Multiparameter spectral CT-based radiomics in predicting the expression of programmed death ligand 1 in non-small-cell lung cancer.

AIM: To explore the value of radiomics for predicting the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on multiparameter spectral computed tomography (CT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 220 patients with NSCLC were enrolled retrospectively and divided into the training (n=176) and testing (n=44) cohorts. The radiomics features were extracted from the conventional CT images, mono-energy 40 keV images, iodine density (ID) maps, Z-effective maps, and electron density maps. The logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were employed to build models based on radiomics signatures. The prediction abilities were qualified by the area under the curve (AUC) obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Internal validation was performed on the independent testing dataset. RESULTS: The combined model for PD-L1 ≥1%, which consisted of the radiomics score (rad-score; p<0.0001), white blood cell (WBC; p=0.027) counts, and air bronchogram (p=0.003), reached the highest performance with the AUCs of 0.873 and 0.917 in the training and testing dataset, respectively, which was better than the radiomics model with the AUCs of 0.842 and 0.886. The combined model for PD-L1 ≥50%, which consisted of rad-score (p<0.0001) and WBC counts (p=0.027), achieved the highest performance in the training and testing dataset with AUCs of 0.932 and 0.903, respectively, which was better than the radiomics model with AUCs of 0.920 and 0.892, respectively. CONCLUSION: The radiomics model based on the multiparameter images of spectral CT can predict the expression level of PD-L1 in NSCLC. The combined model can obtain higher prediction efficiency and serves as a promising method for immunotherapy selection.

[Short-term outcomes of total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of Tönnis grade 3 hip osteoarthritis in patients with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia].

OBJECTIVE: Severe hip osteoarthritis, caused by bone or joint maldevelopment, biomechanical transformation and previous surgical intervention, is inclusively existed in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED). To investigate and discuss the short-term efficacy and possible effects of total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of Tönnis grade 3 hip osteoarthritis in patients with SED. METHODS: From January 2017 to June 2019, 374 patients with hip osteoarthritis were involved for total hip arthroplasty conducted by senior professional surgeons, of whom 9 patients (6 males and 3 females) with 12 hip osteoarthritis secondary to the SED met the inclusive and exclusive criteria and received the above-mentioned hip operation. The short-term outcomes were observed. RESULTS: All the patients were implanted with Johnson & Johnson ceramic on ceramic cementless hip prostheses within the arthroplasty. They were followed up for an average period of 20 months. Except for one muscular calf vein thrombosis case, no complications, such as aseptic loosening, joint dislocation, fracture, neurovascular injury, deep vein thrombosis and infection were observed in all the 9 patients. Before the surgery, the average Harris hip score was 35.55, while the average of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) was 56.56. The level of quality of life indicated by SF-12 score was 41.56 on average. The mean pre-operation visual analogue scale (VAS) was 7.44. At the last follow-up, the average Harris hip score increased to 89.56, whereas the average WOMAC declined to 41.11. Compared with the baseline point, the average SF-12 score went up to 56.33. Dramatic drop of the mean VAS value to 2.67 was also observed at the last follow-up. In addition, post-operative increase of several pelvic-related parameters including pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope could be observed in the SED patients. The average measured pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope were 68.95°±4.60°, 52.75°±1.06° and 17.45°±1.77° before operation, respectively; whilst the mean value of these specific parameters increased to 76.98°±5.12°, 60.51°±4.35° and 18.10°±2.02°, respectively. The even leg lengths of the lower extremities were obtained after total hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: Total hip arthroplasty is satisfactory in the short-term pain relieve and function recovery for the management of Tönnis grade 3 hip osteoarthritis secondary to the SED.

[Effects of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children].

Objective: To explore the effect of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children. Methods: From October to November 2017, 27 987 children aged 3 to 6 years old from 109 kindergartens in 11 cities of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces were selected by using the cluster sampling method. A total of 27 200 valid questionnaires which were completed by subjects' parents were collected. The emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children were collected by "strengths and difficulties questionnaire" and the parental rearing patterns were evaluated by the "Parental Behavior Scale". The differences in emotional and behavioral abnormality rates of preschool children with different characteristics were analyzed; with emotional and behavioral problems as dependent variables and parental support/participation and compulsion/hostility as independent variables, the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children. Results: The age of children was (4.35±0.96) years old, and 51.4% of children were 13 975 males. There were 24 634 (90.6%) urban children and 17 916 (65.9%) only children. Both parents with strong support/participation accounted for 14.9%, and those with poor support/participation accounted for 11.9%; both parents with strong compulsion/hostility accounted for 15.2%, and those with low compulsion/hostility accounted for 11.3%. The rates of emotional symptoms, conduct behavior, hyperactive behavior, peer interaction, total difficulty score, and abnormal prosocial behavior of preschool children were 9.5%, 9.5%, 18.2%, 24.5%, 11.2%, and 10.2%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that after adjusting for gender, only child, living area, family economic status, mother's age and education level, father's education level, and other factors, compared with fathers/mothers with strong support/participation and low compulsion/hostility and parents with strong support/participation and low compulsion/hostility, preschool children who had fathers/mothers with poor support/participation and strong compulsion/hostility or parents with poor support/participation and strong compulsion/hostility were more likely to have emotional symptoms, conduct behavior, hyperactive behavior, peer interaction, total difficulty score, and abnormal prosocial behavior (P<0.05). Conclusions: Parental rearing patterns and their consistency are related to the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children.

[Correlation between HER2 expression before neoadjuvant treatment and RCB classification after surgical treatment in breast cancer].

Objective: To explore the relationship between the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and post NAC Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) classification in breast cancer. Methods: This retrospective study included 150 patients with CNB proven invasive breast carcinoma in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to January 2014. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the expression of HER2 in the CNB specimens. RCB was used to assess the chemotherapy response of patients. SPSS 21.00 and GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 were used for data statistics; Chi square test and Fisher's exact test for correlation analysis, and Cox regression for survival analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 150 patients, there were 38 RCB-0, 12 RCB-Ⅰ, 61 RCB-Ⅱ and 39 RCB-Ⅲ post NAC. RCB-0 meant pathological complete response (PCR). Statistical analysis found that the pre NAC HER2 expression was related to PCR and RCB classification after surgery (r1=‒0.217,r2=‒0.282;P<0.05). Further analysis demonstrated that in the HER2-positive group, PCR was associated with prolonged OS and DFS (HR=2.939, 2.359; P<0.05); the differences of OS and DFS in RCB classifications were more significant (P<0.05) in the HER2 positive than HER2 negative groups. Conclusion: There is a correlation between pre NAC HER2 expression and PCR and RCB classification after treatment. In HER2-positive patients, the prognostic stratification of RCB classification is more obvious, suggesting that pre NAC HER2 overexpression combined with RCB classification after surgery can more accurately predict the prognosis.

[Comparison of the clinicopathological features between adenoid basal cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix].

Objective: To compare the clinical and histopathological characteristics of cervical adenoid basal cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma for improving the diagnosis accuracy and differential diagnosis of these tumors. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 9 cases of cervical adenoid basal cell carcinoma and 3 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma which were diagnosed and consulted at the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from March 2009 to April 2019. Detailed clinical data were reviewed. All pathological sections and immunohistochemical results were reviewed and the clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Follow-up information by telephone was collected and relevant literature was consulted. Results: Both tumors were more commonly found in postmenopausal women (the age of onset ranged 43-74 years). Adenoid basal cell carcinoma was often clinical asymptomatic. Most of them presented as abnormal smears of the cervix during physical examination, and there was no definite mass in colposcopy.Adenoid cystic carcinoma was mostly presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding. A mass was seen in colposcopy.Histologically, the two tumors were characterized by nest-like growth of the tumors, consisting of basal-like tumor cells, and often surrounded by palisade structures. The two lesions might coexist, or be mixed with squamous cell carcinoma or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The difference was that adenoid basal cell carcinoma was mostly located at the junction of cervical squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium and beneath the overlying epithelium, the tumor cells were arranged in nests, with squamous differentiation in the center of the nests, or in double-layer adenoid arrangement. The cell morphology was bland with occasional mitoses, and the stromal reaction was not obvious. And adenoid cystic carcinoma cells in the nest arranged like a sieve, the homogenous red-stained and blue-stained secretions were observed in the sieve holes, with obvious cell atypia, frequent mitoses, and obvious stromal reaction.In one case of adenoid cystic carcinoma, sarcomatoid area presented around the nests.Both of them were positive in clinical HPV test. Among the 9 cases of adenoid basal cell carcinoma, 3 were tested for HPV and 5 were tested for p16, and all showed positive expression. Among the 3 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 2 were tested for HPV and 3 were tested for p16, both of which showed positive expression. Telephone follow-up was conducted by June 2019(follow-up time ranged 2-37 months). No recurrence or metastasis occurred in 7 of the 9 cases of adenoid basal cell carcinoma, while 1 case had a ground-glass nodule in lung and another had recurrence of vaginal stump 32 months after the surgery.One case of adenoid cystic carcinoma developed lung metastasis 8 months after surgery and died 2 years after surgery; another case was followed up for 6 months, which showed no recurrence or metastasis; the third case was lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Both adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenoid basal cell carcinoma of the cervix are the tumors originating from cervical reserve cells and are associated with high-risk HPV infection. Due to the differences in clinical treatment and prognosis, careful histological evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis should be carried out to make accurate pathological diagnosis.

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats.

Escherichia coli is a cause of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and goats, and sometimes causes severe clinical disease that may result in death of the animal. Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the sepsis induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide via competitive binding to toll-like receptor 4. We hypothesized that intravenous injection of Rg1 had therapeutic effect on mastitis experimentally induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats. In this study, 9 lactating goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (1) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + saline intravenous injection, (2) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + Rg1 intravenous injection, and (3) saline intramammary administration + saline intravenous injection. Because no adverse clinical signs were observed after intramammary infusion of saline and intravenous injection of Rg1 in a preliminary experiment, and available qualified goats were limited in this study, this treatment was not included in this study. One udder half of each goat received intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (50 µg/kg of body weight; groups 1 and 2) or saline solution (group 3), and the other half was infused with 2 mL of saline solution at h 0. Afterward, intravenous injections of saline solution (groups 1 and 3) or Rg1 (2.5 mg/kg of body weight; group 2) were administered at h 2 and 4 post-lipopolysaccharide challenge. Blood and milk samples were collected 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, and 72 h post-lipopolysaccharide challenge, and clinical signs were monitored hourly after lipopolysaccharide challenge within the first 10 h and at the same time points as blood samples. The results showed that Rg1 treatment downregulated rectal temperature, udder skin temperature, udder girth, milk somatic cell count, and N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase and upregulated milk production, lactose, and recovered blood components, such as white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total proteins, albumin, and globulin. Considering the positive therapeutic effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in goats presented in this study as well as the anti-inflammatory activity found previously, the botanical Rg1 deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of E. coli mastitis in dairy animals.

[Clinicopathological analysis of cervical basaloid squamous cell carcinoma].

Objective: To investigate the clinical and histopathological features of cervical basal squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 10 cases of cervical BSCC was carried out. The clinical data and all the pathological sections were reviewed, the related immunohistochemical results were statistically analyzed, the clinicopathological features were analyzed, and then followed the prognosis. Results: (1) Clinical features: the median onset age of BSCC in cervix was 51 years old (ranged 35-69 years old), 5 of them were postmenopausal women. Vaginal bleeding was often seen in clinic (7 cases). Of the 10 cervical BSCC patients, 5 tested HPV types. All of them were HPV positive, including 2 cases of HPV 16 positive and 1 case of high-risk HPV positive. At the time of colposcopy, 3 cases showed exogenous nodular mass, 3 cases showed endogenous infiltrating mass, and 4 cases had unclear type of mass.(2)Treatment: of the 10 patients, 8 underwent hysterectomy+bilateral adnexal excision+pelvic lymphadenectomy, of which 6 underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy after operation.Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed only in 2 cases. (3) Pathological features: histologically, the tumor cells were nests and stripe like growth, which were composed of basal like tumor cells. The cells had obvious heteromorphosis, less cytoplasm, deep dyed nuclei and common nuclear mitosis, and there were often palisade like structures around the cell nests, and some cells in the center of the cell nests were found to have acne like necrosis. It could be mixed with normal squamous cell carcinoma and squamous epithelial lesion. Among the 10 patients, 6 had immunohistochemical results. BSCC mainly expressed p16 and squamous cell markers such as p63, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and p40 protein, the positive expression rates were 3/3, 3/3, 2/2 and 3/3, respectively. A few expressed CK7 protein, and the positive expression rate was 1/3. (4) Prognosis: follow-up time ranged from 1 week to 64 months, and 2 cases were lost to follow-up. Among the 8 follow-up patients, 3 had iliac bone, lung or skin metastasis, and 5 had no recurrence or metastasis during the follow-up period. Conclusions: BSCC of cervix is a rare malignant tumor of cervix associated with high-risk HPV infection, p16 is more positive. The treatment is similar to that of normal cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical resection and radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most effective methods according to the clinical stage. At present, the disease is considered to be highly aggressive and the poor prognosis.

Shape-memory collagen scaffold for enhanced cartilage regeneration: native collagen versus denatured collagen.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, it is still questionable whether denatured collagen (DCol) can replace the native collagen (Col) as a bioactive protein in cartilage engineering. We sought to study the advantages of Col with a triple-helical structure in the collagen-based composite materials for cartilage engineering. METHODS: We presented new three-dimensional (3D) Col and DCol scaffolds with shape memory properties. The effects of Col and DCol scaffolds on rabbit chondrocytes' proliferation, adhesion, differentiation and interaction with matrix were investigated. Tissue compatibility was performed in a subcutaneous Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model. The repair ability of different scaffolds with chondrocytes for full-thickness articular cartilage defects in knee joints of New Zealand white rabbits were investigated. RESULTS: The results indicated that the Col scaffolds (with concentration 1.6wt% and 0.8wt%, respectively) promoted the proliferation, adhesion and redifferentiation of chondrocytes, as well as chondrocyte-matrix interaction, to a greater degree than the DCol scaffolds. In the animal experiment, the Col scaffolds filled in the defect hole significantly maintained chondrocytes function, promoted cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration, compared with the DCol scaffolds, and the scaffolds loaded with chondrocytes were better than the cell-free scaffolds, especially in the case of the Col scaffolds (1.6 wt%). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these insights suggest that the better proliferation, adhesion and redifferentiation of chondrocytes in Col scaffolds with the triple-helical structure may contribute to the greater cartilage repair ability. Col scaffolds may be more appropriate for repairing cartilage defects than DCol scaffolds, and DCol cannot as an alternative when using collagen-based materials for cartilage engineering applications.

TIGAR mediates the inhibitory role of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis in rat nucleus pulposus cells.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia has been shown to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) has been reported to suppress oxidative stress. We sought to explore the role of TIGAR in the effect of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis. METHODS: An intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat caudal spine was established by puncturing the Co6-7 disc. TIGAR expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting in human and SD rat NP tissues of degenerated discs. Rat primary NP cells treated with hypoxia and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were analyzed by western blotting for TIGAR expression. After TIGAR silence with TIGAR siRNA transfection, apoptosis percentage, mitochondrial and total intracellular ROS levels were measured. H2O2 was used to further check the effects of TIGAR on oxidative stress. Finally, NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio were examined after TIGAR silencing under hypoxic conditions and after H2O2 treatment. RESULTS: A degree-dependent increase in TIGAR expression was observed in human and rat degenerated NP tissues. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducer CoCl2 enhanced TIGAR and P53 expressions in rat NP cells. TIGAR silence reversed the inhibitory effects of hypoxia on intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production, as well as apoptosis percentage. However, TIGAR silence aggravated H2O2-induced ROS production. In addition, TIGAR increased NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio in NP cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that TIGAR appears to mediate the protective role of hypoxia on ROS production and apoptosis percentage by enhancing NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSH ratio.

Self-Propelled Particles with Velocity Reversals and Ferromagnetic Alignment: Active Matter Class with Second-Order Transition to Quasi-Long-Range Polar Order.

We introduce and study in two dimensions a new class of dry, aligning active matter that exhibits a direct transition to orientational order, without the phase-separation phenomenology usually observed in this context. Characterized by self-propelled particles with velocity reversals and a ferromagnetic alignment of polarities, systems in this class display quasi-long-range polar order with continuously varying scaling exponents, yet a numerical study of the transition leads to conclude that it does not belong to the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless universality class but is best described as a standard critical point with an algebraic divergence of correlations. We rationalize these findings by showing that the interplay between order and density changes the role of defects.

[Comparison of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation in lung adenocarcinoma using biopsied tissue, pleural effusion and blood samples].

Objective: To compare different specimen types of lung adenocarcinoma in the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and to correlate EGFR mutations with patient clinical features. Methods: One hundred lung adenocarcinoma cases were collected from June to December in 2015, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University.Of the 100 lung adenocarcinoma samples, 43 were male and 57 were female. The age was from 40 to 88 years old, and the average age was 66 years. One hundred lung adenocarcinoma cases were divided equally into two groups. Mutation analysis of EGFR gene by real-time PCR was performed using biopsied tissue and paired blood samples in one group (n=50) and using pleural effusion and paired blood samples in the other group (n=50). Results: The mutation rate of EGFR gene in biopsy samples was 54% (27/50) , higher than that of blood samples (46%, 23/50), but without statistical differences (χ(2)=0.640, P=0.424). In contrast, mutation rate of EGFR gene in pleural effusion samples (42%, 21/50) was higher than that of blood samples (34%, 17/50), but without statistical differences(χ(2)=0.679, P=0.409). Two patients had EGFR mutation detected in paired blood samples but not in the corresponding biopsy samples, and four patients had EGFR mutation detected in pleural effusion samples but not in their paired blood samples. The mean progression-free survival of patients with detectable EGFR mutation were 9.5 months (tissue samples), 8.6 months (pleural effusion) and 8.5 months (blood). However, there was no statistical difference. Conclusions: Blood samples may be used to assess EGFR mutations for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, further studies are needed to improve the sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of EGFR mutations using blood samples.

Infrared optical constants of liquid palm oil and palm oil biodiesel determined by the combined ellipsometry-transmission method.

The optical constants of vegetable oils and biodiesels are the basic input parameters in the study of the thermal radiation transfer and monitoring the productivity of vegetable oils converting to biodiesels. In this work, a combined ellipsometry-transmission method is presented to obtain the optical constants of palm oil and palm oil biodiesel between 20°C and 150°C in the spectral range 600-4100 cm-1 and to study the temperature effect on the optical constants. In the combined method, a modified ellipsometry method is used to measure the optical constants of palm oil and palm oil biodiesel for the whole researched wave bands. For the weak absorption regions in which the ellipsometry method cannot give precise absorption indices, the transmission method is conducted to get the absorption indices using the refractive indices obtained by the proposed ellipsometry method. Deionized water and methanol are taken as examples to verify the combined ellipsometry-transmission method. It is shown that the combined method can overcome the deficiencies of the traditional ellipsometry and transmission method, which can be used for the measurements of both strong and weak absorption wave bands. The experimental analyses indicate that temperature exerts a noticeable influence on the infrared optical constants of palm oil and palm oil biodiesel. With the increase of temperature, the refractive indices at certain wavenumbers decrease nearly linearly, and the amplitudes of dominant absorption peaks show a decreasing trend. The absorption peaks located around 3550 cm-1 show blueshift trends as temperature increases. Comparing these two kinds of oils, palm oil presents larger values in refractive indices and dominant absorption peaks.

[Clinicopathologic characteristics of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in Xinjiang region].

Objective: To investigate the point mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with non-small cell lung cancers(NSCLC)of Xinjiang region. Methods: Five-hundred and eighty-two cases of paraffin-embedded tissue in patients with NSCLC were collected between January 2013 and December 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The DNA was extracted from these tissues by Qiagen kit, to test thirty-two mutations in EGFR exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 using fluorescent quantitative qRT-PCR technology by TaqMan probe; the clinicopathologic features of patients were analyzed according to the mutation status of EGFR. Results: There were 173 cases with EGFR gene mutation in 582 cases of paraffin-embedded tissue in patients with NSCLC, and the mutation rate was 29.7%(173/582). There were statistical difference in female patients (50.5%, 98/194), no history of smoking(47.3%, 96/203), high differentiation(6/9), adenosquamous carcinoma(6/11), peripheral location (34.9%, 88/252), and surgical specimens(38.2%, 83/217), respectively (P<0.05). Multiple factors Logistic analysis showed that gender, degree of differentiation, and pathologic types had statistical differences to EGFR when α=0.05. There were no statistical differences between other variants. Conclusions: There are higher rate EGFR gene mutation in women patients, non-smokers, and well-differentiated, adenocarcinoma. Gender, degree of differentiation and pathological patterns are independent influencing factors on EGFR mutation status.

Study on transient photocurrent induced by energy level defect of schottky diode irradiated by high power pulsed laser.

The transient photocurrent is one of the key parameters of the spatial radiation effect of photoelectric devices, and the energy level defect affects the transient photocurrent. In this paper, by studying the deep level transient spectrum of a self-designed Schottky diode, the defect properties of the interface region of the anode metal AlCu and Si caused by high-temperature annealing at 150 â„ƒ, 200 â„ƒ and 300 â„ƒ for 1200 h have been quantitatively analyzed. The study shows that the defect is located at the position of + 0.41 eV on the valence band, the concentration is 2.8 [Formula: see text] 1013/cm2, and the capture cross section is [Formula: see text] = 8.5 [Formula: see text] 1017. The impurity energy level mainly comes from the diffusion of Al atom in anode metal. We found that the defect did not cause the electrical performance degradation and obvious morphology change of the device, but the transient photocurrent increased significantly. The reason is that the high temperature treatment results in a growth in the density of states at the interface between AlCu-Si. The more mismatched dislocations and recombination center increased the reverse current of the heterojunction. The above view is proved by the TCAD simulation test.

Clinical efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty POP patients admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were picked and divided into Group A (laparoscopic Y-mesh, n = 20), Group B (laparoscopic sacrovaginal fixation, n = 20), and Group C (da Vinci robotic sacral fixation, n = 20). These three groups were compared in terms of the perioperative indexes, such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative indwelling catheter days, anal exhaust time, postoperative hospitalization days, etc. The occurrence of short-term and long-term complications in the three groups was compared. The changes of the following index values in the POP quantification system (POP -Q) staging before and 1 year after surgery were recorded and compared among the three groups. It mainly includes the midline of the anterior vaginal wall at 3 cm from the hymenal margin (Aa), the farthest point of the anterior vaginal vault from point Aa (Ba), the farthest point of the ectocervix (C), the location of the posterior vaginal vault or rectal uterine trap (D), the midline of the posterior vaginal wall at 3 cm from the hymenal margin (Ap), and the reflection of the posterior vaginal vault at the farthest point from the Ap point (Bp) values. The changes in Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-Short Form 20 (PFDI-20) and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) were recorded and compared before and 1 year after the operation. RESULTS: The patients in Group C had significantly lower intraoperative bleeding, postoperative indwelling catheter days, anal exhaust time, and postoperative hospitalization days compared with those in Group A and Group B (p < 0.05). There existed no statistical difference in the incidence of short-term and long-term complications between Group B and Group C (p > 0.05), but both were much lower than Group A (p < 0.05). The differences in POP-Q staging, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale were not statistically significant among the three groups before surgery (p > 0.05), and the POP-Q staging Aa, Ba, C, D, Ap, and Bp values, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale were strongly improved in three groups after the surgery (p < 0.05). However, the POP-Q staging, PFDI-20 scale, and PISQ-12 scale among the three groups had no obvious difference after the surgery (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of modified sacral fixation under Leonardo da Vinci robot laparoscopy for POP was comparable to that of laparoscopic Y-mesh treatment and laparoscopic sacral vaginal fixation. However, da Vinci's robotic sacral fixation had the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding and faster postoperative recovery, which helped patients recover quickly and improved their quality of life.

Selection pressures have driven population differentiation of domesticated and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Selection pressures are the principle evolutionary forces for the genetic differentiation of populations. Recent changes in selection pressures on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite have been described in a wide variety of organisms. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has experienced strong selection pressure, in particular artificial selection, during its domestication. However, the contribution and extent of artificial selection in driving genome-wide population differentiation remain unclear. We investigated the genetic differentiation of 4 domesticated strains (Xingguo red common carp, Glass red common carp, Purse red common carp, and Jian common carp, which have been generated by artificial selection since 1970s) and 2 wild populations (Shishou section in Hubei and Yangzhou section in Jiangsu of the Yangtze River) of common carp in China by sequencing the mitochondrial DNA D-loop and by genotyping 10 microsatellite loci. It was found that the domesticated strains exhibited linkage disequilibrium within the population and less genetic variability, higher inbreeding coefficients (F(IS) = 0.101 vs 0.038), and higher genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.087 vs 0.001) than the wild populations, which indicates strong selection pressures in the process of domestication. Of the 10 loci, 5 appeared to be under positive directional selection in the domesticated strains, and all 10 loci in wild populations were potentially under balancing selection. We conclude that strong selection pressures, artificial selection in particular, have caused genetic differentiation between populations of domesticated and wild common carp.