Antimicrobial resistance and genetic background of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human infections in São Paulo, Brazil (2000-2019).

Salmonella enterica causes Salmonellosis, an important infection in humans and other animals. The number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes associated with Salmonella spp. isolates is increasing worldwide, causing public health concern. Here, we aim to characterize the antimicrobial-resistant phenotype of 789 non-typhoidal S. enterica strains isolated from human infections in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, along 20 years (2000-2019). Among the non-susceptible isolates, 31.55, 14.06, and 13.18% were resistant to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and ß-lactams, respectively. Moreover, 68 and 11 isolates were considered MDR and Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase (ESBL) producers, respectively, whereas one isolate was colistin-resistant. We selected four strains to obtain a draft of the Genome Sequence; one S. Infantis (ST32), one S. Enteritidis (ST11), one S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (ST19), and one S. Typhimurium (ST313). Among them, three presented at least one of the following antimicrobial resistance genes (AMR) linked to mobile DNA: blaTEM-1B, dfrA1, tetA, sul1, floR, aac(6')-laa, and qnrE1. This is the first description of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene qnrE1 in a clinical isolate of S. I 4,[5],12:i:-. The S. Typhimurium is a colistin-resistant isolate, but did not harbor mcr genes, but it presented mutations within the mgrB, pmrB, and pmrC regions that might be linked to the colistin-resistant phenotype. The virulence pattern of the four isolates resembled the virulence pattern of the highly pathogenic S. Typhimurium UK-1 reference strain in assays involving the in vivo Galleria mellonella model. In conclusion, most isolates studied here are susceptible, but a small percentage present an MDR or ESBL-producer and pathogenic phenotype. Sequence analyses revealed plasmid-encoded AMR genes, such as ß-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, indicating that these characteristics can be potentially disseminated among other bacterial strains.

Hygienic-sanitary conditions of vegetables and irrigation water from kitchen gardens in the municipality of Campinas, SP

We examined samples of irrigation water and vegetables from kitchen gardens in Campinas, Brazil. The bacterial analysis condemned 22.3 per cente of the vegetable samples, and the parasitological examination condemned 14.5 per cente. The criteria established by the Brazilian legislation condemned 11.8 per cente of the irrigation water samples. Parasites were significantly more frequent in vegetables in the rainy season, while excessive fecal coliforms were more frequent in the dry season. A proper monitoring of the irrigation water supply is important to avoid the contamination of vegetables.

Ocorrência de cryptosporidium parvum e isospora belli na Regiäo de Campinas, SP / Occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum e isospora belli in the area of Campinas, SP

No período compreendido entre março de 1990 e dezembro de 1994 foi realizada pequisa de coccídios em amostras de fezes de 172 pacientes, com e sem diarréia, na Seçäo de Biologia Médica do Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Campinas, encaminhados pelos Serviços de Saúde do Município de Campinas e Regiäo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: indivíduos HIV possitivos e suspeitos. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum foram encontrados em 32-18,60 (por cento) e de Isospora belli em 27-15,70 (por cento) dos pacientes. Coinfecçäo pelos dois coccídios foi observada em 04-2,33 (por cento) da populaçäo estudada. A ocorrência de ambos os coccídios entre os pacientes estudados foi de 31,98 (por cento)