RESUMEN
The treatment of mandibular condylar fractures has remained a controversial subject. Although many fractures can be treated by closed reduction with subsequent physiotherapy, others are treated by open reduction and rigid internal fixation. The management of these fractures in children and adolescents is more controversial. This article will review the treatment options for condylar fractures in children along with indications and contraindications for open repair.
Asunto(s)
Atención Dental para Niños/métodos , Cóndilo Mandibular/lesiones , Fracturas Mandibulares/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Fijación de Fractura/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Fracturas Mandibulares/cirugía , Desarrollo Maxilofacial , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Cuidados Posoperatorios , PronósticoRESUMEN
This paper reports the findings of a study of congruence between AIDS risk perception and risk behavior in a sample of outreach-recruited out-of-treatment injection and non-injection crack cocaine using women in Hartford, CT. While rates of drug- and sex-related AIDS risk were high in this sample, perception of risk was low among many of the respondents. Variation in risk perception reflects sociodemographic differences in the sample, with those women who were most socially isolated exhibiting the greatest incongruence between personal risk and risk perception. Women who have had contact with health or social service programs were the most likely to report reductions in risk behavior.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/psicología , Cocaína Crack , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/psicología , Adulto , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/prevención & control , Connecticut , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Autoimagen , Conducta Sexual , Percepción Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/prevención & controlRESUMEN
To study the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with sickle cell disease to synthesize antibodies in vitro, the levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA were quantitated in supernatants of cultured PBMC from a group of asymptomatic adults with sickle cell disease and from normal controls. The rates of spontaneous synthesis of IgM were similar in nonstimulated cultures of PBMC from patients and controls, whereas the amounts of IgG and IgA produced spontaneously by nonstimulated lymphocytes from the patients were significantly greater than those from controls. Similar levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA were detected in the supernatants of cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen from patients and controls. Thus, the capacity of PBMC to respond in vitro to pokeweed mitogen was preserved in the patients. The enhanced spontaneous synthesis of IgG and IgA suggests the presence of chronic polyclonal activation of B cells and/or defective regulation of the production of antibodies.