The normative Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index values for age and sex.

BACKGROUND: The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) is a widely used disease-specific outcome tool developed for patients with rotator cuff injuries. The determination of age- and sex-adjusted normative WORC values enables us to determine whether a procedure is more beneficial in specific patient groups because the results can be compared with a matched standard. The purpose of this study was to determine normative WORC values and assess whether the WORC needs an adjusted score for age and sex. METHODS: We included participants using an online data-capturing program. We collected the following variables: age, sex, presence of shoulder pathology, Subjective Shoulder Value, and WORC score. We defined the mean normative WORC score per age category and analyzed sex differences in WORC scores per age category and in all domains of the WORC score. RESULTS: A total of 470 participants filled out the questionnaire. We excluded 44 participants because of pre-existing shoulder complaints or incomplete questionnaires. The mean total WORC score was 94% (standard deviation, 9%), and the mean total WORC score in every age and sex category was >90%. Of all participants, 85% scored between 91% and 100%; 63 participants (15%) scored 100%. The mean overall Subjective Shoulder Value was 98% (standard deviation, 6%). We found no statistically significant differences between sexes in the overall score, in the domain scores, and within the age categories. CONCLUSION: We defined normative values for the WORC questionnaire in a random prospective cohort and found no difference in scores between sexes. The mean normative scores all were within the variance of the maximum, and the WORC score did not deteriorate with age. It seems that the results of this subjective questionnaire change with the participant's perspective. An adjusted WORC score for age and sex is not necessary. This information can serve as a basis for comparison with patients with shoulder disease.

A vitamin E blended highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular cup results in less wear: 6-year results of a randomized controlled trial in 199 patients.

Background and purpose - Survivorship of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) monoblock cup has been limited due to periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening, secondary to wear of the UHMWPE. In response, a vitamin E blended highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) cup was developed. This study set out to compare the wear and clinical 6-year outcomes of vitamin E blended HXLPE with UHMWPE in an isoelastic monoblock cup in patients with hip osteoarthritis who underwent uncemented THA. The 2-year results have been reported previously. Patients and methods - For this randomized controlled trial 199 patients were included. 102 patients received the vitamin E blended HXLPE uncemented acetabular cup and 97 patients the uncemented UHMWPE monoblock cup. Clinical and radiographic parameters were obtained preoperatively, directly postoperatively, and at 3, 12, 24, and 72 months. Wear rates were compared using the femoral head penetration (FHP) rate. Results - 173 patients (87%) completed the 6-year follow-up. The mean NRS scores for rest pain, load pain, and patient satisfaction were 0.3 (SD 1), 0.6 (SD 1), and 8.6 (SD 1) respectively. The mean Harris Hip Score was 93 (SD 12). The FHP rate was lower in the vitamin E blended HXLPE cup (0.028 mm/year) compared with the UHMWPE cup (0.035 mm/year) (p = 0.002). No adverse reactions associated with the clinical application of vitamin E blended HXLPE were observed. 15 complications occurred, equally distributed between the two cups. The 6-year survival to revision rate was 98% for both cups. There was no aseptic loosening. Interpretation - This study shows the superior performance of the HXLPE blended with vitamin E acetabular cup with clinical and radiographic results similar to the UHMWPE acetabular cup.

2-year results of an RCT of 2 uncemented isoelastic monoblock acetabular components: lower wear rate with vitamin E blended highly cross-linked polyethylene compared to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.

Background and purpose - The long-term survival of arthroplasty components may be limited by polyethylene wear-related problems such as periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening. Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) blended with vitamin E was introduced to improve oxidative stability and to avoid long-term embrittlement. This study clinically compares the tribological behavior and clinical outcome of vitamin E blended HXLPE with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in an isoelastic monoblock cup for uncemented total hip arthroplasty.Patients and methods - In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), 199 patients were included: 102 patients received the vitamin E blended HXLPE cup, 97 patients the UHMWPE cup. Clinical and radiographic parameters were obtained preoperatively, directly postoperative and at 3, 12, and 24 months. Wear rates were compared using the mean linear femoral head penetration (FHP) rate.Results - 188 patients (94%) completed the 2-year follow-up. Mean patient satisfaction was higher in the vitamin E blended HXLPE group (8.9 [1]) than in in the control group (8.5 [2], p = 0.03). The Harris Hip Score (HHS) was higher in the vitamin E blended HXLPE group (95 [8]) than in the control group (92 [11], p = 0.3). The FHP rate was lower in the vitamin E blended HXLPE group: 0.046 mm/year compared with 0.056 mm/year in the control group (p = 0.05). No adverse reactions associated with the clinical application of vitamin E blended HXLPE were observed during follow-up, with an excellent 2-year survival to revision rate of 98% for both cups.Interpretation - This study shows the superior performance of the HXLPE blended with vitamin E acetabular cup with lower linear femoral head penetration rates and better clinical results compared with the UHMWPE acetabular cup after 2 years.

Costs Associated With Timely and Delayed Surgical Treatment of Spinal Metastases.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: Symptoms caused by spinal metastases are often difficult to distinguish from symptoms caused by non-malignant spinal disease, complicating timely diagnosis, referral and treatment. The ensuing delays may promote the risk of neurological deficits or severe mechanical instability and consequent emergency surgery, leading to poorer prognosis. Presumably, treatment delay may subsequently lead to more health-care consumption and therefore increased average costs of treatment. METHODS: All patients surgically treated for spinal metastases were included in the current study. Based on the presence of alarming symptoms and urgency of the required intervention, patients were categorized as having received timely or delayed treatment. Pre-surgical, in-hospital, aftercare and total costs were analyzed and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 299 patients were included, of which 205 underwent timely and 94 delayed treatment. There was no significant difference in pre-surigcal costs (€3.229,13 in the timely treated group vs. €2.528,70 in the delayed treatment group, p = 0.849). The in-hospital costs (€16.738,49 vs. €13.108,81, p < 0.001) and the aftercare costs (€13.950,37 vs. 3.981,93, p < 0.001) were significantly higher for delayed treatment vs. timely treatment, respectively. The total costs were €33.741,71 for delayed treatment and €20.318,52 for timely treatment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The total costs for timely treated patients with spinal metastases are significantly lower compared with patients receiving delayed treatment. Investing in the optimization of referral patterns may therefore reduce the overall pretreatment delay and subsequently increase patient outcome, leading to better clinical outcomes at lower costs.

Sagittal spinal parameters after en bloc resection of mobile spine tumors.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: En bloc resection and reconstruction (EBR) in patients with spinal malignancy aims to achieve local disease control. This is an invasive procedure with significant alterations of the physiological anatomy and subsequently, the spino-pelvic alignment. Sagittal spinal parameters are useful measurements to objectively identify disproportionate alignment on a radiograph. In the field of spinal deformities, there is increasing evidence for a relationship between sagittal alignment and patient reported outcomes. PURPOSE: To determine sagittal spino-pelvic alignment after EBR in patients with spinal malignancies and the effect of these parameters on surgical and patient reported outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case series. METHODS: We included 35 patients who underwent EBR for spinal malignancies between 2000 and 2018. Radiographic measurements were performed using semi-automatic software; the parameters included were pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope, pelvic tilt (PT), global tilt and lumbar lordosis. We calculated PI-based Global Alignment and Proportion (GAP) scores and prospective patient reported outcome scores Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) were used. RESULTS: Twenty-one (60%) patients filled out the PROMIS-PF score at a median of 16 months (Interquartile Range (IQR) 4-108) after surgery with a median score of 39 (IQR 32-42), the median GAP score was 7 (IQR 5-9). Bivariate analysis showed no statistically significant relationship between GAP score and instrumentation failure or need for revision surgery. Multivariable analysis of GAP score and PROMIS-PF score corrected for local disease recurrence showed a statistically significant correlation coefficient of -1.721 (p=.026; 95%CI=-3.216, -0.226). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, all patients had a moderate or severe disproportioned spinal alignment after EBR and reconstruction surgery. The degree of sagittal spino-pelvic misalignment after EBR for spinal malignancies seems to be associated with patient reported health status in terms of PROMIS-PF scores. Further research with a larger patient cohort and standardized imaging and follow-up protocols is necessary in order to accurately use sagittal alignment as a predictive value for instrumentation failure and revision surgery.