Footprint of the plastisphere on freshwater zooplankton.

Changes in the functional groups of zooplankton were studied in autumn in a temperate floodplain lake (Lake Sakadas, Kopacki Rit Nature Park, Croatia) and in the Drava River (in the Croatian part of the river). Various abiotic parameters as well as available food sources (phytoplankton and microphytes (algae and cyanobacteria) developing on epixylon, epilithon and artificially introduced microplastics called "plastisphere") were also studied. The lake was hydrologically isolated from the main river during the study, while the water level of the Drava River fluctuated, resulting in larger variations in limnological parameters. Due to stable conditions in the lake, zooplankton abundance, biomass, and species richness were higher than in the Drava River. In both environments, zooplankton species feeding on bacteria, detrital suspensions, and small algae were most abundant, with predators and microfilter-feeders being more abundant in the lake. Microphytes were diverse and mostly small and medium-sized in phytoplankton and all substrate types. Stable lake conditions promoted higher abundance of the zooplankton group, which effectively uses larger algae as a food source. The lower abundance of zooplankton feeding on larger algae and predatory species in the river suggests that the epilithon and plastisphere community was a less mature community compared to the lake, and the heterotrophic component with ciliates and/or other small heterotrophs was not well developed. The importance of plastispheres was particularly evident under the turbid hydrologic conditions that prevailed in the river at the end of the study, when phytoplankton biomass decreased and zooplankton abundance steadily increased, suggesting that microphytes colonised on microplastics were an additional food source for higher trophic levels.

Population genomics and morphological data bridge the centuries of cyanobacterial taxonomy along the continuum of Microcoleus species.

The filamentous cyanobacterium Microcoleus is among the most important global primary producers, especially in hot and cold desert ecosystems. This taxon represents a continuum consisting of a minimum of 12 distinct species with varying levels of gene flow and divergence. The notion of a species continuum is poorly understood in most lineages but is especially challenging in cyanobacteria. Here we show that genomic diversification of the Microcoleus continuum is reflected by morphological adaptation. We compiled a dataset of morphological data from 180 cultured strains and 300 whole genome sequences, including eight herbarium specimens and the type specimen of Microcoleus. We employed a combination of phylogenomic, population genomic, and population-level morphological data analyses to delimit species boundaries. Finally, we suggest that the shape of the filament apices may have an adaptive function to environmental conditions in the soil.

Plastisphere development in relation to the surrounding biotic communities.

To study the early colonization processes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfragments were immersed in Lake Sakadas and the Drava River and sampled weekly together with the surrounding biotic communities - phytoplankton, zooplankton, epixylon in the lake and epilithon in the river. At the end of the study, a rise in water level occurred in the river, which altered the environmental conditions and plankton communities. In studied environments, all of the sampled biotic communities were diverse and abundant. Plastispheres formed in both waters by the seventh day of incubation and developed rapidly, reaching a peak in abundance on the last day of the study. Initial colonization was supported equally by planktonic and periphytic taxa in both environments, but after initial settlement, plastisphere assemblages were affected differently in the river and lake. This study suggests that PET microfragments are a suitable substrate for microphyte settlement and may provide an important pathway for their transport in dynamic freshwater floodplains and river systems.