Imbibition Triggered by Capillary Condensation in Nanopores.

We study the spatiotemporal dynamics of water uptake by capillary condensation from unsaturated vapor in mesoporous silicon layers (pore radius rp ≃ 2 nm), taking advantage of the local changes in optical reflectance as a function of water saturation. Our experiments elucidate two qualitatively different regimes as a function of the imposed external vapor pressure: at low vapor pressures, equilibration occurs via a diffusion-like process; at high vapor pressures, an imbibition-like wetting front results in fast equilibration toward a fully saturated sample. We show that the imbibition dynamics can be described by a modified Lucas-Washburn equation that takes into account the liquid stresses implied by Kelvin equation.

Interface collisions with diffusive mass transport.

We report on a linear Langevin model that describes the evolution of the roughness of two interfaces that move towards each other and are coupled by a diffusion field. This model aims at describing the closing of the gap between two 2D material domains during growth, and the subsequent formation of a rough grain boundary. We assume that deposition occurs in the gap between the two domains and that the growth units diffuse and may attach to the edges of the domains. These units can also detach from edges, diffuse, and reattach elsewhere. For slow growth, the edge roughness increases monotonously and then saturates at some equilibrium value. For fast growth, the roughness exhibits a maximum just before the collision between the two interfaces, which is followed by a minimum. The peak of the roughness can be dominated by statistical fluctuations or by edge instabilities. A phase diagram with three regimes is obtained: Slow growth without peak, peak dominated by statistical fluctuations, and peak dominated by instabilities. These results reproduce the main features observed in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.

Supersymmetries in nonequilibrium Langevin dynamics.

Stochastic phenomena are often described by Langevin equations, which serve as a mesoscopic model for microscopic dynamics. It has been known since the work of Parisi and Sourlas that reversible (or equilibrium) dynamics present supersymmetries (SUSYs). These are revealed when the path-integral action is written as a function not only of the physical fields, but also of Grassmann fields representing a Jacobian arising from the noise distribution. SUSYs leave the action invariant upon a transformation of the fields that mixes the physical and the Grassmann ones. We show that contrary to common belief, it is possible to extend the known reversible construction to the case of arbitrary irreversible dynamics, for overdamped Langevin equations with additive white noise-provided their steady state is known. The construction is based on the fact that the Grassmann representation of the functional determinant is not unique, and can be chosen so as to present a generalization of the Parisi-Sourlas SUSY. We show how such SUSYs are related to time-reversal symmetries and allow one to derive modified fluctuation-dissipation relations valid in nonequilibrium. We give as a concrete example the results for the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation.