Unit. Statistical analysis was done to calculate amounts, proportions and 95% confidence intervals.Results: The epidemiological profile of the injuries included males (63.4%) <5 years of age (65.2%) with educational level according to their age (56.2%). Parents of the included children were <35 years old with basic educational level. Burns were caused by hot water (56.2%) and occurred between noon and midnight (73.0%). The majority of the burns were shallow and deep second-degree or minor (69.2%) and affected <20% of body surface area (74.5%).Conclusions: This epidemiological profile paved the way for preventive actions beginning with scientific research to guide the actions in a progressive direction along with the cooperative actions of public and private institutions in the development of programs and strategies. The end result would be the establishment of a public policy for accidental injuries.

La invisibilidad de las condiciones laborales y de salud de niños del mercado Felipe Angeles / Invisibility of working conditions and children's health in the Felipe Angeles market

Objetivo Identificar las condiciones de trabajo y salud de los menores que trabajan en el mercado Felipe Ángeles de la Ciudad de Guadalajara. Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a 198 menores de 18 años de edad que desempeñaban alguna actividad laboral en dicho mercado. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluía variables sociodemográficas de los menores, de condiciones del trabajo y de salud. Resultados Los menores de que laboran en este mercado son principalmente hombres (89,9 %) con edades de entre 6 a 17 años, residentes de Guadalajara, 71 % asiste a la escuela. El 83 % de los niños iniciaron sus actividades laborales en el mercado entre los 7 y 10 años y 75 % de ellos llevan 1 año o más trabajando. La jornada laboral va de lunes a domingo en el 50 % de los casos. Los riesgos a la salud percibidos y presentados por los menores son lesiones durante la jornada laboral tales como abrasión, contusión, fracturas, atropellamiento; y las relacionadas con el aspecto psicosocial como son ser víctimas de robo o ser sujetos vulnerables para iniciarse en la drogadicción. Conclusiones Las condiciones de trabajo y salud en que laboran los menores no son adecuadas para su edad y afectan su desarrollo físico y psicosocial, ya que el sitio donde trabajan tiene deficiencias en la estructura arquitectónica, les impide la realización de actividades propias de su edad y los somete a riesgos laborales para los que no existe prevención.

Objective Identifying the work environment and health of children working in the Felipe Angeles market in Guadalajara. Methodology This was a descriptive study which included 198 children working in the aforementioned market. A questionnaire was used which asked about the sociodemographic variables, the work environment and the health of such children. Results The children working in the market were predominantly male (89.9 %), aged 6 to 17 years old, residing in Guadalajara; 71 % were attending school. 83 % of the children had started working in the market between 7 to 10 years old and 75 % had worked there for 1 year or more. Workdays lasted all week, without rest in 50 % of the cases. The children perceived health risks as concerning abrasion, contusion, fractures, being run over and other psychosocial types related to becoming the victims of theft or becoming addicts. Conclusions The children's work environment and health were not suitable for their age and affected their physical and psychosocial state as the site had deficient architecture making it impossible to carry out activities appropriate for their age and provoked workplace risk for which there was no prevention.