RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The authors describe the preclinical pharmacological properties of GAL-021, a novel peripheral chemoreceptor modulator. METHODS: The ventilatory effects of GAL-021 were characterized using tracheal pneumotachometry (n = 4 to 6), plethysmography (n = 5 to 6), arterial blood gas analyses (n = 6 to 11), and nasal capnography (n = 3 to 4) in naive animals and those subjected to morphine-induced respiratory depression. Morphine analgesia in rats was evaluated by tail-flick test (n = 6). Carotid body involvement in GAL-021 ventilatory effects was assessed by comparing responses in intact and carotid sinus nerve-transected rats. Hemodynamic effects of GAL-021 were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats (n = 7). The pharmacological profile of GAL-021 in vitro was investigated using radioligand binding, enzyme inhibition, and cellular electrophysiology assays. RESULTS: GAL-021 given intravenously stimulated ventilation and/or attenuated opiate-induced respiratory depression in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates, without decreasing morphine analgesia in rats. GAL-021 did not alter mean arterial pressure but produced a modest increase in heart rate. Ventilatory stimulation in rats was attenuated by carotid sinus nerve transection. GAL-021 inhibited KCa1.1 in GH3 cells, and the evoked ventilatory stimulation was attenuated in Slo1 mice lacking the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel. CONCLUSIONS: GAL-021 behaved as a breathing control modulator in rodents and nonhuman primates and diminished opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising opioid analgesia. It acted predominantly at the carotid body, in part by inhibiting KCa1.1 channels. Its preclinical profile qualified the compound to enter clinical trials to assess effects on breathing control disorders such as drug (opioid)-induced respiratory depression and sleep apnea.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Carotídeo/efectos de los fármacos , Subunidades alfa de los Canales de Potasio de Gran Conductancia Activados por Calcio/antagonistas & inhibidores , Mecánica Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Triazinas/farmacología , Analgésicos Opioides/toxicidad , Animales , Cuerpo Carotídeo/fisiología , Femenino , Subunidades alfa de los Canales de Potasio de Gran Conductancia Activados por Calcio/fisiología , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/inducido químicamente , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/prevención & control , Mecánica Respiratoria/fisiología , Triazinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
GAL-021 and GAL-160 are alkylamino triazine analogues, which stimulate ventilation in rodents, non-human primates and (for GAL-021) in humans. To probe the site and mechanism of action of GAL-021 and GAL-160 we utilized spirometry in urethane anesthetized rats subjected to acute bilateral carotid sinus nerve transection (CSNTX) or sham surgery. In addition, using patch clamp electrophysiology we evaluated ionic currents in carotid body glomus cells isolated from neonatal rats. Acute CSNTX markedly attenuated and in some instances abolished the ventilatory stimulant effects of GAL-021 and GAL-160 (0.3 mg/kg IV), suggesting the carotid body is a/the major locus of action. Electrophysiology studies, in isolated Type I cells, established that GAL-021 (30 µM) and GAL-160 (30 µM) inhibited the BK(Ca) current without affecting the delayed rectifier K(+), leak K(+) or inward Ca(2+) currents. At a higher concentration of GAL-160 (100 µM), inhibition of the delayed rectifier K(+) current and leak K(+) current were observed. These data are consistent with the concept that GAL-021 and GAL-160 influence breathing control by acting as peripheral chemoreceptor modulators predominantly by inhibiting BK(Ca) mediated currents in glomus cells of the carotid body.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpo Carotídeo/efectos de los fármacos , Canales de Potasio Calcio-Activados/antagonistas & inhibidores , Apnea Central del Sueño/tratamiento farmacológico , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/tratamiento farmacológico , Triazinas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Cuerpo Carotídeo/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Apnea Central del Sueño/fisiopatología , Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño/fisiopatología , Triazinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
1-(1-Acetyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3-adamantan-1-yl-urea 14a (AR9281), a potent and selective soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, was recently tested in a phase 2a clinical setting for its effectiveness in reducing blood pressure and improving insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients. In a mouse model of diet induced obesity, AR9281 attenuated the enhanced glucose excursion following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. AR9281 also attenuated the increase in blood pressure in angiotensin-II-induced hypertension in rats. These effects were dose-dependent and well correlated with inhibition of the sEH activity in whole blood, consistent with a role of sEH in the observed pharmacology in rodents.
Asunto(s)
Adamantano/análogos & derivados , Antihipertensivos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Epóxido Hidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Resistencia a la Insulina , Urea/análogos & derivados , Adamantano/química , Adamantano/farmacocinética , Adamantano/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Angiotensina II/farmacología , Animales , Antihipertensivos/farmacocinética , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Glucemia/análisis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Epóxido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Hipertensión/inducido químicamente , Ratones , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas , Urea/química , Urea/farmacocinética , Urea/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
We report the discovery of piperazine urea based compound 1, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist. Compound 1 shows anti-obesity efficacy without potentiating erectile activity in the rodent models.
Asunto(s)
Piperazinas/química , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/agonistas , Urea/análogos & derivados , Administración Oral , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Haplorrinos , Ratones , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Piperazinas/farmacocinética , Piperazinas/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/genética , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Urea/química , Urea/farmacocinética , Urea/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] based compounds as potent, selective and orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) agonists are disclosed.
Asunto(s)
Piperidinas/química , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/agonistas , Administración Oral , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Conformación Molecular , Piperidinas/síntesis química , Piperidinas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/metabolismo , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
We report the design, synthesis and properties of spiroindane based compound 1, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, non-peptide melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonist. Compound 1 shows excellent erectogenic activity in the rodent models.
Asunto(s)
Disfunción Eréctil/tratamiento farmacológico , Indanos/química , Indanos/uso terapéutico , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/agonistas , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4/metabolismo , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Compuestos de Espiro/uso terapéutico , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Perros , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Indanos/farmacocinética , Indanos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Unión Proteica , Ratas , Compuestos de Espiro/farmacocinética , Compuestos de Espiro/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
AIMS: The mode of action by which doxapram acts as a respiratory stimulant in humans is controversial. Studies in rodent models, have shown that doxapram is a more potent and selective inhibitor of TASK-1 and TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimer channels, than TASK-3. Here we investigate the direct effect of doxapram and chirally separated, individual positive and negative enantiomers of the compound, on both human and mouse, homodimeric and heterodimeric variants of TASK-1 and TASK-3. METHODS: Whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology on tsA201 cells was used to assess the potency of doxapram on cloned human or mouse TASK-1, TASK-3 and TASK-2 channels. Mutations of amino acids in the pore-lining region of TASK-3 channels were introduced using site-directed mutagenesis. RESULTS: Doxapram was an equipotent inhibitor of human TASK-1 and TASK-3 channels, compared with mouse channel variants, where it was more selective for TASK-1 and heterodimers of TASK-1 and TASK-3. The effect of doxapram could be attenuated by either the removal of the C-terminus of human TASK-3 channels or mutations of particular hydrophobic residues in the pore-lining region. These mutations, however, did not alter the effect of a known extracellular inhibitor of TASK-3, zinc. The positive enantiomer of doxapram, GAL-054, was a more potent antagonist of TASK channels, than doxapram, whereas the negative enantiomer, GAL-053, had little inhibitory effect. CONCLUSION: These data show that in contrast to rodent channels, doxapram is a potent inhibitor of both TASK-1 and TASK-3 human channels, providing further understanding of the pharmacological profile of doxapram in humans and informing the development of new therapeutic agents.
Asunto(s)
Doxapram/farmacología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio de Dominio Poro en Tándem/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular , Humanos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp/métodos , Canales de Potasio de Dominio Poro en Tándem/genética , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/genética , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/metabolismo , Fármacos del Sistema Respiratorio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
We document in vitro and in vivo effects of a novel, selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonist, Imidazole 24b (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxamide). The in vitro binding affinity of Imidazole 24b for recombinant human and rat CB(1) receptor is 4 and 10 nM, respectively. Imidazole 24b binds to human cannabinoid CB(2) receptor with an affinity of 297 nM; in vitro, it is a receptor inverse agonist at both cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors as it causes a further increase of forskolin-induced cAMP increase. Oral administration of Imidazole 24b blocked CP-55940-induced hypothermia, demonstrating cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist efficacy in vivo. Using ex vivo autoradiography, Imidazole 24b resulted in dose-dependent increases in brain cannabinoid CB(1) receptor occupancy (RO) at 2h post-dosing in rats, indicating that approximately 50% receptor occupancy is sufficient for attenuation of receptor agonist-induced hypothermia. Imidazole 24b administered to C57Bl/6 mice and to dietary-induced obese (DIO) Sprague-Dawley rats attenuated overnight food intake with a minimal effective dose of 10 mg/kg, p.o. Administration had no effect in cannabinoid CB(1) receptor-deficient mice. DIO rats were dosed orally with vehicle, Imidazole 24b (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg), or dexfenfluramine (3 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. At 3 mg/kg, Imidazole 24b reduced cumulative food intake, leading to a non-significant decrease in weight gain. Imidazole 24b at 10 mg/kg and dexfenfluramine treatment inhibited food intake and attenuated weight gain. These findings suggest that selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor inverse agonists such as Imidazole 24b have potential for the treatment of obesity.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/agonistas , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Administración Oral , Animales , Autorradiografía , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dexfenfluramina/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Imidazoles/administración & dosificación , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Unión Proteica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/genética , Receptor Cannabinoide CB2/agonistasRESUMEN
Ghrelin, an acylated peptide secreted from the stomach, acts as a short-term signal of nutrient depletion. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary. We used a synthetic oligonucleotide, NOX-B11-2, capable of specific high-affinity binding to bioactive ghrelin to determine whether ghrelin neutralization would alter indices of energy balance in vivo. This novel type of ghrelin-blocking agent, called an RNA Spiegelmer (SPM), is a polyethylene glycol-modified l-RNA oligonucleotide, the nonnatural configuration of which confers in vivo stability. NOX-B11-2 blocked ghrelin mediated activation of GH secretagogue receptor 1a in cell culture (IC50 approximately 5 nm). We explored the effects of acute NOX-B11-2 administration on ghrelin-induced feeding in mice. NOX-B11-2 (66 mg/kg, sc) blocked ghrelin-induced feeding and was without effect on feeding evoked by an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin receptor agonist. We demonstrated that selective ghrelin blockade effectively promoted weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Chronic infusion of NOX-B11-2 (33 mg/kg.d, sc) to DIO mice evoked body weight loss for 13 d and reduced food intake and fat mass relative to control SPM-infused mice. In a 7-d study, DIO mice infused with NOX-B11-2 (33 mg/kg.d, sc) showed body weight loss, compared with animals receiving control SPM. This effect was directly mediated by SPM neutralization of ghrelin because NOX-B11-2 administration to ghrelin-deficient mice resulted in no weight loss. The decreased obesity observed in SPM-treated DIO mice provides validation for ghrelin neutralization as a potential antiobesity therapy.
Asunto(s)
Oligonucleótidos/farmacología , Hormonas Peptídicas/metabolismo , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Conducta Animal , Peso Corporal , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Conducta Alimentaria , Genes Reporteros , Ghrelina , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Obesos , Factores de Transcripción NFATC/metabolismo , Obesidad , Oligonucleótidos/química , Hormonas Peptídicas/química , Péptidos/química , Polietilenglicoles/química , Unión Proteica , ARN/química , Radioinmunoensayo , Factores de Tiempo , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Synthetic and natural peptides that act as nonselective melanocortin receptor agonists have been found to be anorexigenic and to stimulate erectile activity. We report the design and development of 1, a potent, selective (1184-fold vs MC3R, 350-fold vs MC5R), small-molecule agonist of the MC4 receptor. Pharmacological testing confirms the food intake lowering effects of MC4R agonism and suggests another role for the receptor in the stimulation of erectile activity.
Asunto(s)
Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Receptores de Corticotropina/agonistas , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas , Triazoles/síntesis química , Animales , Unión Competitiva , Disponibilidad Biológica , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Perros , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Conformación Molecular , Erección Peniana/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 3 , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4 , Receptores de Melanocortina , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/química , Triazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
1. Using an in vivo model of erectile activity, the effects of sildenafil were studied in mice lacking neuronal or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS, respectively). 2. Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored continuously in wild-type, nNOS-/- and eNOS-/- mice. The magnitude of erectile activity was quantified as the ratio of ICP to MAP. 3. No differences in basal ICP or MAP were observed amongst wild-type, eNOS-/- and nNOS-/- mice. Electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve (ESCN; 4.0 V, 16 Hz, 1 ms, 30 s) evoked increases in ICP and ICP/MAP as well as penile tumescence. Responses to ESCN were reduced in nNOS-/-, but not in eNOS-/- mice. 4. L-NAME (50 mg kg(-1), i.v.) significantly increased MAP and attenuated erectile responses in both wild-type and eNOS-/- mice. 5. Sildenafil (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) augmented electrically-evoked erectile activity in a voltage-dependent manner in wild-type mice and facilitated erectile responses in eNOS-/- mice. By contrast, sildenafil failed to augment the diminished erectile responses in mice lacking the nNOS isoform. 5. These data reveal the relative importance of nNOS, compared to eNOS, as the critical NOS isoform in the control of erectile function and illustrate that the nNOS isoform is required for sildenafil-induced facilitation of erectile responses in vivo in mice.
Asunto(s)
Disfunción Eréctil/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/deficiencia , Erección Peniana/efectos de los fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacología , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III , Erección Peniana/fisiología , Purinas , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Citrato de Sildenafil , SulfonasRESUMEN
Melanocortin peptide agonists, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and melanotan-II, stimulate erectile activity in a variety of species, including man. Since neither peptide discriminates amongst melanocortin receptors, it is not clear which subtype mediates these pro-erectile effects. Here, we present data that melanocortin-induced erectogenesis is mediated by melanocortin MC(4) receptors. Systemic administration of a melanocortin MC(4) receptor agonist (N-[(3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium-3-ylcarbonyl]-(1R)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-[4-cyclohexyl-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1ylmethyl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethylamine; THIQ) with high selectivity over other melanocortin receptors enhanced intracavernosal pressure and stimulated erectile activity in rats ex copula. THIQ dose-dependently (1-5 mg/kg, i.v.) increased the total number of erections, to an extent comparable or greater than that produced by apomorphine (0.025 mg/kg, s.c.). Central administration of THIQ (20 microg, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)) increased the number of reflexive penile erections; whereas administration of both a nonselective endogenous melanocortin MC(4) receptor antagonist (agouti-related protein (AgRP), 5.5. microg, i.c.v.) and a melanocortin MC(4) receptor preferring antagonist (MPB10, 1 mg/kg, i.v.) blocked THIQ-induced erectogenesis. These pro-erectile effects were also attenuated by systemic or central administration of an oxytocin antagonist (L-368899, 1 mg/kg, i.v.). Thus, melanocortin MC(4) receptor activation is sufficient for erectogenesis and these effects may involve oxytocinergic pathways.
Asunto(s)
Erección Peniana/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Corticotropina/agonistas , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas , Proteína Relacionada con Agouti , Animales , Unión Competitiva , Canfanos/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Masculino , Erección Peniana/fisiología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Piperazinas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4 , Receptores de Corticotropina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Triazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Central administration of the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stimulates feeding in rodents. We studied the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of an MCH-1 receptor agonist (Compound A) and an MCH-1 receptor antagonist (Compound B) on feeding in satiated rats. Compound B (10 microg, i.c.v.) blocked the acute orexigenic effect of Compound A (5 microg, i.c.v.). In an experiment designed to either stimulate or inhibit MCH-1 receptor signaling over an extended period, rats received continuous i.c.v. infusions of vehicle (saline), Compound A (30 microg/day), Compound B (30 or 48 microg/day) or neuropeptide Y (24 microg/day, as positive control) via implantable infusion pumps. Continuous MCH-1 receptor activation recapitulated the obese phenotype of MCH-over-expressor mice, manifest as enhanced feeding (+23%, P<0.001), caloric efficiency and body weight gain (+38%, P<0.005) over the 14-day period relative to controls. Chronic MCH-1 receptor activation also elevated plasma insulin and leptin levels significantly. Conversely, continuous MCH-1 receptor antagonism led to sustained reductions in food intake (-16%, P<0.001), body weight gain (-35%, P<0.01), and body fat gain relative to controls, without an effect on lean mass. Antagonism of the MCH-1 receptor may be an effective approach for the treatment of obesity.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/fisiología , Apetito/fisiología , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Receptores de la Hormona Hipofisaria/fisiología , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/fisiología , Animales , Apetito/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Éteres/administración & dosificación , Éteres/química , Hidrocarburos Fluorados/administración & dosificación , Hidrocarburos Fluorados/química , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de la Hormona Hipofisaria/agonistas , Receptores de la Hormona Hipofisaria/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de la Hormona Hipofisaria/químicaRESUMEN
The rhesus monkey is often used in pre-clinical research, and such studies frequently involve a variety of anesthetic conditions. Therefore, it is important to determine baseline physiologic blood chemistry and cardiovascular parameters in anesthetized animals to facilitate appropriate comparisons. The present study compares the cardiovascular parameters, hematology, serum chemistry, and blood gas levels of rhesus monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital, isoflurane, ketamine, and propofol. Hematology, serum chemistry, and blood gas levels were unaffected by the four anesthetic regimens. However, because of its formulation, propofol is inappropriate for use in animals in which changes in tryglycerides will be evaluated. Compared to those in conscious, unrestrained monkeys, heart rates were higher in anesthetized animals, but the rates of anesthetized animals were similar regardless of anesthetic agent used. In contrast, mean arterial blood pressure was lower in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital, propofol, or isoflurane than in the conscious monkeys. However, mean arterial pressure of ketamine-anesthetized monkeys was similar to that of the conscious monkeys.
RESUMEN
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of, and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases, including type II diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. It has been well established that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) act as an endothelial derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (s-EH) rapidly hydrolyses certain epoxylipids (e.g. EETs) to less bioactive diols (DHETs), thereby attenuating the evoked vasodilator effects. The aim of the present study was to examine if inhibition of s-EH can restore impaired endothelial function in three animal models of cardiometabolic diseases. Isolated vessel rings of the aorta and/or mesenteric artery from mice or rats were pre-contracted using phenylephrine or U46619. Endothelium-dependent and independent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were measured using wire myography in vessels isolated from db/db or diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, and angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats treated chronically with s-EH inhibitors AR9281 or AR9276 or with vehicle. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, but not to SNP was severely impaired in all three animal models. Oral administration of AR9281 or AR9276 abolished whole blood s-EH activity, elevated epoxy/diol lipid ratio, and abrogated endothelial dysfunction in all three models. Incubating the mesenteric artery of db/db mice with L-NAME and indomethacin to block nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin formation did not affect AR9821-induced improvement of endothelial function. These data indicate that inhibition of s-EH ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and that effects in the db/db model are independent of the presence of NO and cyclooxygenase derived prostanoids. Thus, preserving vasodilator EETs by inhibition of s-EH may be of therapeutic benefit by improving endothelial function in cardiometabolic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Epóxido Hidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Adamantano/administración & dosificación , Adamantano/análogos & derivados , Adamantano/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Epóxido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Masculino , Arterias Mesentéricas/efectos de los fármacos , Arterias Mesentéricas/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Niacinamida/administración & dosificación , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Niacinamida/farmacología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Compuestos de Fenilurea/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Fenilurea/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Urea/administración & dosificación , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/farmacología , Vasodilatación/efectos de los fármacosAsunto(s)
Metabolismo Basal/fisiología , Hiperfagia/fisiopatología , Ratones Noqueados/fisiología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Receptores de Corticotropina/deficiencia , Animales , Metabolismo Basal/genética , Hiperfagia/sangre , Hiperfagia/genética , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados/genética , Ratones Obesos , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/genética , Receptor de Melanocortina Tipo 4 , Receptores de Corticotropina/genética , Receptores de Corticotropina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A series of benzazepinones were synthesized and evaluated as hNa(v)1.7 sodium channel blockers. Several compounds from this series displayed good oral bioavailability and exposure and were efficacious in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Benzodiazepinonas/síntesis química , Benzodiazepinonas/uso terapéutico , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/síntesis química , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Canales de Sodio/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacocinética , Disponibilidad Biológica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Estructura Molecular , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.7 , Ratas , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/farmacocinética , Canales de Sodio/químicaRESUMEN
Optimization of the biological activity for 5,6-diarylpyridines as CB1 receptor inverse agonists is described. Food intake and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 3f and 15c indicate that these compounds are effective orally active modulators of CB1.
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/síntesis química , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/agonistas , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Diseño de Fármacos , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Químicos , Conformación Molecular , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Temperatura , Tolueno/químicaRESUMEN
A series of benzodiazepines and benzazepinones were synthesized and evaluated as potential sodium channel blockers in a functional, membrane potential-based assay. One member of the benzazepinone series, compound 47, displayed potent, state-dependent block of hNa(v)1.7, and was orally efficacious in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/uso terapéutico , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/clasificación , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/farmacología , Canales de Sodio/metabolismo , Animales , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.7 , Ratas , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/química , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) has been implicated in the control of energy balance. To explore the pharmacological utility of CB1R inhibition for the treatment of obesity, we evaluated the efficacy of N-[(1S,2S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl]-2-methyl-2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy]propanamide (MK-0364) and determined the relationship between efficacy and brain CB1R occupancy in rodents. MK-0364 was shown to be a highly potent CB1R inverse agonist that inhibited the binding and functional activity of various agonists with a binding K(i) of 0.13 nM for the human CB1R in vitro. MK-0364 dose-dependently inhibited food intake and weight gain, with an acute minimum effective dose of 1 mg/kg in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. CB1R mechanism-based effect was demonstrated for MK-0364 by its lack of efficacy in CB1R-deficient mice. Chronic treatment of DIO rats with MK-0364 dose-dependently led to significant weight loss with a minimum effective dose of 0.3 mg/kg (p.o.), or a plasma C(max) of 87 nM. Weight loss was accompanied by the loss of fat mass. Partial occupancy (30-40%) of brain CB1R by MK-0364 was sufficient to reduce body weight. The magnitude of weight loss was correlated with brain CB1R occupancy. The partial receptor occupancy requirement for efficacy was also consistent with the reduced food intake of the heterozygous mice carrying one disrupted allele of CB1R gene compared with the wild-type mice. These studies demonstrated that MK-0364 is a highly potent and selective CB1R inverse agonist and that it is orally active in rodent models of obesity.