The cost burden of adolescent and young adult pregnancy: real-world evidence from the Brazilian public health care system.

BACKGROUND: In low- and middle-income countries, pregnancy in adolescence represents an important public health issue. Rates of early pregnancy have significant social and economic consequences that extend beyond the individual sphere, impacting public/governmental budgets. AIM: To estimate the cost implications of early pregnancies from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Public Health System. METHODS: This retrospective secondary data analysis focuses on assessing direct hospital costs. The study cohort comprises adolescents and young adults who underwent prenatal care at a reference maternity hospital between January and December 2021. Individual procedure costs were extracted from hospital records and converted into monetary values using the Brazilian Federal Fee. The sample size for each group was determined based on preliminary data collected during a pilot study. Descriptive analyses presented costs stratified by age groups. To estimate budgetary impacts and sensitivity we used national live birth incidence rates. RESULTS: The mean cost per case of adolescent pregnancy was US$ 704.92 (SD: 1,707.74) and for adult pregnancy was US$ 592.40 (SD: 941.43). The cost of hospital admission accounted for 61% of the total cost of adolescent pregnancies. The annual budget impact of pregnancies among women under 30 years was estimated at US$ 1 billion, with 239 million coming from women under 20 years old. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy in adolescence may lead to a significant annual budget impact, representing 24% of costs attributed to pregnancies among women under 30 years. Costs related to hospital admissions and complications represent a substantial share of the total costs of adolescent pregnancy.

Rates of early pregnancy have significant social and economic consequences that extend beyond the individual sphere, impacting public/governmental budgets. This article provides the annual impact of adolescent pregnancy on public health in Brazil, which amounts to US$ 239 million.

The role of O3 exposure and physical activity status on redox state, inflammation, and pulmonary toxicity of young men: A cross-sectional study.

The exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, such as NO2 and O3, are associated with detrimental health effects, becoming one of the greatest public health issues worldwide. Exercising in polluted environments could result in harmful outcomes for health and may blunt the physiological adaptations of exercise training. This study aimed to investigate the influence of physical activity and O3 exposure on redox status, an inflammatory marker, response to stress, and pulmonary toxicity of healthy young individuals. We performed a cross-sectional study with 100 individuals that, based on their exposure to O3 and physical fitness (PF) level, were distributed in four groups: Low PF + Low O3; Low PF + High O3; High PF + Low O3; High PF + High O3. We evaluated personal exposure to NO2 and O3, physical activity level, variables of oxidative stress (SOD, ROS, CAT, GSH, TBARS), pulmonary toxicity (CC16), and inflammatory mediators (IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, HSP70). Spearman correlation test to check the association among the variables was used and to compare groups we used one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc and Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc. O3 levels correlated with physical activity (r = 0.25; p = 0.01) but not with age or markers of body composition (p > 0.05). The individuals with high physical fitness that were less exposed to O3 presented higher CAT activity (p < 0.001), lower TBARS (p < 0.01) and IL-1ß concentrations (p < 0.01), higher IL-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05), lower IL-6:1L-10 ratio (p < 0.05), lower CC16 levels (p < 0.05), and higher HSP70 concentration (p < 0.05). Physical activity could result in higher exposure to O3 that could partially blunt some exercise adaptations, while high physical fitness improved the antioxidant defense system, systemic inflammatory mediators, and pulmonary toxicity.

Emissions monitoring and carcinogenic risk assessment of PM10-bounded PAHs in the air from Candiota's coal activity area, Brazil.

The city of Candiota contains a great amount of coal resources. Coal activities, including coal combustion, are major releasers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The PAHs are considered priority air pollutants regarding their large carcinogenic potential. So, the carcinogenic risk assessment of populations living near areas with PAH sources is mandatory. This study aimed to evaluate the carcinogenic health risk of the PAH inhalation exposure of individuals living in Candiota City. A total of 158 individuals were enrolled in the study. Monitoring of PAH and meteorological parameters were carried out, and the health risk assessment was determined through the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent toxic equivalent quotient (BaP-TEQ) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimation. The coal activity area of Candiota demonstrated an annual PAH concentration of 27.7 ng/m3, PM10 concentration of 26.3 µg/m3, SO2 concentration of 9.5 µg/m3, a BaP-TEQ value of 0.3 ng/m3, and a daily inhalation of 62.4 ng/day. The comparison among seasons showed no difference in PAH concentration and BaP-TEQ. It was observed ILCR values of 2.8 × 10-6 and 2.6 × 10-6 for estimation based on reference and real values, respectively, and these levels were above the reference limit of 10-6, indicating cancer risk. Therefore, an epidemiological survey of cancer cases in the region and its relationship with environmental exposure and air pollutants levels must be required.

Systemic redox imbalance in severe COVID-19 patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic redox state and inflammatory markers in intensive care unit (ICU) or non-ICU severe COVID-19 patients during the hospitalization period. Blood samples were collected at hospital admission (T1) (Controls and COVID-19 patients), 5-7 days after admission (T2: 5-7 days after hospital admission), and at the discharge time from the hospital (T3: 0-72 h before leaving hospital or death) to analyze systemic oxidative stress markers and inflammatory variables. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed in peripheral granulocytes and monocytes. THP-1 human monocytic cell line was incubated with plasma from non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients and cell viability and apoptosis rate were analyzed. Higher total antioxidant capacity, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and IL-6 at hospital admission were identified in both non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients. ICU COVID-19 patients presented increased C-reactive protein, ROS levels, and protein oxidation over hospitalization period compared to non-ICU patients, despite increased antioxidant status. Granulocytes and monocytes of non-ICU and ICU COVID-19 patients presented lower MMP and higher ROS production compared to the healthy controls, with the highest values found in ICU COVID-19 group. Finally, the incubation of THP-1 cells with plasma acquired from ICU COVID-19 patients at T3 hospitalization period decreased cell viability and apoptosis rate. In conclusion, disturbance in redox state is a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and is associated with cell damage and death.

Exposure to fine particulate matter partially counteract adaptations on glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation of endurance exercise in rats.

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to air pollution triggers metabolic alterations along with oxidative stress and inflammation, while exercise interventions are widely used to improve those parameters. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to determine the effects of subchronic exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and endurance exercise training on glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation of the heart and gastrocnemius muscle of rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups: Untrained; Endurance training (ET); Untrained + PM2.5; Endurance training + PM2.5. Rats exposed to air pollution received 50 µg of PM2.5 via intranasal instillation daily for 12 weeks. Exercised groups underwent endurance training, consisting in running on an electronic treadmill (70% of maximal capacity, 5 days/week, 5 times/week) for 12 weeks. Glucose metabolism markers, redox state, and inflammatory variables were evaluated in the heart and gastrocnemius muscle. RESULTS: ET and ET + PM2.5 group had lower body mass gain and higher exercise capacity, and higher glycogen concentration in the heart and gastrocnemius muscle. In the heart, ET and ET + PM2.5 groups had higher levels of GSH, and lower TBARS and TNF-α concentrations. In the gastrocnemius muscle, the ET group showed higher leptin and lower TBARS and IL-1ß concentrations, ET and ET + PM2.5 showed higher superoxide dismutase activity and ROS content. CONCLUSION: PM2.5 exposure partially blunts metabolic and inflammatory adaptations in heart and gastrocnemius muscle tissues induced by exercise training.

Exposure to O3 and NO2 in physically active adults: an evaluation of physiological parameters and health risk assessment.

The gaseous air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have a large public health relevance and trigger environmental health risk. On the other hand, despite the health benefits, exercise practices might increase the susceptibility to air pollutants exposure. However, there are innumerous lifestyle factors besides physical activity habits that must be considered in the daily air pollution exposure and are still not fully comprehended. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of O3 and NO2 exposure on cardiorespiratory fitness, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and environmental health risk during the entire daily routine of physically active adults that exercise in outdoor and indoor environments. One hundred and twenty healthy young men were assigned to untrained (n = 52), indoor exercise (n = 36), and outdoor exercise (n = 32) groups, following their lifestyle exercise habits, and O3 and NO2 were assessed by personal monitoring. Exercised groups demonstrated higher healthy eating index (HEI) (p < 0.001), physical activity (PA) (p < 0.001), metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (p < 0.001), and peak oxygen uptake VO2peak (p < 0.001), while outdoor group had lower LAP index (p < 0.001) and higher O3 concentration (p = 0.0442). Environmental health risk demonstrated no difference (p > 0.05). The higher O3 concentration was positively correlated with the risk quotient (p = 0.003) and MET (p = 0.020), and a negative correlation between LAP and VO2peak was observed (p < 0.001). In conclusion, physically active individuals might have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases despite the higher O3 concentration exposure, and the exposure during exercise did not represent an additional health risk.

O3 concentration and duration of exposure are factors influencing the environmental health risk of exercising in Rio Grande, Brazil.

Ozone (O3) represents a great threat to human health, contributing to respiratory diseases and premature mortality. This pollutant is often considered a critical pollutant in regions of southern Brazil. Exposure to this pollutant during vigorous physical activity should be the subject of thorough investigations due to the increased ventilation rate and altered breathing pattern present during vigorous physical activity that result in greater inhalation of O3. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the health risk of exposure to low, mean, and high concentrations of O3 during different durations of exercise in the city of Rio Grande (southern Brazil). Healthy young men (n = 45) performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and ventilation rate data were collected to predict total ventilation and pollutant inhalation during a 5 km running session. The O3 concentration in the city of Rio Grande was obtained from data reported by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The environmental health risk was calculated based on the potential intake dose. The lowest, mean, and highest concentrations of O3 detected during the monitoring period were 32.5, 64.9, and 115.2 µg/m3, respectively. In all evaluated scenarios, there was a toxicological risk (RQ > 1), except when exercising when the O3 concentration was lowest for the shortest length of time (p < 0.001). As the concentration of O3 and the duration of the exposure increase, the health risk is increased. Therefore, O3 concentration and duration of exposure are factors influencing the health risk of exercising. These findings are extremely relevant in cities that have high levels of O3, such as the city of Rio Grande.

Health impacts of PM2.5-bound metals and PAHs in a medium-sized Brazilian city.

Rio Grande is a medium-sized industrial city located in the extreme south of Brazil, and previous studies in this city have shown contamination by metal(loids) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, soil, and sediment and in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the incorporation of PM2.5 monitoring in environmental legislation is recent (2018) and, like other developing countries, the number of studies is still small. This study aimed to investigate the levels of PM2.5 in the industrial and urban area of Rio Grande, to determine the concentration of metal(loid)s As, Cd, Cu, and Pb and of 16 PAHs in the samples of PM2.5, to perform the health risk assessment for these contaminants and the health impact assessment for two possible scenarios of reduction of PM2.5 levels. Our main findings regarding the PM2.5 samples include the following: (1) The levels of this pollutant in the city of Rio Grande were higher than those allowed in current Brazilian legislation, in both the industrial and urban areas; (2) the existence of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for metals present in all samples; (3) the absence of carcinogenic risk for the assessed PAHs; and (4) the reduction scenarios proposed pointed to a reduction of up to 22 deaths annually in conjunction with reductions in health-related expenditures. Thus, these results may serve as a basis for the development of public health policies aimed at improving air quality, jointly assisting health surveillance and directing future studies towards a better intrinsic approach to the problem.

Differential effects of whole blood heat treatment on the ex vivo inflammatory profile of untrained and trained men.

This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on the ex vivo inflammatory profile in untrained and trained men. Whole blood samples from untrained (UT) and trained (TR) individuals were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C or 40 °C. The whole blood of a subsample of the participants (n = 5 in both TR and UT groups) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng/mL) concomitant to heat treatment (37 °C versus 40 °C). Flow cytometry was used to assess the intracellular NF-κB activation in CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes, the expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4), the frequencies of CD4+CD25-CD39+ and CD4+CD25+CD39+ T cells and monocyte subsets (CD14+CD16-; CD14+CD16+; CD14-CD16+), the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by lymphocytes and monocytes. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by LPS-stimulated whole blood were also evaluated. Heat treatment (40 °C) increased the proportions of CD14+CD16- and CD14+CD16+ monocytes and the lymphocyte MMP in the UT group. The frequencies of CD14-CD16+ monocytes and the activation of NF-κB in CD14+ monocytes decreased in UT and TR groups after heat treatment, while a reduction in CD4+CD25-CD39+ T-cells was observed only in the UT group. Higher TLR-4 and NF-κB activation were found in LPS-stimulated monocytes of UT men concomitant with higher TNF-α production and diminished IL-10 production after heat treatment. TR individuals presented lower NF- κB activation in LPS-stimulated monocytes after heat treatment. Our data suggest that the training status of individuals may impact on the anti-inflammatory response of heat treatment.

Air pollution concentration and period of the day modulates inhalation of PM2.5 during moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise.

The increase in minute ventilation during exercise led to higher inhalation of air pollution and, consequently, to exacerbation of health issues. Therefore, the intensity of exercise and the air pollution concentration of the environment could be determinant variables to poor outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the inhaled dose of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) during a moderate- and high-intensity interval exercise session performed in the morning and evening at different locations of Porto Alegre City. Eighteen individuals performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test, a moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE), and a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Heart rate was monitored to estimate minute ventilation and total ventilation of the session. The concentration of PM2.5 was measured during the morning (6-8a.m.) and evening (6-8p.m.) by fixed-site monitors placed at five points of Porto Alegre City. The PM2.5 inhalation during MIIE and HIIE performed in the morning and evening in the monitoring points was estimated. HIIE showed higher minute ventilation (VE) (p = 0.0048) and total ventilation did not differ between groups (p = 0.4648). PM2.5 concentrations were higher during the mornings (p < 0.001). Monitored point 1 had higher levels of PM2.5 in the morning and evening (p < 0.001). The inhalation of PM2.5 in the morning showed no difference in MIIE (p = 0.8172) and HIIE (p = 0.7306) groups among the points. In the evening, the inhalation of PM2.5 was higher in point 1 in MIIE and HIIE group (p < 0.001). MIIE and HIIE had higher inhalation of PM2.5 in the morning than in the evening (p < 0.001). Total ventilation of exercise is a crucial factor that contributes to the inhalation dose of air pollution.

Cost Savings and Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) on the Prevention of Pregnancy in Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health issue with profound implications for health and socioeconomic factors. The use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) could be an interesting strategy to reduce the unintended pregnancy rate. However, the cost of LARC is still a barrier to widespread adoption. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness and economic impact of LARC compared with non-LARC methods in preventing unintended pregnancy among adolescent girls. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023387735) and conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. We included articles covering adolescents aged 10-19 years without language restrictions that evaluated the use of LARC compared with non-LARC in terms of effectiveness and the public health costs of unintended pregnancy. The search for articles included the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Lilacs, using the entry terms "Adolescent" and "Long-Acting Reversible Contraception." We evaluated the risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence for each outcome of interest. The search retrieved a total of 1,169 articles and, after the title and abstract, we identified 40 articles for full-text analysis. Out of the 40 studies evaluated, 4 articles met the eligibility criteria for cost evaluation, and 1 met the eligibility criteria for effectiveness as an outcome. In conclusion, LARC emerges as the most effective and cost-effective contraceptive method. The cost of utilizing LARC, especially the copper IUD, is significantly lower than the costs attributable to unintended pregnancies in adolescence.

Central obesity is detrimental to anti-inflammatory, phenotype, and exhaustion markers in mononuclear cells - A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of central obesity on immunometabolic response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from normal weight and overweight/obese young men. METHODS: Eighteen individuals were classified as normal weight (NW; n = 9 - age: 25 ± 5 and BMI: 21.4 ± 1.7) and overweight/obese (OW; n = 9 - age: 29 ± 7 and BMI: 29.2 ± 2.7). The body composition was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous fat depots by ultrasound. Physical activity levels, metabolic parameters, immune phenotypic characterization, cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated whole blood cells and LPS or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PBMC, and mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs were evaluated. Expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and adrenergic receptor beta 1 and 2 (AR-ß1 and ß2) genes were evaluated in cultured PBMC using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Individuals with overweight/obese (OW) presented higher glucose (P = 0.009) and leptin (P = 0.010) than individuals with normal weight (NW). PBMCs of OW under stimulation with LPS presented a lower production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P = 0.011) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1α) (P = 0.048) than NW. Mitochondrial respiration rates were not different between NW and OW subjects. Cultured PBMCs in LPS-stimulated condition indicated higher gene expression of AR-ß2 in OW, while PMA-stimulated PBMCs presented lower expression of AMPK (P = 0.002) and higher expression of NF-κB (P=<0.0001) than NW. OW presented higher numbers of CD3+CD4+ T cells (P = 0.009) and higher expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in CD8+ T cells (P = 0.001) than NW. CONCLUSION: Central obesity promoted reductions in interleukin 10 production response and increase in AR-ß2 expressions in mitogen-stimulated PBMCs. Furthermore, central obesity altered the phenotype of PBMCs, also increasing the expression of PD-1 exhaustion markers in young adults.

Mild to moderate post-COVID-19 alters markers of lymphocyte activation, exhaustion, and immunometabolic responses that can be partially associated by physical activity level- an observational sub-analysis fit- COVID study.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate if physical activity is associated with systemic and cellular immunometabolic responses, in young adults after mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection. Methods: Mild- to- moderate post-COVID-19 patients (70.50 ± 43.10 days of diagnosis; age: 29.4 (21.9- 34.9) years; BMI: 25.5 ± 4.3 kg m2 n = 20) and healthy age-matched controls (age: 29.3 (21.2 - 32.6) years; BMI: 25.4 ± 4.7 kg m2; n = 20) were evaluated. Physical activity levels (PAL), body composition, dietary habits, muscular and pulmonary function, mental health, sleep quality, metabolic parameters, immune phenotypic characterization, stimulated whole blood and PBMC culture (cytokine production), mRNA, and mitochondrial respiration in PBMCs were evaluated. Results: The post-COVID-19 group exhibited lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (p = 0.038); therefore, all study comparisons were performed with adjustment for MVPA. Post-COVID-19 impacted the pulmonary function (FEV1, FEV1%pred, FVC, and FVC %pred) compared with the control (p adjusted by MVPA (p adj) <0.05). Post-COVID-19 exhibited lower levels of serum IL-6 (p adj <0.01), whereas it showed higher serum IL-10, triglyceride, leptin, IgG, ACE activity, TNFRSF1A, and PGE2 (p adj <0.05) levels compared with controls. Post-COVID-19 presented a lower percentage of Treg cells (p adj = 0.03) and altered markers of lymphocyte activation and exhaustion (lower CD28 expression in CD8+ T cells (p adj = 0.014), whereas CD4+T cells showed higher PD1 expression (p adj = 0.037)) compared with the control group. Finally, post- COVID-19 presented an increased LPS-stimulated whole- blood IL-10 concentration (p adj <0.01). When exploring mitochondrial respiration and gene expression in PBMCs, we observed a higher LEAK state value (p adj <0.01), lower OXPHOS activity (complex I) (p adj = 0.04), and expression of the Rev-Erb-α clock mRNA after LPS stimulation in the post-COVID-19 patients than in the control (p adj <0.01). Mainly, PAL was associated with changes in IL-10, triglyceride, and leptin levels in the plasma of post-COVID-19 patients. PAL was also associated with modulation of the peripheral frequency of Treg cells and the expression of PD-1 in CD8+ T cells, although it abrogated the statistical effect in the analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 production by LPS- and PMA-stimulated PBMC of post-COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Young adults after mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to have lower physical activity levels, which can be associated with clinical and immunometabolic responses in a complex manner.

Potential Anticarcinogenic Effects From Plasma of Older Adults After Exercise Training: An Exploratory Study.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of exercise training plasma on in vitro prostate cancer cell viability and proliferation. Methods: PC3 prostate cancer cells were incubated with plasma obtained from young men with high and low physical fitness (PF) (high PF, n = 5; low PF, n = 5) and with the plasma collected from institutionalized older adults (n = 8) before and after multimodal exercise training. Cell viability and proliferation, mitochondria membrane polarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis were evaluated after the cell treatment with plasma. Systemic cytokines were evaluated in the plasma of institutionalized older adults submitted to an exercise training protocol. Results: Plasma from high-PF men lowers both cell viability and proliferation after the incubation time. PC3 cells also presented lower cell viability and diminished rates of cell proliferation after the incubation with post-training plasma samples of the older adults. The incubation of PC3 cells with post-training plasma of older adults depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Post-training plasma did not change apoptosis or necrosis rates in the PC3 cell line. Multimodal exercise training increased the plasma levels of IL-2, IL-10, IFN-α, and FGF-1 and decreased TNF-α concentrations in institutionalized older adults. Conclusion: Adaptations in blood factors of institutionalized older adults may alter cell viability and proliferation by targeting mitochondrial ROS in a prostate cancer cell line.

Should I stay or should I go: Can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise?

The urbanization process resulted in incredible achievements for society, unfortunately together with economic, social, and technological development it deteriorates air quality and encourages sedentary behavior. Air pollution inhalation is responsible for a massive negative health effect. The practice of regular physical exercise is strongly encouraged to achieve a healthy lifestyle. However, particularly during a physical exercise session, the respiratory system undergoes some physiological adaptations that lead to an increase in the volume of inhaled air, so exercising in a polluted environment would consequently augment the number of pollutants inhaled. In this scenario, would it be safer to stay physically inactive? Or to choose an indoor facility to exercise? Or to keep performing outdoor activities once the benefits achieved with exercise will overcome the possible damage caused by additional exposure to air pollution? Currently, these questions still do not have a decisive answer, so we designed a hypothesis to be tested in which exercise would be beneficial regardless of the chosen place. Outdoor and indoor pollution are both equally harmful to health, however, we do not know if it would have a difference to exercise in one of them.

Air pollution inhalation during acute exercise is dependent of the body mass index and ventilation of young men.

Obesity and physical inactivity threaten human health, and both could be solved with exercise. However, a higher amount of pollutants is inhaled during exercise. Exposure to air pollution increases the incidence and progression of diseases. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the rate of pollution inhalation of lean, overweight, and obese individuals in a low and high-intensity hypothetical exercise session. Healthy sedentary men (n = 135) classified as lean, overweight, or obese were enrolled in our study. All participants performed a cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) to collect ventilation rate (VE) data, which was used to predict total ventilation and pollutant inhalation of a 5-km running session. Air pollutant concentration of São Paulo City, Brazil was evaluated and the toxicological risk was estimated based on the potential intake dose. The concentrations of PM2.5 were 29.57 µg/m3 and 51.71 µg/m3, PM10 were 45.85 µg/m3 and 74 µg/m3, NO2 were 63.71 µg/m3 and 66.65 µg/m3, and O3 were 69 µg/m3 and 37 µg/m3, respectively in the summer and winter. In the hypothetical exercise session, total VE and time in both the first and second threshold were increased in the obese group (p < 0.001) (p < 0.001). The inhalation of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3, during the hypothetical session, was increased in obese individuals (p < 0.001). Obese individuals should be considered a susceptible population, once they are more exposed to air pollution during exercise.

Aerobic training reduces oxidative stress in skeletal muscle of rats exposed to air pollution and supplemented with chromium picolinate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation associated with aerobic exercise using measures of oxidative stress in rats exposed to air pollution. METHODS: Sixty-one male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: residual oil fly ash (ROFA) exposure and sedentary (ROFA-SED); ROFA exposure, sedentary and supplemented (ROFA-SED-CrPic); ROFA exposure and trained (ROFA-AT); ROFA exposure, supplemented and trained (ROFA-AT-CrPic); sedentary (Sal-SED); sedentary and supplemented (Sal-SED-CrPic); trained (Sal-AT); and supplemented and trained (Sal-AT-CrPic). Rats exposed to ROFA (air pollution) received 50 µg of ROFA daily via intranasal instillation. Supplemented rats received CrPic (1 mg/kg/day) daily by oral gavage. Exercise training was performed on a rat treadmill (5×/week). Oxidative parameters were evaluated at the end of protocols. RESULTS: Trained groups demonstrated lower gain of body mass (P < .001) and increased exercise tolerance (P < .0001). In the gastrocnemius, trained groups demonstrated increased SOD activity (P < .0001) and decrease levels of TBARS (P = .0014), although CAT activity did not differ among groups (P = .4487). CONCLUSION: Air pollution exposure did not lead to alterations in oxidative markers in lungs and heart, and exercise training was responsible for decreasing oxidative stress of the gastrocnemius.

Resistance training and L-arginine supplementation are determinant in genomic stability, cardiac contractility and muscle mass development in rats.

L-arginine supplementation has been related to increased maximum strength and improvement of hemodynamic parameters in several diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation and resistance training on muscle mass, hemodynamic function and DNA damage in healthy rats subjected to a low-arginine concentration diet. Twenty three Wistar rats (290-320g) were divided into 4 groups: Sedentary (SED-Arg, n = 6), Sedentary+Arg (SED+Arg, n = 6), Resistance Training (RT-Arg, n = 5), Resistance Training+Arg (RT+Arg, n = 6). Trained animals performed resistance training protocol in a squat apparatus adapted for rats (4 sets of 10-12 repetitions, 90s of interval, 4x/week, 65-75% of One Maximum Repetition, for 8 weeks). Comet assay was performed to measure DNA damage in leukocytes. The resistance training induced higher muscle mass in trained groups. The L-arginine supplementation increased both gastrocnemius and left ventricle to body mass ratio and increased left ventricle contractility without changing hemodynamic variables. The SED+Arg group showed higher concentration of extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHSP72) and total testosterone, as well as lower uric acid concentration in blood versus SED-Arg group. The administration of isolated L-arginine supplementation and its association with resistance training promoted less damage in leukocytes DNA. In conclusion, the L-arginine supplementation showed synergistic effect with resistance training regarding leukocyte genomic stability in a low-L-arginine diet scenario.