Postpandemic Influenza Mortality of Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Treated Patients in Reunion Island: A Retrospective Single Center Study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess the post-pandemic mortality of influenza in patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) in Reunion Island, France, by comparing the incidence with other patients undergoing VV-ECMO. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study. The primary outcome was the standardized mortality ratio for influenza based on the quartiles of the Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction score (RESP Score) in the reference population of patients undergoing VV-ECMO. SETTING: Intensive care unit (ICU), Felix Guyon Hospital, University Teaching Hospital of La Réunion, La Réunion, France. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients on ECMO with positive polymerase chain reaction for influenza. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients were hospitalized in the ICU with a positive influenza polymerase chain reaction from January 2013 to December 2017. Twenty-four influenza patients underwent ECMO including 18 patients with VV-ECMO. During this period, 72 patients requiring VV-ECMO were hospitalized in the ICU. The overall mortality rate of influenza patients on VV-ECMO was 61% versus 46% for non-influenza patients. The standardized mortality ratio per quartile of RESP Score was 1.28 (95% confidence interval 0.61-2.35). CONCLUSIONS: In Reunion, the mortality of patients undergoing VV-ECMO for severe influenza is not lower than the expected mortality of all patients undergoing VV-ECMO.

Leptospirosis in ICU: A Retrospective Study of 134 Consecutive Admissions.

OBJECTIVES: Leptospirosis causes reversible multiple organ failure, and its mortality remains high. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate of leptospirosis in an ICU offering all types of organ support available nowadays and to compare it with mortality in bacterial sepsis. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study. SETTINGS: The largest ICU of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients hospitalized in ICU for leptospirosis from January 2004 to January 2015. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We report 134 cases of patients with leptospirosis hospitalized in ICU. The median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 30-52 yr), with a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 38 (27-50) and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 10 (8-12). Forty-one patients (31%) required mechanical ventilation and 76 (56%) required renal replacement therapy. The door-to-renal replacement therapy time was 0 (0-1) day after admission with a median urea of 25 mmol/L (17-32 mmol/L). Five patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mortality rate was 6.0% (95% CI, 2.6-11.4). Among patients hospitalized for sepsis, the standardized mortality ratio of patients with leptospirosis with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was dramatically low: 0.40 (95% CI, 0.17 - 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of severe leptospirosis is lower than for other bacterial infection, provided modern resuscitation techniques are available. Prompt organ support ensures very low mortality rates despite high severity scores.

Iatrogenic Tracheal Rupture Caused by Emergency Intubation: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic tracheal rupture is a rare but life-threatening complication. If suspected by clinical examination or chest radiograph, a computed tomography scan can confirm the diagnosis, but the criterion standard is a bronchoscopy. There is no consensus on its management. CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old woman was intubated in a prehospital setting after cardiac arrest. A gradual appearance of subcutaneous emphysema was observed after intubation. A computed tomography scan revealed a complicated tracheal rupture, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax. The management was surgical. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Intubation in emergency conditions increases the risk of tracheal rupture and a delay in management is an important prognostic factor.

Whiptail Stingray Injury.

Stingray injuries to the chest are rare but potentially life-threatening. They may occur in remote areas where advanced emergency healthcare services are unavailable. We describe the case of a 24-year-old man with tension pneumothorax due to a Himantura fai stingray injury to the left chest. The chest wound was unremarkable, with no external bleeding or evidence of a foreign body. Decompression was performed at the scene with an improvised knife procedure and a hollow writing pen, which served as a chest tube. At the local hospital, a standard-sized chest tube was inserted, the wound cleaned, and the patient given antibiotics active against marine organisms. Computed tomography visualized the stinger and revealed hemopneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. The local hospital did not have a thoracic surgeon, and the patient was transferred to a larger hospital with a thoracic surgery center. After surgical removal of the stinger, segmental lung resection was required to control bleeding. Management of life-threatening stingray injuries to the chest should begin at the scene. After stabilization, the patient should be transferred to a hospital equipped for cardiovascular and thoracic surgery. Surgery may be required to remove the retroserrated stinger and can be challenging.

A Rare Type of Colorectal Cancer: Mixed Adeno-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC).

The aim of this paper is to report the clinicopathological data of one case of mixed metastatic adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) in the caecum; less than ten cases of which have been described in the English literature. A 57-year-old male patient presented with a mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the caecum with liver metastasis and peritoneal carcinomatosis. An emergency right hemicolectomy and omentectomy were performed, followed by several cycles of unsuccessful palliative chemotherapy. The metastasis developed further, and the patient died 10 months after presenting to the emergency room. MANECs are defined as containing at least 30% of both a neuroendocrine and an adenocarcinomatous component. The location of the tumour and the proportions and behaviour of its two components influence the treatment. However, chemotherapy guidelines remain poorly defined, and prognosis remains sombre, with median survival of less than one year.

Profile of the risk of death after septic shock in the present era: an epidemiologic study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate mortality of ICU patients over a 3-month period after an initial episode of septic shock and to identify factors associated with mortality. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter observational cohort study. SETTING: Fourteen ICUs from 10 French nonacademic and university teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: All consecutive adult patients with septic shock admitted between October 2009 and September 2011 were eligible. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Multivariable analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazard model and a flexible extension of the Cox model. In total, 1,495 of 10,941 patients (13.7%) had septic shock and 1,488 patients (99.5%) were included. Median age was 68 years (range, 58-78 yr). The majority of admissions (84%) were medical. Median (interquartile range) Simplified Acute Physiological Score II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment were, respectively, 56 (45-70) and 11 (9-14). ICU and hospital mortality were, respectively, 39.4% and 48.6%. At 3 months, 776 patients (52.2%) had died. Factors significantly associated with increased risk of death in the multivariable Cox model were older age, male sex, comorbidities (immune deficiency, cirrhosis), Knaus C/D score, and high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Flexible analyses indicated that the impact of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was greatest early after septic shock, while the onset of the effect of age, nosocomial infection, and cirrhosis was later. CONCLUSIONS: This is the most recent large-scale epidemiological study to investigate medium-term mortality in nonselected patients hospitalized in the ICU for septic shock. Advances in early management have improved survival at the initial phase, but risk of death persists in the medium term. Flexible modeling techniques yield insights into the profile of the risk of death in the first 3 months.

The epidemiology of septic shock in French intensive care units: the prospective multicenter cohort EPISS study.

INTRODUCTION: To provide up-to-date information on the prognostic factors associated with 28-day mortality in a cohort of septic shock patients in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in ICUs from 14 French general (non-academic) and university teaching hospitals. All consecutive patients with septic shock admitted between November 2009 and March 2011 were eligible for inclusion. We prospectively recorded data regarding patient characteristics, infection, severity of illness, life support therapy, and discharge. RESULTS: Among 10,941 patients admitted to participating ICUs between October 2009 and September 2011, 1,495 (13.7%) patients presented inclusion criteria for septic shock and were included. Invasive mechanical ventilation was needed in 83.9% (n=1248), inotropes in 27.7% (n=412), continuous renal replacement therapy in 32.5% (n=484), and hemodialysis in 19.6% (n=291). Mortality at 28 days was 42% (n=625). Variables associated with time to mortality, right-censored at day 28: age (for each additional 10 years) (hazard ratio (HR)=1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.38), immunosuppression (HR=1.63; 95%CI: 1.37-1.96), Knaus class C/D score versus class A/B score (HR=1.36; 95%CI:1.14-1.62) and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (HR=1.24 for each additional point; 95%CI: 1.21-1.27). Patients with septic shock and renal/urinary tract infection had a significantly longer time to mortality (HR=0.56; 95%CI: 0.42-0.75). CONCLUSION: Our observational data of consecutive patients from real-life practice confirm that septic shock is common and carries high mortality in general ICU populations. Our results are in contrast with the clinical trial setting, and could be useful for healthcare planning and clinical study design.

Low versus standard calorie and protein feeding in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial (NUTRIREA-3).

BACKGROUND: The optimal calorie and protein intakes at the acute phase of severe critical illness remain unknown. We hypothesised that early calorie and protein restriction improved outcomes in these patients, compared with standard calorie and protein targets. METHODS: The pragmatic, randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group NUTRIREA-3 trial was performed in 61 French intensive care units (ICUs). Adults (≥18 years) receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support for shock were randomly assigned to early nutrition (started within 24 h after intubation) with either low or standard calorie and protein targets (6 kcal/kg per day and 0·2-0·4 g/kg per day protein vs 25 kcal/kg per day and 1·0-1·3 g/kg per day protein) during the first 7 ICU days. The two primary endpoints were time to readiness for ICU discharge and day 90 all-cause mortality. Key secondary outcomes included secondary infections, gastrointestinal events, and liver dysfunction. The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03573739, and is completed. FINDINGS: Of 3044 patients randomly assigned between July 5, 2018, and 8 Dec 8, 2020, eight withdrew consent to participation. By day 90, 628 (41·3%) of 1521 patients in the low group and 648 (42·8%) of 1515 patients in the standard group had died (absolute difference -1·5%, 95% CI -5·0 to 2·0; p=0·41). Median time to readiness for ICU discharge was 8·0 days (IQR 5·0-14·0) in the low group and 9·0 days (5·0-17·0) in the standard group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·12, 95% CI 1·02 to 1·22; p=0·015). Proportions of patients with secondary infections did not differ between the groups (HR 0·85, 0·71 to 1·01; p=0·06). The low group had lower proportions of patients with vomiting (HR 0·77, 0·67 to 0·89; p<0·001), diarrhoea (0·83, 0·73 to 0·94; p=0·004), bowel ischaemia (0·50, 0·26 to 0·95; p=0·030), and liver dysfunction (0·92, 0·86-0·99; p=0·032). INTERPRETATION: Compared with standard calorie and protein targets, early calorie and protein restriction did not decrease mortality but was associated with faster recovery and fewer complications. FUNDING: French Ministry of Health.

Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: the CRYSTMAS study.

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate initial treatment and delayed hemodynamic stabilization (HDS) may be associated with increased risk of death in severe sepsis patients. METHODS: In order to compare the hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% HES 130/0.4 and NaCl 0.9% for HDS in patients with severe sepsis, we designed a prospective, multicenter, active-controlled, double-blind, randomized study in intensive care units. RESULTS: 174 out of 196 patients reached HDS (88 and 86 patients for HES and NaCl, respectively). Significantly less HES was used to reach HDS vs. NaCl (1,379 ± 886 ml in the HES group and 1,709 ± 1,164 ml in the NaCl group (mean difference = -331 ± 1,033, 95% CI -640 to -21, P = 0.0185). Time to reach HDS was 11.8 10.1 hours vs. 14.3 ± 11.1 hours for HES and NaCl, respectively. Total quantity of study drug infused over four consecutive days, ICU and hospital LOS, and area under the curve of SOFA score were comparable. Acute renal failure occurred in 24 (24.5%) and 19 (20%) patients for HES and NaCl, respectively (P = 0.454). There was no difference between AKIN and RIFLE criteria among groups and no difference in mortality, coagulation, or pruritus up to 90 days after treatment initiation. CONCLUSION: Significantly less volume was required to achieve HDS for HES vs. NaCl in the initial phase of fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis patients without any difference for adverse events in both groups. CLINICALTRIALSGOV: NCT00464204.

Predicting factors for the need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for suicide attempts by cardiac medication: a single-center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Severe poisoning due to the overdosing of cardiac drugs can lead to cardiovascular failure. In order to decrease the mortality rate, the most severe patients should be transferred as quickly as possible to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) center. However, the predictive factors showing the need for venous-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) had never been evaluated. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study. All consecutive patients admitted in the largest ICU of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) between January 2013 and September 2018 for beta-blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, digoxin or anti-arrythmic intentional poisonings were included. ECMO implementation was the primary outcome. RESULTS: A total of 49 consecutive admissions were included. Ten patients had ECMO, 39 patients did not have ECMO. Three patients in ECMO group died, while no patients in the conventional group died. The most relevant ECMO-associated factors were pulse pressure and heart rate at first medical contact and pulse pressure, heart rate, arterial lactate concentration, liver enzymes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at ICU-admission. Only pulse pressure at first medical contact and LVEF were significant after logistic regression. CONCLUSION: A transfer to an ECMO center should be considered for a pulse pressure < 35 mmHg at first medical contact or LVEF < 20% on admission to ICU.

Enrichment of human CD4+ V(alpha)24/Vbeta11 invariant NKT cells in intrahepatic malignant tumors.

Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) recognize glycolipid Ags via an invariant TCR alpha-chain and play a central role in various immune responses. Although human CD4(+) and CD4(-) iNKT cell subsets both produce Th1 cytokines, the CD4(+) subset displays an enhanced ability to secrete Th2 cytokines and shows regulatory activity. We performed an ex vivo analysis of blood, liver, and tumor iNKT cells from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases from uveal melanoma or colon carcinoma. Frequencies of Valpha24/Vbeta11 iNKT cells were increased in tumors, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The proportions of CD4(+), double negative, and CD8alpha(+) iNKT cell subsets in the blood of patients were similar to those of healthy donors. However, we consistently found that the proportion of CD4(+) iNKT cells increased gradually from blood to liver to tumor. Furthermore, CD4(+) iNKT cell clones generated from healthy donors were functionally distinct from their CD4(-) counterparts, exhibiting higher Th2 cytokine production and lower cytolytic activity. Thus, in the tumor microenvironment the iNKT cell repertoire is modified by the enrichment of CD4(+) iNKT cells, a subset able to generate Th2 cytokines that can inhibit the expansion of tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Because CD4(+) iNKT cells appear inefficient in tumor defense and may even favor tumor growth and recurrence, novel iNKT-targeted therapies should restore CD4(-) iNKT cells at the tumor site and specifically induce Th1 cytokine production from all iNKT cell subsets.

Necrotizing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Reunion Island: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

This retrospective and single-center study in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) assessed frequency, mortality, causative pathogens of severe necrotizing skin, and necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSSTIs) admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). Sixty-seven consecutive patients were included from January 2012 to December 2018. Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection represented 1.06% of total ICU admissions. We estimate the incidence of NSSTI requiring ICU at 1.21/100,000 person/years in Reunion Island. Twenty (30%) patients were receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prior to admission in ICU and 40 (60%) were diagnosed patients with diabetes. Sites of infection were the lower limb in 52 (78%) patients, upper limb in 4 (6%), and perineum in 10 (15%). The surgical treatment was debridement for 40 patients, whereas 11 patients required an amputation. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Streptococci (42%) and Gram-negative bacteria (22%).The mortality rate was 25.4%. NSAIDs did not influence mortality when interrupted upon admission to ICU.

Effect of antibiotic therapy on the prognosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is poorly described in the literature. However, it has been shown to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Probabilistic antibiotic therapy against S. maltophilia is often ineffective as this pathogen is resistant to many antibiotics. There is no consensus at present on the best therapeutic strategy to adopt (class of antibiotics, antibiotic combination, dosage, treatment duration). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antibiotic therapy strategy on the prognosis of patients with VAP caused by S. maltophilia. RESULTS: This retrospective study evaluated all consecutive patients who developed VAP caused by S. maltophilia between 2010 and 2018 while hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a French university hospital in Reunion Island, in the Indian Ocean region. A total of 130 patients with a median Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 58 [43-73] had VAP caused by S. maltophilia after a median duration of mechanical ventilation of 12 [5-18] days. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was polymicrobial in 44.6% of cases, and ICU mortality was 50.0%. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, the factors associated with increased ICU mortality were older age (hazard ratio (HR): 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.04, p = 0.001) and high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on the day of VAP onset (HR: 1.08; 95% CI 1.03-1.14, p = 0.002). Appropriate antibiotic therapy, and in particular trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was associated with decreased ICU mortality (HR: 0.42; 95% CI 0.24-0.74, p = 0.003) and decreased hospital mortality (HR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.28-0.79, p = 0.04). Time to start of appropriate antibiotic therapy, combination therapy, and duration of appropriate antibiotic therapy had no effect on ICU mortality (p > 0.5). CONCLUSION: In our study, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and in particular trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was associated with decreased ICU and hospital mortality in patients with VAP caused by S. maltophilia.

Molecular and epidemiological investigation of a colistin-resistant OXA-23-/NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in the Southwest Indian Ocean Area.

Dual resistance to colistin and carbapenems is a milestone reached by certain extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria. This study describes the first outbreak of XDR colistin- and carbapenem-resistant OXA-23-/NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii (CCRAB) in the European overseas territory of Reunion Island (France, Indian Ocean). Between April 2019 and June 2020, 13 patients admitted to the University Hospital of Reunion Island were involved in the outbreak, of whom eight were infected and six died. The first case was traced to a medical evacuation from Mayotte Island (Comoros archipelago). An epidemiological link could be established for 11 patients. All of the collected CCRAB isolates showed the same resistance profile and co-produced intrinsic ß-lactamases OXA-69 and ADC-191, together with acquired carbapenem-hydrolysing ß-lactamases OXA-23 and NDM-1. A mutation likely involved in colistin resistance was detected in the two-component system PmrAB (D82N in PmrA). All of the isolates were found to belong to STPas1/STOx231 clonal complex and were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Their further characterization by whole-genome sequence analyses (whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing, single nucleotide polymorphisms) provided hints about the transmission pathways. This study pleads for strict application of control and prevention measures in institutions where the risk of imported XDR bacteria is high.

Impact of early low-calorie low-protein versus standard-calorie standard-protein feeding on outcomes of ventilated adults with shock: design and conduct of a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial (NUTRIREA-3).

INTRODUCTION: International guidelines include early nutritional support (≤48 hour after admission), 20-25 kcal/kg/day, and 1.2-2 g/kg/day protein at the acute phase of critical illness. Recent data challenge the appropriateness of providing standard amounts of calories and protein during acute critical illness. Restricting calorie and protein intakes seemed beneficial, suggesting a role for metabolic pathways such as autophagy, a potential key mechanism in safeguarding cellular integrity, notably in the muscle, during critical illness. However, the optimal calorie and protein supply at the acute phase of severe critical illness remains unknown. NUTRIREA-3 will be the first trial to compare standard calorie and protein feeding complying with guidelines to low-calorie low-protein feeding. We hypothesised that nutritional support with calorie and protein restriction during acute critical illness decreased day 90 mortality and/or dependency on intensive care unit (ICU) management in mechanically ventilated patients receiving vasoactive amine therapy for shock, compared with standard calorie and protein targets. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: NUTRIREA-3 is a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label trial comparing two parallel groups of patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and vasoactive amine therapy for shock and given early nutritional support according to one of two strategies: early calorie-protein restriction (6 kcal/kg/day-0.2-0.4 g/kg/day) or standard calorie-protein targets (25 kcal/kg/day, 1.0-1.3 g/kg/day) at the acute phase defined as the first 7 days in the ICU. We will include 3044 patients in 61 French ICUs. Two primary end-points will be evaluated: day 90 mortality and time to ICU discharge readiness. The trial will be considered positive if significant between-group differences are found for one or both alternative primary endpoints. Secondary outcomes include hospital-acquired infections and nutritional, clinical and functional outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The NUTRIREA-3 study has been approved by the appropriate ethics committee. Patients are included after informed consent. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03573739.

Intramural ectopic pancreatic tissue of the stomach: A case report of an uncommon origin of a non-cancerous gastric tumour.

INTRODUCTION: Ectopic pancreatic tissue is often incidentally encountered during abdominal surgery. We report a case of an incidental finding during a laparoscopic appendectomy, the approach to diagnosis and management of this. The work has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 32 year-old woman was diagnosed with an intramural pre-pyloric mass during a laparoscopic appendectomy. The lesion was identified on a subsequent computed tomography as a homogenous mass on the greater curvature. Upper esophagho-gastro-duodenoscopy was normal. The intramural mass was confirmed by an endoscopic sonography and the fine needle biopsy showed aspecific inflammatory cells. A laparoscopic wedge resection was realized. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of an ectopic pancreatic tissue. DISCUSSION: The management of ectopic pancreas poses a medical challenge. The diagnostic quiver consists of radiologic exams and endoscopy, in combination with a direct biopsy of the lesion. CONCLUSION: Despite the plethora of diagnostic modalities available, a definitive diagnosis for heterotopic pancreas often remains elusive, requiring more invasive diagnostic means. Although ample information is available in literature, there are currently no evidence-based guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of heterotopic pancreas.

Acute severe asthma requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in the era of modern resuscitation techniques: A 10-year bicentric retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Patients with acute severe asthma (ASA) may in rare cases require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). However, recent data on this issue are lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective and bicentric study conducted on a 10 year period, we investigate the in-hospital mortality in patients with ASA requiring IMV. We compare this mortality to that of patients with other types of respiratory distress using a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) model. RESULTS: Eighty-one episodes of ASA requiring IMV were evaluated. Factors significantly associated with in-hospital mortality were cardiac arrest on day of admission, cardiac arrest as the reason for intubation, absence of decompensation risk factors, need for renal replacement therapy on day of admission, and intubation in pre-hospital setting. Non-survivors had higher SAPS II, SOFA, creatinine and lactate levels as well as lower blood pressure, pH, and HCO3 on day of admission. In-hospital mortality was 15% (n = 12). Compared to a reference population of 2,670 patients, the SMR relative to the SAPS II was very low at 0.48 (95% CI, 0.25-0.84). The only factor independently associated with in-hospital mortality was cardiac arrest on day of admission. In-hospital mortality was 69% in patients with cardiac arrest on day of admission and 4% in others (p < 0.01). Salvage therapies were given to 7 patients, sometimes in combination with each other: ECMO (n = 6), halogenated gas (n = 1) and anti-IL5 antibody (n = 1). Death occurred in only 2 of these 7 patients, both of whom had cardiac arrest on day of admission. CONCLUSION: Nowadays, the mortality of patients with ASA requiring IMV is low. Death is due to multi-organ failure, with cardiac arrest on day of admission being the most important risk factor. In patients who did not have cardiac arrest on day of admission the mortality is even lower (4%) which allows an aggressive management.

Cannula-Related Infection in Patients Supported by Peripheral ECMO: Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics.

Little is known about cannula-related infection (CRI) in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, the risk factors, prognosis, and microbiological characteristics of CRI in patients supported by ECMO. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in one intensive care unit (ICU). Among 220 consecutive patients with peripheral ECMO, 39 (17.7%) developed CRI. The incidence of CRI was 17.2 per 1,000 ECMO days. The main isolated microorganisms were Enterobacteriaceae (38%), Staphylococcus spp. (28.2%; 8.5% were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and 19.7% were coagulase-negative staphylococci), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.3%). Bacteremia was present in 23 cases (59.7%). In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for CRI were longer ECMO duration (p = 0.006) and higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2 (p = 0.004). Forty-one percentage of patients with CRI needed surgical management of the infected site. Cannula-related infection was not associated with higher in-hospital mortality (p = 0.73), but it was associated with a longer stay in ICU (p < 0.0001) and a longer stay in hospital (p = 0.002). In conclusion, CRI is frequent in patients with ECMO and associated with a longer stay in hospital. Risk factors for CRI were longer ECMO duration and higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2. Concomitant bacteremia was frequent (59.7%) and CRI should be strongly investigated in cases of positive blood culture.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in leptospirosis.

PURPOSE: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a major complication of leptospirosis, leading to the majority of fatalities. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and single-center cohort study. The primary outcome was the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for ARDS in leptospirosis based on the quartiles of the SAPS2 score in the reference population of 1683 patients hospitalized for ARDS. The second outcomes were to determine the risk factors of mortality of ARDS in leptospirosis and to describe the cases requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). RESULTS: Of 172 leptospirosis patients from January 2004 to October 2017, 39 (23%) presented a moderate or severe ARDS with a mortality rate of 23% (9 cases). Among patients with ARDS, the SMR with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was 0.49 (CI95%: 0.21; 0.96). Risk factors associated with mortality found by bivariate analysis were Severity Acute Physiology Score II (p = 0.01), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (p = 0.01), base excess (p = 0.002), kaliemia (p = 0.004), bilirubinemia (p = 0.01) and level of aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.01). Eight patients underwent ECMO for refractory ARDS and six survived. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis can induce serious but transient ARDS with a better prognosis than that of other causes of ARDS. Several patients have been successfully treated with ECMO.

Mortality of critically ill patients with severe influenza starting four years after the 2009 pandemic.

Background: In Reunion Island, influenza is not considered a serious illness despite significant mortality in intensive care unit (ICU). We assess the post-pandemic mortality of influenza by comparing it to other community-acquired pneumonia in our ICU. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, and single-centre cohort study. The main aim was to determine the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for influenza based on the quartiles of the SAPSII score in the reference population of 954 patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Another aim was to analyze the risk factors for mortality in influenza patients. Results: 127 consecutive patients were hospitalized in our ICU with a positive influenza PCR, from January 2013 to December 2017. The mortality rate of these patients was 31% (CI 95%: 23-39%). In patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia, the SMR of patients with influenza was 1.24 (CI 95%: 0.89-1.70). At admission, thirty-nine patients (31%) had superinfections, in 17 caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Need for renal replacement therapy (RR 2.53 [1.29-4.93]) or ECMO (RR 2.35 [1.16-4.74]) were associated with mortality. Twenty-four patients underwent ECMO, 17 with VV-ECMO. Conclusions: Mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia was higher than the expected mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Although generally considered benign, influenza is a deadly infection in ICU patients in Reunion Island.