Selection of a trioxaquine as an antimalarial drug candidate.

Trioxaquines are antimalarial agents based on hybrid structures with a dual mode of action. One of these molecules, PA1103/SAR116242, is highly active in vitro on several sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum at nanomolar concentrations (e.g., IC(50) value = 10 nM with FcM29, a chloroquine-resistant strain) and also on multidrug-resistant strains obtained from fresh patient isolates in Gabon. This molecule is very efficient by oral route with a complete cure of mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive or chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodia at 26-32 mg/kg. This compound is also highly effective in humanized mice infected with P. falciparum. Combined with a good drug profile (preliminary absorption, metabolism, and safety parameters), these data were favorable for the selection of this particular trioxaquine for development as drug candidate among 120 other active hybrid molecules.

Modulation of gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats through intestinal cannabinoid CB(1) receptors.

We studied the delay in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit induced by the cannabinoid receptor agonists (+)-WIN 55,212-2 (R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-yl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone mesylate) and CP 55,940 ((-)-cis-3[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexanol), as prevented by the selective cannabinoid CB(1)-receptor antagonist SR141716 ((N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide)) in rats after systemic or central drug administration. Oral SR141716 showed comparable potency (ID(50) range 1.0-3.9 mg/kg) in antagonizing gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit delay by (+)-WIN 55,212-2 or CP 55,940. Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit delay after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) (+)-WIN 55,212-2 was prevented by oral or i.c.v. SR141716, but i.c.v. SR141716 did not significantly reduce the effect of i.p. (+)-WIN 55,212-2. Pertussis toxin prevented the delaying action of i.c.v. (+)-WIN 55,212-2 on both gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit, but had no effect on (+)-WIN 55,212-2 i.p. These findings are consistent with a primary role of peripheral cannabinoid CB(1) receptor mechanisms in gastrointestinal transit delay by specific agonists.

[Design and birth of drugs]. / Conceptions et naissances des médicaments.

Today the design of new clinical entities uses highly sophisticated techniques. This design is a step by step procedure: first selection and validation of the therapeutic targets, where the contribution of genomics is very important; then, setting up the different screening tests. This step permits to detect the potentially active molecules, which will be optimised, before being tested in healthy volunteers and then in patients.

Rimonabant reduces obesity-associated hepatic steatosis and features of metabolic syndrome in obese Zucker fa/fa rats.

This study investigated the effects of rimonabant (SR141716), an antagonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), on obesity-associated hepatic steatosis and related features of metabolic syndrome: inflammation (elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFalpha]), dyslipidemia, and reduced plasma levels of adiponectin. We report that oral treatment of obese (fa/fa) rats with rimonabant (30 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks abolished hepatic steatosis. This treatment reduced hepatomegaly, reduced elevation of plasma levels of enzyme markers of hepatic damage (alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and decreased the high level of local hepatic TNFalpha currently associated with steatohepatitis. In parallel, treatment of obese (fa/fa) rats with rimonabant reduced the high plasma level of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha and increased the reduced plasma level of the anti-inflammatory hormone adiponectin. Finally, rimonabant treatment also improved dyslipidemia by both decreasing plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol and increasing the HDLc/LDLc ratio. All the effects of rimonabant found in this study were not or only slightly observed in pair-fed obese animals, highlighting the additional beneficial effects of treatment with rimonabant compared to diet. These results demonstrate that rimonabant plays a hepatoprotective role and suggest that this CB1 receptor antagonist potentially has clinical applications in the treatment of obesity-associated liver diseases and related features of metabolic syndrome.

In vitro metabolism of ferroquine (SSR97193) in animal and human hepatic models and antimalarial activity of major metabolites on Plasmodium falciparum.

Ferroquine (SSR97193) has been shown to be a promising antimalarial, both on laboratory clones and on field isolates. So far, no resistance was documented in Plasmodium falciparum. In the present work, the metabolic pathway of ferroquine, based on experiments using animal and human hepatic models, is proposed. Ferroquine is metabolized mainly via an oxidative pathway into the major metabolite mono-N-demethyl ferroquine and then into di-N,N-demethyl ferroquine. Some other minor metabolic pathways were also identified. Cytochrome P450 isoforms 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 and, possibly in some patients, isoform 2D6, are mainly involved in ferroquine oxidation. The metabolites were synthesized and tested against the 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) P. falciparum strains. According to the results, the activity of the two main metabolites decreased compared with that of ferroquine; however, the activity of the mono-N-demethyl derivative is significantly higher than that of chloroquine on both strains, and the di-N-demethyl derivative remains more active than chloroquine on the chloroquine-resistant strain. These results further support the potential use of ferroquine against human malaria.

Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice.

Because the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 was previously reported to modulate food intake in rodents, we studied its efficacy in reducing obesity in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) model widely used for research on the human obesity syndrome. During a 5-wk treatment, SR141716 (10 mg. kg(-1). day(-1) orally) induced a transient reduction of food intake (-48% on week 1) and a marked but sustained reduction of body weight (-20%) and adiposity (-50%) of DIO mice. Furthermore, SR141716 corrected the insulin resistance and lowered plasma leptin, insulin, and free fatty acid levels. Most of these effects were present, but less pronounced at 3 mg. kg(-1). day(-1). In addition to its hypophagic action, SR141716 may influence metabolic processes as the body weight loss of SR141716-treated mice was significantly higher during 24-h fasting compared with vehicle-treated animals, and when a 3-day treatment was compared with a pair feeding. SR141716 had no effect in CB1 receptor knockout mice, which confirmed the implication of CB1 receptors in the activity of the compound. These findings suggest that SR141716 has a potential as a novel anti-obesity treatment.

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the non-peptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders.

The limbic localization of the arginine vasopressin V(1b) receptor has prompted speculation as to a potential role of this receptor in the control of emotional processes. To investigate this possibility, we have studied the behavioral effects of SSR149415, the first selective and orally active non-peptide antagonist of vasopressin V(1b) receptors, in a variety of classical (punished drinking, elevated plus-maze, and light/dark tests) and atypical (fear/anxiety defense test battery and social defeat-induced anxiety) rodent models of anxiety, and in two models of depression [forced swimming and chronic mild stress (CMS)]. When tested in classical tests of anxiety, SSR149415 produced anxiolytic-like activity at doses that ranged from 1 to 30 mg/kg (i.p. or p.o.), but the magnitude of these effects was overall less than that of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam, which was used as a positive control. In contrast, SSR149415 produced clear-cut anxiolytic-like activity in models involving traumatic stress exposure, such as the social defeat paradigm and the defense test battery (1-30 mg/kg, p.o.). In the forced swimming test, SSR149415 (10-30 mg/kg, p.o.) produced antidepressant-like effects in both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Moreover, in the CMS model in mice, repeated administration of SSR149415 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 39 days improved the degradation of the physical state, anxiety, despair, and the loss of coping behavior produced by stress. These findings point to a role for vasopressin in the modulation of emotional processes via the V(1b) receptor, and suggest that its blockade may represent a novel avenue for the treatment of affective disorders.

4-(2-Chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N-[(1S)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]5-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride (SSR125543A), a potent and selective corticotrophin-releasing factor(1) receptor antagonist. II. Characterization in rodent models of stress-related disorders.

The present study investigated the effects of the novel corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)(1) receptor antagonist 4-(2-chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N-[(1S)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]5-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride (SSR125543A) in a variety of rodent models of anxiety, including conflict procedures (punished drinking and four-plate), exploration models (elevated plus-maze and light/dark), a fear/anxiety defense test battery, and several procedures based on stress-induced changes in physiological (isolation-induced hyperthermia and tail pinch-induced cortical norepinephrine release) or behavioral (social defeat-induced anxiety, maternal separation-induced vocalization) parameters. Moreover, the effects of SSR125543A were investigated in acute (forced swimming) and chronic (chronic mild stress; CMS) models of depression. SSR125543A and the CRF(1) receptor antagonist antalarmin displayed limited efficacy in exploration-based anxiety models. In contrast, both compounds produced clear-cut anxiolytic-like activity in models involving inescapable stress, including the conflict procedures, the social defeat-induced anxiety paradigm and the defense test battery (3-30 mg/kg i.p. or p.o.). These effects paralleled those of the anxiolytic diazepam. In addition, SSR125543A and antalarmin antagonized stress-induced hyperthermia, distress vocalization, and cortical norepinephrine release. In the forced swimming test, 30 mg/kg p.o. SSR125543A and 3 to 30 mg/kg p.o. antalarmin produced clear antidepressant-like effects. These latter results were strengthened by the findings from the CMS, which showed that repeated administration of 10 mg/kg i.p. SSR125543A for 30 days improved the degradation of the physical state, the reduction of body weight gain, and anxiety produced by stress. Together, these data indicate that SSR125543A shows good activity in acute and chronic tests of unavoidable stress exposure, suggesting that it may have a potential in the treatment of depression and some forms of anxiety disorders.

Structure and stereochemistry of the active metabolite of clopidogrel.

Clopidogrel (SR25990C, PLAVIX) is a potent antiplatelet drug, which has been recently launched and is indicated for the prevention of vascular thrombotic events in patients at risk. Clopidogrel is inactive in vitro, and a hepatic biotransformation is necessary to express the full antiaggregating activity of the drug. Moreover, 2-oxo-clopidogrel has been previously suggested to be the essential key intermediate metabolite from which the active metabolite is formed. In the present paper, we give the evidence of the occurrence of an in vitro active metabolite after incubation of 2-oxo-clopidogrel with human liver microsomes. This metabolite was purified by liquid chromatography, and its structure was studied by a combination of mass spectometry (MS) and NMR experiments. MS results suggested that the active metabolite belongs to a family of eight stereoisomers with the following primary chemical structure: 2-[1-[1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl]-4-sulfanyl-3-piperidinylidene]acetic acid. Chiral supercritical fluid chromatography resolved these isomers. However, only one of the eight metabolites retained the biological activity, thus underlining the critical importance of associated absolute configuration. Because of its highly labile character, probably due to a very reactive thiol function, structural elucidation of the active metabolite was performed on the stabilized acrylonitrile derivative. Conjunction of all our results suggested that the active metabolite is of S configuration at C 7 and Z configuration at C 3-C 16 double bound.

Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SSR 146977, a new potent nonpeptide tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist.

SSR 146977 is a potent and selective antagonist of the tachykinin NK3 receptor. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human tachykinin NK3 receptor, SSR 146977 inhibited the binding of radioactive neurokinin B to NK3 receptors (Ki = 0.26 nM), senktide (10 nM) induced inositol monophosphate formation (IC50 = 7.8-13 nM), and intracellular calcium mobilization (IC50 = 10 nM). It antagonized [MePhe7]neurokinin B induced contractions of guinea pig ileum (pA2 = 9.07). Senktide (30 nM) induced firing rate increase of noradrenergic neurons in the guinea pig locus coeruleus and dopaminergic neurons in the guinea pig substantia nigra was also blocked by SSR 146977 (50 and 100 nM, respectively). In vivo, in the respiratory system, SSR 146977 inhibited bronchial hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine, bronchial microvascular permeability hypersensitivity to histamine (doses of 0.1-1 mg/kg i.p.), and cough (doses of 0.03-1 mg/kg i.p.) provoked by citric acid in guinea pigs. In the central nervous system, SSR 146977 inhibited turning behaviour (ID50 = 0.2 mg/kg i.p. and 0.4 mg/kg p.o.) and prevented the decrease of locomotor activity (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p) mediated by the stimulation of NK3 receptors in gerbils. In guinea pigs, SSR 146977 antagonized senktide-induced acetylcholine release in the hippocampus (0.3 and 1 mg/kg i.p) and norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex (0.3 mg/kg i.p.). It also prevented haloperidol-induced increase of the number of spontaneously active dopamine A10 neurons (1 and 3 mg/kg i.p.).

Characterization of (2S,4R)-1-[5-chloro-1-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide (SSR149415), a selective and orally active vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist.

(2S,4R)-1-[5-Chloro-1-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide (SSR149415), the first selective, nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist yet described, has been characterized in vitro and in vivo. SSR149415 showed competitive nanomolar affinity for animal and human V1b receptors and exhibited much lower affinity for rat and human V1a, V2, and oxytocin receptors. Moreover, this compound did not interact with a large number of other receptors, enzymes, or ion channels. In vitro, SSR149415 behaved as a full antagonist and potently inhibited arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced Ca2+ increase in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing rat or human V1b receptors. The in vivo activity of SSR149415 has been studied in several models of elevated corticotropin secretion in conscious rats. SSR149415 inhibited exogenous AVP-induced increase in plasma corticotropin, from 3 mg/kg i.p. and 10 mg/kg p.o. upwards. Similarly, this compound antagonized AVP-potentiated corticotropin release provoked by exogenous corticoliberin at 3 mg/kg p.o. The effect lasted for more than 4 h at 10 mg/kg p.o. showing a long-lasting oral effect. SSR149415 (10 mg/kg p.o.) also blocked corticotropin secretion induced by endogenous AVP increase subsequent to body water loss. Moreover, 10 mg/kg i.p SSR149415 inhibited plasma corticotropin elevation after restraint-stress in rats by 50%. In the four-plate test, a mouse model of anxiety, SSR149415 (3 mg/kg p.o. upwards) displayed anxiolytic-like activity after acute and 7-day repeated administrations. Thus, SSR149415 is a potent, selective, and orally active V1b receptor antagonist. It represents a unique tool for exploring the functional role of V1b receptors and deserves to be clinically investigated in the field of stress and anxiety.

SSR240600 [(R)-2-(1-[2-[4-[2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl]-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-morpholinyl]ethyl]- 4-piperidinyl)-2-methylpropanamide], a centrally active nonpeptide antagonist of the tachykinin neurokinin-1 receptor: I. biochemical and pharmacological characterization.

The biochemical and pharmacological properties of a novel antagonist of the tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, SSR240600 [(R)-2-(1-[2-[4-[2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetyl]-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-morpholinyl]ethyl]-4-piperidinyl)-2-methylpropanamide], were evaluated. SSR240600 inhibited the binding of radioactive substance P to tachykinin NK1 receptors in human lymphoblastic IM9 cells (K(i) = 0.0061 nM), human astrocytoma U373MG cells (K(i) = 0.10 nM), and human brain cortex (IC50 = 0.017 nM). It also showed subnanomolar affinity for guinea pig NK1 receptors but was less potent on rat and gerbil NK1 receptors. SSR240600 inhibited [Sar(9),Met(O2)(11)]substance P-induced inositol monophosphate formation in human astrocytoma U373MG cells with an IC50 value of 0.66 nM (agonist concentration of 100 nM). It also antagonized substance P-induced contractions of isolated human small bronchi with a pIC50 value of 8.6 (agonist concentration of 100 nM). The compound was >100- to 1000-fold more selective for tachykinin NK1 receptors versus tachykinin NK2 or NK3 receptors as evaluated in binding and in vitro functional assays. In vivo antagonistic activity of SSR240600 was demonstrated on tachykinin NK1 receptor-mediated hypotension in dogs (3 and 10 microg/kg i.v.), microvascular leakage (1 and 3 mg/kg i.p.), and bronchoconstriction (50 and 100 microg/kg i.v.) in guinea pigs. It also prevented citric acid-induced cough in guinea pigs (1-10 mg/kg i.p.), an animal model in which central endogenous tachykinins are suspected to play a major role. In conclusion, SSR240600 is a new, potent, and centrally active antagonist of the tachykinin NK1 receptor, able to antagonize various NK1 receptor-mediated pharmacological effects in the periphery and in the central nervous system.

4-(2-Chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N-[(1S)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]5-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride (SSR125543A): a potent and selective corticotrophin-releasing factor(1) receptor antagonist. I. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization.

4-(2-Chloro-4-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-N-[(1S)-2-cyclopropyl-1- (3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]5-methyl-N-(2-propynyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine hydrochloride (SSR125543A), a new 2-aminothiazole derivative, shows nanomolar affinity for human cloned or native corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)(1) receptors (pK(i) values of 8.73 and 9.08, respectively), and a 1000-fold selectivity for CRF(1) versus CRF(2 alpha) receptor and CRF binding protein. SSR125543A antagonizes CRF-induced stimulation of cAMP synthesis in human retinoblastoma Y 79 cells (IC(50) = 3.0 +/- 0.4 nM) and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretion in mouse pituitary tumor AtT-20 cells. SSR125543A is devoid of agonist activity in these models. Its brain penetration was demonstrated in rats by using an ex vivo [(125)I-Tyr(0)] ovine CRF binding assay. SSR125543A displaced radioligand binding to the CRF(1) receptor in the brain with an ID(50) of 6.5 mg/kg p.o. (duration of action >24 h). SSR125543A also inhibited the increase in plasma ACTH levels elicited in rats by i.v. CRF (4 microg/kg) injection (ID(50) = 1, 5, or 5 mg/kg i.v., i.p., and p.o., respectively); this effect lasted for more than 6 h when the drug was given orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg. SSR125543A (10 mg/kg p.o.) reduced by 73% the increase in plasma ACTH levels elicited by a 15-min restraint stress in rats. Moreover, SSR125543A (20 mg/kg i.p.) also antagonized the increase of hippocampal acetylcholine release induced by i.c.v. injection of 1 microg of CRF in rats. Finally, SSR125543A reduced forepaw treading induced by i.c.v. injection of 1 microg of CRF in gerbils (ID(50) = approximately 10 mg/kg p.o.). Altogether, these data indicate that SSR125543A is a potent, selective, and orally active CRF(1) receptor antagonist.

SSR126768A (4-chloro-3-[(3R)-(+)-5-chloro-1-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-(3-pyridylmethyl)-benzamide, hydrochloride): a new selective and orally active oxytocin receptor antagonist for the prevention of preterm labor.

4-chloro-3-[(3R)-(+)-5-chloro-1-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-(3-pyridylmethyl)benzamide, hydrochloride (SSR126768A), a new potent and selective, orally active oxytocin (OT) receptor antagonist was characterized in several biochemical and pharmacological models. In binding studies, SSR126768A showed nanomolar affinity for rat and human recombinant and native OT receptors (K(i) = 0.44 nM) and exhibited much lower affinity for V(1a), V(1b), and V(2) receptors. In addition, it did not interact with a large number of other receptors, enzymes, and ion channels (1 microM). In autoradiographic experiments performed on at-term human pregnant uterus sections, SSR126768A dose dependently displaced [I(125)]d(CH(2))(5)[Tyr(Me)(2), Thr(4), Orn(8) (125)I-Tyr-NH(2)(9)]VT in situ labeling to OT receptors highly expressed in these tissues. In functional studies, SSR126768A behaved as a full antagonist and potently antagonized OT-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase (K(i) = 0.50 nM) and prostaglandin release (K(i) = 0.45 nM) in human uterine smooth muscle cells. In rat isolated myometrium, OT-induced uterine contractions were competitively antagonized by SSR126768A (pA(2) = 8.47). Similarly, in human pregnant myometrial strips, SSR126768A inhibited the contractile uterine response to OT. In conscious telemetrated rats, oral administration of SSR126768A (1-10 mg/kg) produced a competitive inhibition of the dose response to OT on uterine contractions up to 24 h at 3 mg/kg p.o.; no tachyphylaxis was observed after 4-day repeated treatment. Finally, SSR126768A (30 mg/kg p.o.) significantly delayed parturition in pregnant rats in labor similar to ritodrine (10 mg/kg p.o.). Thus, SSR126768A is a potent, highly selective, orally active OT receptor antagonist with a long duration of action. This molecule could find therapeutic application as a tocolytic agent for acute and chronic oral management of preterm labor.