Effect of vitamin D supplementation on microvascular reactivity in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Childhood obesity is associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency and vascular dysfunction. Considering evidence indicates that VD may improve vascular function, this study, for the first time, assessed the effect of VD supplementation on microvascular reactivity in obese adolescents (OA). METHODS AND RESULTS: This randomized controlled trial included 26 OA, receiving fruit juice with (n = 13) or without VD (4000 IU/d; n = 13) over a 3-month lifestyle program, as well as 23 normal-weight adolescents (controls). The primary outcome was the pre-to-post-program change in microvascular reactivity determined by laser speckle contrast imaging with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis. Changes in 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitrate-mediated dilation (NMD), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP]) were monitored. At inclusion, in comparison to controls, OA exhibited lower total and free 25(OH)D, impaired microvascular responses, and impaired FMD, but similar NMD. After the lifestyle program, total and free 25(OH)D increased in all OA, with a greater increase in those receiving VD supplements. HOMA-IR and CRP decreased in all OA. Neither FMD nor NMD were altered in either group. Endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity only increased in the VD-supplemented group, reaching values comparable to that of controls. Similar results were found when analyzing only OA with a VD deficiency at baseline. CONCLUSION: VD supplementation during a lifestyle program attenuated microvascular dysfunction in OA without altering macrovascular function. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIAL: NCT02400151.

Effects of Exercise Intensity on Microvascular Function in Obese Adolescents.

The optimal exercise modality for the improvement of health-related parameters and microvascular function in obese adolescents is not yet fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) compare the microvascular phenotype of obese and normal-weight adolescents; and 2) to determine the effects of a lifestyle intervention including three months of moderate continuous training (MCT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on health-related parameters and microvascular function in 29 obese adolescents. Body composition, metabolic profile, aerobic fitness and cutaneous blood flow, measured using laser Doppler flowmetry at rest and during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, were assessed prior to and following lifestyle intervention. Sixteen normal-weight adolescents were included as reference controls for baseline microvascular parameters. At baseline, obese adolescents had higher peak blood flow, peak vascular conductance and area under the curve for post-occlusive reactive hyperemia than normal-weight adolescents. Conversely, peak blood flow, peak vascular conductance and area under the curve data remained unchanged after MCT and HIIT without intergroup differences. However, the peak/basal blood flow ratio decreased in both MCT and HIIT groups without any interaction between groups due to basal CBF increase (tendency p=0.074). Exercise training, whatever the modality, does not improve peak microcirculatory function.

Influence of organic ligands on the stoichiometry of magnetite nanoparticles.

Magnetite, a ubiquitous mineral in natural systems, is of high interest for a variety of applications including environmental remediation, medicine, and catalysis. If the transformation of magnetite to maghemite through the oxidation of Fe2+ has been well documented, mechanisms involving dissolution processes of Fe2+ in aqueous solutions have been overlooked. Here, the effect of dissolved organic ligands (EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), acetic, lactic and citric acids) on Fe2+ solubility and on the stoichiometry (Fe(ii)/Fe(iii)) of magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles (∼10 nm) was investigated. These ligands were chosen because of their environmental relevance and because they are widely used as coating agents for nanotechnology applications. Results show an insignificant effect of 2 organic ligands (acetate and lactate) on the dissolution of Fe. By contrast, citrate and EDTA enhanced Fe solubility because of the formation of dissolved Fe(ii)- and Fe(iii)-ligand complexes. Both ligands selectively bound Fe(ii) over Fe(iii), but EDTA was much more selective than citrate. The combined effects of oxidation and H+- and ligand-promoted dissolution of Fe from magnetite were predicted using a magnetite-maghemite solid solution model, accounting for the formation of dissolved Fe(ii)- and Fe(iii)-ligand complexes. Therefore, these results show that citrate and EDTA (i) enhance Fe solubility in the presence of magnetite nanoparticles and (ii) modify magnetite stoichiometry, which affects its environmental behavior and its properties for nanotechnology applications.

Are nanoplastics potentially toxic for plants and rhizobiota? Current knowledge and recommendations.

Soil is now becoming a reservoir of plastics in response to global production, use/disposal patterns and low recovery rates. Their degradation is caused by numerous processes, and this degradation leads to the formation and release of plastic nanoparticles, i.e., nanoplastics. The occurrence of nanoplastics in the soil is expected to both directly and indirectly impact its properties and functioning. Nanoplastics may directly impact the physiology and development of living organisms, especially plants, e.g., by modifying their production yield. Nanoplastics can also indirectly modify the physicochemical properties of the soil and, as a result, favour the release of related contaminants (organic or inorganic) and have an impact on soil biota, and therefore have a negative effect on the functioning of rhizospheres. However all these results have to be taken carefully since performed with polymer nano-bead not representative of the nanoplastics observed in the environment. This review highlight thus the current knowledge on the interactions between plants, rhizosphere and nanoplastics, their consequences on plant physiology and development in order to identify gaps and propose scientific recommendations.

Vitamin D Supplementation on Carotid Remodeling and Stiffness in Obese Adolescents.

Obesity is associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency and arterial stiffness. This randomized control trial assessed the effects of VD supplementation during a weight-loss program on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid compliance in obese adolescents. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a 12-week lifestyle program with VD supplementation (n = 13), a lifestyle program without VD supplementation (n = 13) or a control group composed of normal-weight adolescents (n = 18). Serum total and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), IMT and carotid compliance were measured before and after the trial. Insufficiency in 25(OH)D concentration was found in 73% of obese participants compared to 22% among controls. Obese adolescents had lower free 25(OH)D and displayed higher IMT but lower carotid compliance than controls. Free 25(OH)D and IMT were negatively correlated in adolescents displaying VD insufficiency at baseline. After three months, total and free 25(OH)D increased in both groups. The changes of IMT and carotid compliance were similar between groups. The changes in IMT were correlated with the changes in total 25(OH)D in obese adolescents with VD insufficiency at baseline (r = -0.59, p = 0.03). While the lifestyle program with VD supplementation did not affect carotid compliance, IMT reduction was improved in obese adolescents.