Measurement of the 2νßß Decay Rate and Spectral Shape of

Neutrinoless double beta decay (0νßß) is a yet unobserved nuclear process that would demonstrate Lepton number violation, a clear evidence of beyond standard model physics. The process two neutrino double beta decay (2νßß) is allowed by the standard model and has been measured in numerous experiments. In this Letter, we report a measurement of 2νßß decay half-life of ^{100}Mo to the ground state of ^{100}Ru of [7.07±0.02(stat)±0.11(syst)]×10^{18} yr by the CUPID-Mo experiment. With a relative precision of ±1.6% this is the most precise measurement to date of a 2νßß decay rate in ^{100}Mo. In addition, we constrain higher-order corrections to the spectral shape, which provides complementary nuclear structure information. We report a novel measurement of the shape factor ξ_{3,1}=0.45±0.03(stat)±0.05(syst) based on a constraint on the ratio of higher-order terms from theory, which can be reliably calculated. This is compared to theoretical predictions for different nuclear models. We also extract the first value for the effective axial vector coupling constant obtained from a spectral shape study of 2νßß decay.

Reversion and non-reversion mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibitor or platinum chemotherapy in BRCA1/2-mutant metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about mechanisms of resistance to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) and platinum chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer and BRCA1/2 mutations. Further investigation of resistance in clinical cohorts may point to strategies to prevent or overcome treatment failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We obtained tumor biopsies from metastatic breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 deficiency before and after acquired resistance to PARPi or platinum chemotherapy. Whole exome sequencing was carried out on each tumor, germline DNA, and circulating tumor DNA. Tumors underwent RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemical staining for RAD51 foci on tumor sections was carried out for functional assessment of intact homologous recombination (HR). RESULTS: Pre- and post-resistance tumor samples were sequenced from eight patients (four with BRCA1 and four with BRCA2 mutation; four treated with PARPi and four with platinum). Following disease progression on DNA-damaging therapy, four patients (50%) acquired at least one somatic reversion alteration likely to result in functional BRCA1/2 protein detected by tumor or circulating tumor DNA sequencing. Two patients with germline BRCA1 deficiency acquired genomic alterations anticipated to restore HR through increased DNA end resection: loss of TP53BP1 in one patient and amplification of MRE11A in another. RAD51 foci were acquired post-resistance in all patients with genomic reversion, consistent with reconstitution of HR. All patients whose tumors demonstrated RAD51 foci post-resistance were intrinsically resistant to subsequent lines of DNA-damaging therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Genomic reversion in BRCA1/2 was the most commonly observed mechanism of resistance, occurring in four of eight patients. Novel sequence alterations leading to increased DNA end resection were seen in two patients, and may be targetable for therapeutic benefit. The presence of RAD51 foci by immunohistochemistry was consistent with BRCA1/2 protein functional status from genomic data and predicted response to later DNA-damaging therapy, supporting RAD51 focus formation as a clinically useful biomarker.

A systematic review of outcome reporting in laser treatments for dermatological diseases.

The standardization of outcome reporting is crucial for interpretation and comparison of studies related to laser treatment of skin disorders. In collaboration with the Cochrane Skin-Core Outcome Set Initiative (CS-COUSIN), a procedure has been proposed to find consensus on the most important generic outcome domains (what to measure) for implementation in the international Laser TrEAtment in Dermatology (LEAD) registry. As the first step in the development of a generic outcome set for the LEAD registry, we undertook a systematic review to identify outcomes, outcome measurement instruments, methods and definitions reported in recently published literature of laser treatments for skin disorders. A systematic search was conducted and generated a total of 707 papers. We assessed 150 studies including all types of studies involving laser treatments for the skin. Two researchers independently extracted the type, definition and frequency of all outcomes and used outcome measurement instruments. We identified 105 verbatim outcomes that were categorized into eight domains recommended by the COMET framework: appearance, long-term effects, physician and patient-reported physical signs, satisfaction, health-related quality of life, psychological functioning and adverse events. Heterogeneity in outcome reporting (e.g. categories and outcome measurement instruments) was high, and definitions were insufficiently reported. There was a clear under representation of life impact domains, including satisfaction (23%) quality of life (3%) and psychological functioning (1%). Outcome reporting concerning laser treatments for the skin is heterogeneous. Standardized outcomes are needed for improving evidence synthesis. Results of this review will be used in the next step to reach consensus between stakeholders on the outcome domains to be implemented in the LEAD registry.

Emergence phenology and temperature effect on the post-diapause egg development in the bush cricket Barbitistes vicetinus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae).

The tettigoniid Barbitistes vicetinus Galvagni & Fontana was described in 1993 as an endemic and rare bush-cricket of north-east Italy. Since 2008, this species has become a pest, causing repeated outbreaks with severe defoliations in broadleaf forests and neighbouring crops. Few data are currently available on ecology and life-cycle of this species, in particular about how temperature regulates egg-diapause and hatching phenology. The present work reports a field study regarding hatching phenology of B. vicetinus, surveyed with 84 emergence traps over four consecutive years (2013-2016). Moreover, the effect of temperature on the hatching was tested in the laboratory, exposing eggs to different temperatures. Field observations showed that hatching occurred between the end of March and beginning of April. In warmer years, hatching started early in the spring and lasted longer, while in colder years, hatching started later and was concentrated in a few days. Moreover, a significant effect of both elevation and exposure on the hatching start was observed. Results obtained from laboratory suggested the ability of the species to develop in the post-final diapause in a wide range of thermal conditions. After the diapause (terminated by a prolonged common exposure to low temperature) B. vicetinus was able to hatch from 6 to 23°C although, due to prolonged post-diapause development, hatching took place progressively later at colder temperatures. To manage B. vicetinus outbreaks, forecasting the seasonal phenology of egg hatching and its duration is important for an effective pest control.

Bile acid changes after metabolic surgery are linked to improvement in insulin sensitivity.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic surgery is associated with a prompt improvement in insulin resistance, although the mechanism of action remains unknown. The literature on bile acid changes after metabolic surgery is conflicting, and insulin sensitivity is generally assessed by indirect methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between improvement in insulin sensitivity and concentration of circulating bile acids after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of nine patients who underwent BPD and six who had RYGB. Inclusion criteria for participation were a BMI in excess of 40 kg/m2 , no previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and willingness to participate. Exclusion criteria were major endocrine diseases, malignancies and liver cirrhosis. Follow-up visits were carried out after a mean(s.d.) of 185·3(72·9) days. Fasting plasma bile acids were assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and insulin sensitivity was measured by means of a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. RESULTS: A significant increase in all bile acids, as well as an amelioration of insulin sensitivity, was observed after metabolic surgery. An increase in conjugated secondary bile acids was significantly associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity. Only the increase in glycodeoxycholic acid was significantly associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity in analysis of individual conjugated secondary bile acids. CONCLUSION: Glycodeoxycholic acid might drive the improved insulin sensitivity after metabolic surgery.

Laser treatment of hyperpigmented lesions: position statement of the European Society of Laser in Dermatology.

BACKGROUND: Lasers and intense pulsed light sources (IPLS) are proposed for the treatment of many pigmentary disorders. They are sometimes considered as magic tools able to remove any type of lesions. Although being the best option for several hyperpigmented lesions, they can also worsen some conditions and have potential side-effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to give evidence-based recommendations for the use of lasers and IPLS in the treatment of hyperpigmented lesions. METHODS: These recommendations were produced for the European Society of Laser Dermatology by a consensus panel made up of experts in the field of pigment laser surgery. Recommendations on the use of lasers and light treatments were made based on the quality of evidence for efficacy, safety, tolerability, cosmetic outcome, patient satisfaction/preference and, where appropriate, on the experts' opinion. RESULTS: Lasers and IPLS are very effective for treating many hyperpigmented lesions such as lentigos, dermal hypermelanocytosis or heavy metal depositions. In the other hand, they have to be considered with great caution for other disorders, such as café au lait macules, melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. After making the correct diagnosis, if lasers or IPLS are indicated, the optimal wavelengths and parameters will be chosen taking into account the skin phototype, origin and depth of the target pigments. CONCLUSION: Although potentially very effective, lasers and IPLS cannot be proposed for all types of hyperpigmented lesions. In all cases, precise recognition of the disorder is mandatory for choosing between these devices and other therapeutic approaches.

Early wound healing outcomes after regenerative periodontal surgery with enamel matrix derivatives or guided tissue regeneration: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Proper wound healing after regenerative surgical procedures is an essential issue for clinical success. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and application of enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) are common means to regenerate periodontal tissues. Both methods bear considerable advantages due to their special characteristics, but also go along with certain disadvantages. Today, there is no consensus in the literature whether GTR or EMD show better results regarding early wound healing, which is considered a crucial stage in periodontal regeneration. Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review was to compare the early wound healing after regenerative periodontal surgery with either EMD or GTR treatment. METHODS: An electronic literature search in PubMed was performed to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or clinical trials (CTs) comparing regenerative surgery employing EMD and/or GTR in patients with chronic periodontitis. Among the finally included studies, a qualitative and quantitative data extraction regarding early wound healing parameters was performed. Primary outcome parameters were early wound healing index (EWH), flap dehiscence, membrane exposure, suppuration and abscess formation during the first 6 weeks. As secondary parameters, swelling and allergic reactions were assessed. RESULTS: Seven studies reporting 220 intrabony periodontal defects in 199 patients were analysed. Flap dehiscence was observed in two studies in 12% of the GTR treated sites and in 10.3% of those treated with EMD. Membrane exposure was evaluated in five studies and was registered in the 28.8% of the defects, while no dehiscence was reported on the EMD group. Swelling was reported only in one study in 8/16 GTR sites and 7/16 EMD sites. Due to considerable heterogeneity of parameters no meta-analysis was possible. CONCLUSIONS: Due to considerable heterogeneity of the published studies a clear beneficial effect of the EMD on the early wound healing outcomes after surgical treatment of periodontal intrabony defects cannot be confirmed. Standardized RCT studies are needed in order to allow for proper comparison of early wound healing after both types of surgical approaches.

First Result on the Neutrinoless Double-ß Decay of

We report the result of the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of ^{82}Se obtained with CUPID-0, the first large array of scintillating Zn^{82}Se cryogenic calorimeters implementing particle identification. We observe no signal in a 1.83 kg yr ^{82}Se exposure, and we set the most stringent lower limit on the 0νßß ^{82}Se half-life T_{1/2}^{0ν}>2.4×10^{24} yr (90% credible interval), which corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass m_{ßß}<(376-770) meV depending on the nuclear matrix element calculations. The heat-light readout provides a powerful tool for the rejection of α particles and allows us to suppress the background in the region of interest down to (3.6_{-1.4}^{+1.9})×10^{-3} counts/(keV kg yr), an unprecedented level for this technique.

Risk factors including the presence of inflammation at the resection margins for colorectal anastomotic stenosis following surgery for diverticular disease.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for anastomotic stenosis in patients operated on for diverticular disease. Histological inflammation and diverticula at the resection margins were also considered. METHOD: Patients' characteristics, the surgical technique and postoperative complications were collected from the medical records. Anastomotic stenoses were evaluated prospectively by rigid sigmoidoscopy during follow-up examination. Histological specimens were examined by a single pathologist who investigated inflammation and diverticula at the resection margins. Twenty patients with anastomotic colorectal stenosis from a single tertiary centre were compared with 24 consecutive patients without stenosis. They were all operated on for diverticular disease over a specified time period. RESULTS: Histological inflammation and diverticula were found in 25% and 30% of the resection margins respectively. Univariate analysis showed that age > 71 years (P = 0.0002), female gender (P = 0.0069) and anastomoses located below 12 cm from the anal verge (P = 0.020) were risk factors for stenosis. No correlation was found between anastomotic stenosis and the presence of histological inflammation or diverticula at the resection margins. By multivariate analysis, only age > 71 years was found to be a statistically significant risk factor for stenosis (P = 0.0003, OR = 60.8, 95% CI: 6.4-575.5). CONCLUSION: Anastomotic stenosis is a frequent, long-term complication following surgery for diverticular disease. An analysis demonstrated that age is a risk factor for colorectal stenosis and that histological inflammation and the presence of diverticula near/at the resection margins have no effect on the incidence of stenosis.

Advanced film-forming gel formula vs spring thermal water and white petrolatum as primary dressings after full-face ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing: a comparative split-face pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Aesthetically pleasing results and fast, uneventful recovery are highly desirable after rejuvenating ablative laser procedures. Wound dressings following ablative laser procedures should ideally improve and optimize the wound healing environment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this comparative split-face, single-blinded, prospective observational study was to assess the efficacy and acceptability of two primary wound dressings immediately after a full-face fractional CO2 laser resurfacing procedure. METHODS: The assessments of an innovative film-forming dressing called Stratacel (SC) vs spring thermal water + Vaseline (V+) were conducted after a standardized, single-pass, full-face ablative fractional CO2 laser skin resurfacing procedure. Clinical parameters, such as haemoglobin - HB; surface temperature - ST; micro-textural modifications - MT; superficial melanin - M; intrafollicular porphyrins - P, were assessed at different phases of the healing process using standardized, non-invasive technologies. RESULTS: Five female volunteers were enrolled in this inpatient, controlled pilot study. Most of the clinical parameters considered, including 3D surface texture analysis, revealed a better performance of SC vs. V+ during the early, more delicate phases of the healing process. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study, even if performed on a small number of volunteers, confirmed a definite advantage of the tested semipermeable film-forming formula (SC) over a more conventional postoperative skin care regime (V+). Clinical results could be explained by a better uniformity of distribution of SC over the micro-irregularities induced by ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing. Its thin, semipermeable film might, in fact, act as an efficient, perfectly biocompatible, full contact, temporary skin barrier, able to protect extremely delicate healing surfaces from potential environmental irritations.

Bipolar versus monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate: a prospective randomized trial focusing on bleeding complications.

PURPOSE: We compare monopolar vs bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, focusing on functional outcomes as well as rates of bleeding complications and the transurethral resection syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 137 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (mean age 67 years, range 47 to 91) were prospectively randomly assigned to undergo monopolar (67) or bipolar (70) transurethral resection of the prostate. Patient characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Hemoglobin (as a marker of blood loss) was measured preoperatively and perioperatively. I-PSS, I-PSS-QoL score, maximal flow rate and post-void residual urine volume were assessed preoperatively and 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Duration of surgery, indwelling catheter use and hospitalization were also documented, as were postoperative clot retention requiring removal by catheterization or surgery, and rates of bladder neck and/or urethral strictures. RESULTS: No significant perioperative differences were found in duration of surgery, catheterization or hospitalization, or in blood loss or rates of blood transfusion and transurethral resection syndrome. Postoperatively there were no significant differences in I-PSS or I-PSS-QoL scores, or rates of rehospitalization, clot retention, blood transfusions, reoperation or urethral strictures. However, bladder neck stricture occurred significantly more often in the bipolar group (8.5% vs 0%, p = 0.02). The 3 and 12-month followup showed significant and equal improvement in micturition in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar and monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate are effective and safe techniques for the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The only significant difference between them was a significantly higher rate of bladder neck strictures with bipolar resection of the prostate.

Laser-induced disaggregation of TiO2 nanofillers for uniform nanocomposites.

Exploiting the intrinsic photosensitivity of TiO2 nanoparticles, we demonstrated how ultraviolet (UV) pulsed laser irradiation of acrylate polymer nanocomposite solutions can separate the initial clusters of these colloidal semiconductor nanorods into clearly distinct units. From the irradiated solutions, optically clear nanocomposite films are obtained which exhibit enhanced optical properties with respect to the nanocomposites obtained without previous UV treatment.

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characterization of the Gioia Tauro coastal Plain (Calabria - southern Italy): A multidisciplinary approach for a focused management of vulnerable strategic systems.

This work pursues the hydro-geochemical and isotopic characterization of the complex groundwater system of the Gioia Tauro Plain, one of the most important industrialized and agricultural coastal areas of southern Italy. The anthropic pressure exposes the water resources at risk of depletion and quality degradation making the plain groundwater a system of high scientific and social interest. The plain is characterized by a shallow aquifer, mostly recharged by local rains and a deep aquifer apparently less influenced by local precipitation. Both aquifers are mainly Ca-HCO3 waters except for localized sectors where Na-HCO3, Na-Cl and Ca-SO4 waters are present. In deep aquifer, both prolonged interaction with sedimentary rocks, mainly deriving from the erosion of crystalline rocks, and direct cation exchange represent the primary factors controlling the formation of Na-HCO3 waters. Mixing processes between these waters and either connate brine and/or deep thermal waters contribute to the formation of isolated high salinity Na-Cl-rich waters. In shallow aquifer, inputs of N-rich sewage and agriculture-related contaminants, and SOx emissions in proximity of the harbor are responsible of the increasing nitrate and sulphate concentrations, respectively. The Cl/Br and NO3/Cl ratios highlight contamination mainly linked to agricultural activities and contribution of wastewater. Along the northern boundary, the warmest groundwater (Na-Cl[SO4]) were found close to a bend of the main strike-slip fault system, locally favouring the rising of B- and Li-rich deep waters, testifying the influence of geological-structural features on deep water circulation. Despite the high-water demand, a direct marine intrusion is localized in a very restricted area, where we observed an incipient groundwater-seawater mixing (seawater contribution ≤7 %). The qualitative and quantitative conditions of the shallow aquifer still have acceptable levels because of the relatively high recharge inflow. A reliable hydrogeochemical conceptual model, able to explain the compositional variability of the studied waters, is proposed.

Characterization of a kg-scale archaeological lead-based PbWO4 cryogenic detector for the RES-NOVA experiment.

Core-collapse Supernovae (SNe) are one of the most energetic events in the Universe, during which almost all the star's binding energy is released in the form of neutrinos. These particles are direct probes of the processes occurring in the stellar core and provide unique insights into the gravitational collapse. RES-NOVA will revolutionize how we detect neutrinos from astrophysical sources, by deploying the first ton-scale array of cryogenic detectors made from archaeological lead. Pb offers the highest neutrino interaction cross-section via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS). Such process will enable RES-NOVA to be equally sensitive to all neutrino flavours. For the first time, we propose the use archaeological Pb as sensitive target material in order to achieve an ultra-low background level in the region of interest (O(1 keV)). All these features make possible the deployment of the first cm-scale neutrino telescope for the investigation of astrophysical sources. In this contribution, we will characterize the radiopurity level and the performance of a small-scale proof-of-principle detector of RES-NOVA, consisting in a PbWO4 crystal made from archaeological-Pb operated as cryogenic detector.

Towards an automated data cleaning with deep learning in CRESST.

The CRESST experiment employs cryogenic calorimeters for the sensitive measurement of nuclear recoils induced by dark matter particles. The recorded signals need to undergo a careful cleaning process to avoid wrongly reconstructed recoil energies caused by pile-up and read-out artefacts. We frame this process as a time series classification task and propose to automate it with neural networks. With a data set of over one million labeled records from 68 detectors, recorded between 2013 and 2019 by CRESST, we test the capability of four commonly used neural network architectures to learn the data cleaning task. Our best performing model achieves a balanced accuracy of 0.932 on our test set. We show on an exemplary detector that about half of the wrongly predicted events are in fact wrongly labeled events, and a large share of the remaining ones have a context-dependent ground truth. We furthermore evaluate the recall and selectivity of our classifiers with simulated data. The results confirm that the trained classifiers are well suited for the data cleaning task.

Secular equilibrium assessment in a CaWO4 target crystal from the dark matter experiment CRESST using Bayesian likelihood normalisation.

CRESST is a leading direct detection sub-GeVc-2 dark matter experiment. During its second phase, cryogenic bolometers were used to detect nuclear recoils off the CaWO4 target crystal nuclei. The previously established electromagnetic background model relies on Secular Equilibrium (SE) assumptions. In this work, a validation of SE is attempted by comparing two likelihood-based normalisation results using a recently developed spectral template normalisation method based on Bayesian likelihood. Albeit we find deviations from SE in some cases we conclude that these deviations are artefacts of the fit and that the assumptions of SE is physically meaningful.

Use of reaction path modelling to investigate the evolution of water chemistry in shallow to deep crystalline aquifers with a special focus on fluoride.

Crystalline aquifers are layered systems in which the hydrogeological path of waters extends from highly weathered, shallow and porous rocks to poorly weathered, deep and fissured rocks. This varying hydrogeological setting influences the water chemistry in different ways. The paper aims to reconstruct the water-rock interaction process in these various environments starting from a solid reactant represented by an average granite rock and several waters from the shallow aquifer. Afterwards, the water-rock interaction processes occurring in the deep environment are reconstructed, varying the geochemical conditions (primary reactants, secondary mineral phases allowed to precipitate, fO2 and fCO2), with a special focus on fluoride (F-). The evolution from the F-poor, Ca-HCO3 facies to the F-rich, Na-HCO3 water type of high pH was simulated using reaction path modelling. The obtained results show that the theoretical evolution trends well reproduce both shallow and deep water samples providing detailed information on the behavior of fluoride and other relevant constituents (i.e., Na, K, Ca, Mg, SiO2). The performed model represents a flexible and powerful tool for environmental research, applicable in other areas hosting F-rich groundwater.

Best practice options for hair removal in patients with unwanted facial hair using combination therapy with laser: guidelines drawn up by an expert working group.

Hirsutism is a common disorder affecting between 5 and 15% of the population. One of the most devastating consequences of hirsutism is the presence of unwanted facial hair. Treatment of hirsutism involves a two-pronged approach: treating the underlying cause and reduction of visible hair. Laser hair removal is one of the most effective options for reducing visible hair, however, it may not be wholly effective in all patients and combination therapy may need to be considered. Pharmacological therapy is often used in combination with mechanical hair removal due to the time needed for the drug treatment to demonstrate visible results. Clinical data investigating the use of laser treatment in combination with other treatments has focused on laser with topical eflornithine. The expert working group reviews existing data and provides guidance on the use of eflornithine in combination with laser for resistant hirsutism.