Capillary microsampling in mice: effective way to move from sparse sampling to serial sampling in pharmacokinetics profiling.

Pharmacokinetic studies are an integral part of drug discovery and development. Mice are the commonly used species for pharmacokinetics studies during early discovery studies. Conventionally, composite PK profiles are obtained from mice studies due to the physiological limitations of the total blood volume that can be drawn over a certain period.With advancements in bioanalytical instrumentation and in blood sampling techniques, analysis with small volume (<50 µL) became feasible enabling serial blood sampling from the mouse for PK studies. The objective of the current study was to develop and establish a serial blood sampling technique in mouse and compare it with the conventional sparse sampling method (composite PK) following oral administration of widely used NSAIDs, diclofenac, celecoxib and tenoxicam, into Swiss Albino mice.The pharmacokinetic parameters of all three probe drugs by serial blood sampling were comparable with that of sparse sampling method. There was no significant difference between the whole blood concentration time profiles of all three drugs between serial sampling and sparse sampling suggesting serial blood sampling method can be easily implemented for mice PK studies.Serial blood sampling technique requires use of fewer number of animals, less quantity of test compound and reduces the possible dosing errors as fewer number of animals need to be dosed resulting in quality PK data and enabling comparison of inter-animal differences in PK profile.

Evaluation of separate role of intestine and liver in first pass metabolism of budesonide in rat.

1. Budesonide, a potent topical corticosteroid, reported to have low oral bioavailability in mice, rat, dog and human due to rapid first pass metabolism. However, there is insufficient information available in literature regarding the role of intestine and or liver responsible for the first pass metabolism of budesonide. 2. Current study in rats investigates the role of intestine and liver in first pass metabolism of budesonide using two in vivo models. Additionally, budesonide was also evaluated in in vitro assays such as thermodynamic solubility, permeability in Caco-2 cells and stability in simulated gastric (SGF), intestinal fluids (SIF) to understand the underlaying cause for low oral bioavailability. 3. Budesonide showed low oral, intra-duodenal and high intra-portal bioavailability in rat. In a dual vein cannulated rat model, intestinal and hepatic extraction ratios calculated based upon intestinal availability (Fa·Fg) and hepatic availability (Fh), suggests hepatic extraction of budesonide is minimal compared to intestinal. 4. In vitro results suggest, solubility and permeability may not be a barrier for the observed low oral bioavailability in rats. 5. Correlating the in vitro and in vivo data together, it can be concluded that, intestine might be playing major role in first pass metabolism of budesonide.

Anti-Arthritic Activity of Bartogenic Acid Isolated from Fruits of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. (Lecythidaceae).

The fruits of Barringtonia racemosa are prescribed in the ayurvedic literature for the treatment of pain, inflammation and rheumatic conditions. In present investigation, activity guided isolation of bartogenic acid (BA) and its evaluation in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats is reported. Among the various extracts and fractions investigated preliminarily for carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats, the ethyl acetate fraction displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity. Large-scale isolation and characterization using chromatography and spectral study confirmed that the constituent responsible for the observed pharmacological effects was BA. Subsequently the BA was evaluated for effectiveness against CFA-induced arthritis in rats. The results indicate that at doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1), p.o., BA protects rats against the primary and secondary arthritic lesions, body weight changes and haematological perturbations induced by CFA. The serum markers of inflammation and arthritis, such as C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor, were also reduced in the BA-treated arthritic rats. The overall severity of arthritis as determined by radiological analysis and pain scores indicated that BA exerts a potent protective effect against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. In conclusion, the present study validates the ethnomedicinal use of fruits of B. racemosa in the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions. It further establishes the potent anti-arthritic effects of BA. However, additional clinical investigations are needed to prove the efficacy of BA in the treatment of various immuno-inflammatory disorders.