1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinone-based MMP inhibitors: synthesis and biological evaluation for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier during cerebral ischemia. As a result, inhibition of MMP-9 may have utility as a therapeutic intervention in stroke. Towards this end, we have synthesized a series of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinones that have excellent in vitro potency in inhibiting MMP-9 in addition to MMP-2. Representative compounds also demonstrate good efficacy in the mouse transient mid-cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model of cerebral ischemia.

Selective, reversible occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats by an intraluminal approach. Optimized filament design and methodology.

These studies optimized design and application of an intraluminal filament method to achieve selective middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. Silicone plugs of 300 microm diameter and 700-800 microm length were molded onto 6-0 suture. These were introduced into Wistar rats previously fitted with telemetric probes, using established placement procedures, with and without heparinization. Temperature and activity were monitored for 3 days, after which lesion volumes were assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Optimized filaments entered the MCA in 85% of Wistar rats, failures being attributable to anatomical variation at its origin from the internal carotid artery. Infarcts restricted to the MCA territory were apparent after 90 min occlusion, and maximal after 3 h occlusion. Intraischemic hyperthermia was noted in a third of occlusions performed without heparin, but never with anticoagulant treatment. Permanent occlusions were also evaluated in Fisher, Lewis, Long-Evans, Spontaneously Hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley rats, and Wistar rats from a second supplier, and compared with data for surgical MCA occlusions. Success rates varied among strains, but infarct volumes correlated with those obtained after surgical occlusions in respective populations. These studies demonstrate the feasibility and limitations of reversible and selective intraluminal filament occlusion of the MCA in rats.

Design and optimization of benzimidazole-containing transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) antagonists.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a nonselective cation channel that is thermoresponsive to cool to cold temperatures (8-28 °C) and also may be activated by chemical agonists such as menthol and icilin. Antagonism of TRPM8 activation is currently under investigation for the treatment of painful conditions related to cold, such as cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia. The design, synthesis, and optimization of a class of selective TRPM8 antagonists based on a benzimidazole scaffold is described, leading to the identification of compounds that exhibited potent antagonism of TRPM8 in cell-based functional assays for human, rat, and canine TRPM8 channels. Numerous compounds in the series demonstrated excellent in vivo activity in the TRPM8-selective "wet-dog shakes" (WDS) pharmacodynamic model and in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced model of neuropathic pain. Taken together, the present results suggest that the in vivo antagonism of TRPM8 constitutes a viable new strategy for treating a variety of disorders associated with cold hypersensitivity, including certain types of neuropathic pain.

Ex vivo delta opioid receptor autoradiography: CNS receptor occupancy of two novel compounds over their antihyperalgesic dose range.

Discovered as part of an effort to identify delta opioid (DOPr or DOR) agonist analgesics, JNJ-20788560 and JNJ-39204880 exhibited high DOR affinity, with K(i) values of 1.7 and 2.0nM, respectively, and were selective for DOR over the mu opioid receptor (MOPr or MOR), with 596- and 122-fold selectivity, respectively. Both compounds stimulated DOR but not MOR induced GTPgammaS binding and were effective antihyperalgesic agents in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of thermal hyperalgesia in the rat, with oral ED(50) values of 13.5 and 35mg/kg, corresponding to plasma levels of 1 and 9microM, respectively. Autoradiographic analysis of DOR and MOR occupancy in sections of brain (striatum) and lumbar spinal cord (L4-L6) was determined ex vivo, using radiolabeled naltrindole or DAMGO. Quantitative image analysis resulted in striatal DOR ED(50) values of 6.9 and 10.7mg/kg, for JNJ-20788560 and JNJ-39204880 respectively, and spinal cord values of 6.4 and 3.2mg/kg, respectively. Neither compound dose-dependently occupied MOR within the dose range studied. Thus, this study confirmed the DOR selectively over MOR of both compounds following their oral administration, and further demonstrated dose-dependent DOR occupancy by each compound across its antihyperalgesic dose range. Importantly, these in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo data revealed that the greater in vitro potency of JNJ-20788560 was paralleled by its greater in vivo potency, although JNJ-39204880 achieved higher plasma levels following its oral administration. The receptor occupancy levels observed at the pharmacologic ED(50) doses of these compounds suggest the need for greater target engagement by JNJ-39204880 than by JNJ-20788560 to elicit a similar therapeutic response.