RESUMEN
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their motor protein, DYNC2H1, have been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies, including asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD; also known as Jeune syndrome), Sensenbrenner syndrome, and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Conversely, the 14 subunits in the IFT-B module, with the exception of IFT80, have unknown roles in human disease. To identify additional IFT-B components defective in ciliopathies, we independently performed different mutation analyses: candidate-based sequencing of all IFT-B-encoding genes in 1,467 individuals with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy or whole-exome resequencing in 63 individuals with ATD. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in the IFT-B-encoding gene IFT172 in 12 families. All affected individuals displayed abnormalities of the thorax and/or long bones, as well as renal, hepatic, or retinal involvement, consistent with the diagnosis of ATD or MZSDS. Additionally, cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia characteristic of Joubert syndrome was present in 2 out of 12 families. Fibroblasts from affected individuals showed disturbed ciliary composition, suggesting alteration of ciliary transport and signaling. Knockdown of ift172 in zebrafish recapitulated the human phenotype and demonstrated a genetic interaction between ift172 and ift80. In summary, we have identified defects in IFT172 as a cause of complex ATD and MZSDS. Our findings link the group of skeletal ciliopathies to an additional IFT-B component, IFT172, similar to what has been shown for IFT-A.
Asunto(s)
Ataxia Cerebelosa/genética , Síndrome de Ellis-Van Creveld/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Retinitis Pigmentosa/genética , Alelos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Huesos/anomalías , Huesos/metabolismo , Huesos/patología , Ataxia Cerebelosa/patología , Craneosinostosis/genética , Craneosinostosis/patología , Dineínas Citoplasmáticas/genética , Dineínas Citoplasmáticas/metabolismo , Dineínas/genética , Dineínas/metabolismo , Displasia Ectodérmica/genética , Displasia Ectodérmica/patología , Síndrome de Ellis-Van Creveld/patología , Epistasis Genética , Femenino , Fibroblastos/patología , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/genética , Enfermedades Renales Quísticas/patología , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Fenotipo , Retinitis Pigmentosa/patología , Población Blanca/genética , Pez Cebra/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The genetic mutation resulting in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type V was recently characterised as a single point mutation (c.-14C > T) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of IFITM5, a gene encoding a transmembrane protein with expression restricted to skeletal tissue. This mutation creates an alternative start codon and has been shown in a eukaryotic cell line to result in a longer variant of IFITM5, but its expression has not previously been demonstrated in bone from a patient with OI type V. METHODS: Sanger sequencing of the IFITM5 5' UTR was performed in our cohort of subjects with a clinical diagnosis of OI type V. Clinical data was collated from referring clinicians. RNA was extracted from a bone sample from one patient and Sanger sequenced to determine expression of wild-type and mutant IFITM5. RESULTS: All nine subjects with OI type V were heterozygous for the c.-14C > T IFITM5 mutation. Clinically, there was heterogeneity in phenotype, particularly in the manifestation of bone fragility amongst subjects. Both wild-type and mutant IFITM5 mRNA transcripts were present in bone. CONCLUSIONS: The c.-14C > T IFITM5 mutation does not result in an RNA-null allele but is expressed in bone. Individuals with identical mutations in IFITM5 have highly variable phenotypic expression, even within the same family.