Lung ultrasound in ruling out COVID-19 pneumonia in the ED: a multicentre prospective sensitivity study.

PURPOSE: Early diagnosis of COVID-19 has a crucial role in confining the spread among the population. Lung ultrasound (LUS) was included in the diagnostic pathway for its high sensitivity, low costs, non-invasiveness and safety. We aimed to test the sensitivity of LUS to rule out COVID-19 pneumonia (COVIDp) in a population of patients with suggestive symptoms. METHODS: Multicentre prospective observational study in three EDs in Northeastern Italy during the first COVID-19 outbreak. A convenience sample of 235 patients admitted to the ED for symptoms suggestive COVIDp (fever, cough or shortness of breath) from 17 March 2020 to 26 April 2020 was enrolled. All patients underwent a sequential assessment involving: clinical examination, LUS, CXR and arterial blood gas. The index test under investigation was a standardised protocol of LUS compared with a pragmatic composite reference standard constituted by: clinical gestalt, real-time PCR test, radiological and blood gas results. Of the 235 enrolled patients, 90 were diagnosed with COVIDp according to the reference standard. RESULTS: Among the patients with suspected COVIDp, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 38.3%. The sensitivity of LUS for diagnosing COVIDp was 85.6% (95% CI 76.6% to 92.1%); the specificity was 91.7% (95% CI 86.0% to 95.7%). The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value were 86.5% (95%CI 78.8% to 91.7%) and 91.1% (95% CI 86.1% to 94.4%) respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of LUS for COVIDp was 89.4% (95% CI 84.7% to 93.0%). The positive likelihood ratio was 10.3 (95% CI 6.0 to 17.9), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.16 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.3). CONCLUSION: In a population with high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, LUS has a high sensitivity (and negative predictive value) enough to rule out COVIDp in patients with suggestive symptoms. The role of LUS in diagnosing patients with COVIDp is perhaps even more promising. Nevertheless, further research with adequately powered studies is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04370275.

The "Survived Lung:" An Ultrasound Sign of "Bubbly Consolidation" Pulmonary Infarction.

Since the presence of "bubbly consolidation" (central lucencies) on a multi-slice computed tomography pulmonary angiography (MCTPA) is one of the highly specific imaging appearances of infarct secondary to pulmonary embolism, we investigated the ultrasound characteristics of these infarctions. In this study, 118 patients with MCTPA diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism were enrolled. Pulmonary infarctions were detected in 21 patients (17.7%), of which 10 (47.6%) showed the typical appearance of bubbly consolidation on MCTPA. Lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed to evaluate the characteristics of the infarcts highlighted by MCTPA. The bubbly consolidations showed a very peculiar echographic aspect represented by a triangular hypoechoic consolidation with sharp margins, the absence of air bronchograms and a mostly central roundish hyperechoic area. Air lucencies within a pulmonary infarct is hypothesized to represent the coexistence of aerated non-infarcted lung with the infarcted lung in the same lobule. The ultrasound appearance confirms this hypothesis, so we named the roundish hyperechoic area the "survived lung." This picture was found in all patients with a diagnosis of bubbly consolidation on MCTPA (100%). Χ2 between MCTPA and LUS regarding the bubbly consolidation diagnosis is 17.18 (df = 1; p value = 0.00003). Bubbly consolidations show a very typical appearance on LUS. Their detection suggests further investigations (MCTPA or point-of-care multi-organ ultrasonography).

Impact of low-dose computed tomography screening on lung cancer mortality among asbestos-exposed workers.

Background: We previously showed that low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in asbestos-exposed workers is effective in detecting lung cancer (LC) at an early stage. Here, we evaluate whether LDCT screening could reduce mortality from LC in such a high-risk population. Methods: Within a cohort of 2433 asbestos-exposed men enrolled in an Occupational Health surveillance programme, we compared mortality between the participants in the ATOM002 study (LDCT-P, N = 926) and contemporary non-participants (LDCT-NP, N = 1507). We estimated standardized mortality ratios for the LDCT-P and LDCT-NP populations using regional and national rates (SMR_FVG and SMR_ITA, respectively). We compared survival for all causes, all neoplasms, LC and malignant neoplasm of pleura (MNP) between LDCT-P and LDCT-NP using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, smoking history, asbestos exposure level and comorbidities. Results: A reduction in mortality from LC was observed in the LDCT-P group compared with regional and national figures (SMR_FVG = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24-1.09; SMR_ITA = 0.51, 95% CI 0.22-1.01); this was not the case for the LDCT-NP group (SMR_FVG = 2.07, 95% CI 1.53-2.73; SMR_ITA = 1.98, 95% CI 1.47-2.61). A strong reduction in LC mortality was observed for the LDCT-P compared with the LDCT-NP [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.96]. Mortality was also reduced for all causes (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.84), but not for all neoplasms (HR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.62-1.50) and MNP (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.31-2.41) within the LDCT-P population. Conclusions: In our cohort, participation in the LDCT screening study was associated with reduced mortality from LC. This finding supports the use of LDCT in surveillance programmes for asbestos-exposed workers.

Phase II study of irinotecan and docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer: an Alpe-Adria Thoracic Oncology Multidisciplinary group study (ATOM 007).

This study was designed to evaluate the activity and tolerability of irinotecan and docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eligibility included recurrent or progressive NSCLC, previous chemotherapy, age > or = 18 years, ECOG PS < or = 2. Treatment consisted of irinotecan (160 mg/m2 i.v.), followed by docetaxel (65 mg/m2 i.v.) on day 1 of a 21-day cycle, for a maximum of 6 cycles. Forty patients were enrolled. Median age was 60 years and median ECOG PS was 1. All patients were evaluable for toxicity and 31 (78%) were evaluable for response. A total of 125 cycles was administered (median, 3; range, 1-6). Most common grade 3-4 toxicities were neutropenia (62%), neutropenic fever (22%), and diarrhea (32%). Response rate was 10%; a further 40% of patients achieved stable disease. All responses were observed in patients with ECOG PS < or = 1, age <70 years, and who had received only one prior chemotherapy regimen. Median time to progression was 2.8 months and median survival was 7.4 months. Because of significant toxicity and limited activity, further investigation of irinotecan plus docetaxel in second line NSCLC is not recommended.

Tumor measurements on computed tomographic images of non-small cell lung cancer were similar among cancer professionals from different specialties.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we addressed the influence of the observer's background and experience on the accuracy of imaging-based tumor measurements. The consistency of measures with Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) vs. WHO criteria is also reported. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Twenty-five observers (five radiologists, five thoracic surgeons, five radiotherapists, five pulmonologists, and five medical oncologists) were asked to measure three lesions on selected serial chest computed tomographic images from three non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. The observers were asked to measure the longest diameter (RECIST), along with its perpendicular diameter (WHO criteria). Measurements by radiologists were used as reference values. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the accuracy of measurements among the different groups. The highest intraobserver consistency was achieved by radiologists. Neither familiarity with measuring tumor lesions nor years since the MD degree correlated with measurement accuracy. A comparison of RECIST and WHO criteria showed consistent response ratings (kappa=.74, CI 95%=.57-.91). CONCLUSION: Measurements of selected lesions were consistent among specialists, suggesting that assessment of tumor response is reliable even when it is not done by radiologists.

Adopting integrated care pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer: from theory to practice.

INTRODUCTION: Integrated care pathways (ICPs) have been proposed as effective strategies for quality improvement. To date, limited data are available that detail the methodology to design an optimal care pathway for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The main aim of this study was to assess the quality of health care delivered to lung cancer patients referred to a hub university hospital. METHODS: All professionals involved with the management of NSCLC patients, in cooperation with health care researchers, identified 11 quality indicators and associated benchmarks. These were used to estimate the quality and efficiency of health care delivered to a cohort of 175 NSCLC patients. RESULTS: The gap between "desired" and "actual" performance has been measured by benchmarking current practice against key quality indicators. Diagnostic workup, multidisciplinary team care and medical treatment of advanced disease have emerged as areas of good performance. Conversely, the management of early-stage disease offers room for improvement, in terms of both accuracy of nodal staging and surgical timeliness. CONCLUSIONS: Analyzing the process of caring for NSCLC patients is feasible and offers room for improvement. Acquired knowledge may be shared with hospital administrators, guide the revision of ICPs, and enable the delivery of consistent, high-quality clinical standards.

A randomised phase II study of docetaxel/oxaliplatin and docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer: an Alpe-Adria Thoracic Oncology Multidisciplinary group trial (ATOM 019).

INTRODUCTION: To date, no combination regimen has proven superior to single agent chemotherapy as a second-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: This multicenter, non-comparative randomised phase II trial evaluated the activity of docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) on day 1) with oxaliplatin (70 mg/m(2) on day 2) every 3 weeks in previously treated NSCLC patients; the reference arm was single-agent docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 3 weeks). It was designed as a one-stage, three-outcome phase II trial; 21 evaluable patients were required in each arm. The primary end-point was response rate; secondary end-points were toxicity, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled. Patient characteristics included male/female, 76/24%; median age 62 years; ECOG PS 0/1, 36/64%; previous platinum-based chemotherapy, 98%. Partial response was seen in 20% and 8%, stable disease in 52% and 32%, of patients treated with docetaxel/oxaliplatin and docetaxel, respectively. Main grade 3-4 toxicities were neutropenia 56% and 64%; febrile neutropenia 4% and 8%; diarrhoea 12% and 4% for docetaxel/oxaliplatin and docetaxel, respectively. Median PFS was 5.0 and 1.7 months, median survival 11.0 and 7.1 months, and 1-year survival 44% and 32% for docetaxel/oxaliplatin and docetaxel, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study met its pre-defined study end-point; docetaxel/oxaliplatin and more generally platinum-containing doublets warrant further evaluation as second-line therapy for patients with NSCLC.

Predictive value of cardiac troponin-I compared to creatine kinase-myocardial band for the assessment of infarct size as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance.

BACKGROUND: The estimation of infarct size by biochemical myocardial necrosis markers is used in current clinical practice, rather than the more expensive and not always available imaging techniques. However, for this purpose, the peak value of serum biomarkers can overestimate the necrotic area, especially after reperfusion. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether late release cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values could predict more precisely infarct volume measured by delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (DE-CMR) in patients with acute myocardial infarction [ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI)] independently of reperfusion (spontaneous and provoked). METHODS: Sixty patients with a first acute myocardial infarction (55 STEMI and five NSTEMI) and normal function were enrolled. Among STEMI patients, 52 underwent reperfusion. cTnI and creatine kinase-myocardial band were assessed at admission and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h (+/-1 h) from symptom onset. DE-CMR (Siemens Avanto 1.5T) was performed before discharge (4 +/- 2 days). Infarct size was determined by manual delineation of the areas of delayed enhancement. Infarct volume was calculated as the sum of each slice of infarct size area multiplied by thickness. RESULTS: Peak cTnI was 55 +/- 59 ng/ml (range 0.3-347). The area under the curve of cTnI was 1916 +/- 2224 ng/ml. The volume of infarcted myocardium assessed by DE-CMR was 27 +/- 25 ml (range 0-134). The single value of cTnI at 72 h after symptom onset provided the most accurate estimation of predischarge infarct volume (r = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.75-0.91) and was significantly more accurate than creatine kinase-myocardial band value assessed at any time during the same period (r = 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.62; P < 0.002). CONCLUSION: In patients with a first acute myocardial infarction, cTnI value assessed at 72 h from symptom onset shows the best correlation with predischarge infarct volume as assessed by DE-CMR and is superior to cTnI and creatine kinase-myocardial band peak and total values.

Low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma in an asbestos-exposed population: baseline results of a prospective, nonrandomized feasibility trial--an Alpe-adria Thoracic Oncology Multidisciplinary Group Study (ATOM 002).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for the early diagnosis of lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma in an asbestos-exposed population. METHODS: Between February 2002 and October 2003, 1,045 volunteers already enrolled in a surveillance program for asbestos-exposed workers and former workers were recruited. The main eligibility criteria were: written informed consent, definite exposure to asbestos, age 40-75, no prior cancer or severe concomitant conditions, no chest CT scan in the past 2 years. A smoking history was not required. After a structured interview, chest X-ray (CXR) and LDCT were performed. Participants with negative examinations were assigned to annual LDCT. Participants with positive findings received high-resolution CT and additional diagnostic workup as appropriate. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the screened population were: median asbestos exposure time, 30 years; median age, 58; median pack-years in smokers/former smokers, 18.5. Thirty-four percent had never smoked. On LDCT, 834 noncalcified nodules were identified in 44% of participants, versus 43 nodules in 4% on CXR. Pleural abnormalities were observed in 44% and 70% of participants by CXR and LDCT, respectively. Overall, LDCT identified nine cases of non-small cell lung cancer-eight stage I, one stage IIA-and one thymic carcinoid, corresponding to 1% of the enrolled population. All cases were radically treated. None had been detected by CXR. No pleural mesothelioma was diagnosed. There were 11 false-positive results. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings first suggest that LDCT may be at least as useful in asbestos workers as in heavy smokers for the early diagnosis of lung cancer; this benefit is evident even in a poor-risk population, with low rates of smoking prevalence and a previous history of radiological surveillance. The role of spiral tomography in screening for pleural mesothelioma remains uncertain.

Abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography are of limited value in the emergency room diagnostic work-up of severe trauma patients with hypotension on the scene of accident.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of chest radiograph (CR) and abdominal ultrasonography (US) performed in the Emergency Room (ER) in identifying life-threatening thoracic or abdominal lesions in a group of severely injured patients, who developed arterial hypotension immediately after a trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of all abdominal US and CX performed in the ER in severe blunt trauma patients, with on-the-scene systolic blood pressure 90 mmHg, from November 2000 to November 2002, were analysed. When these initial investigations failed to identify a possible cause of hypotension, a computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen was obtained. RESULTS: Overall, 54 patients were studied; twenty-two patients (40.8%) were hypotensive both on accident scene and on the arrival at the ER and 32 (59.2%) were hypotensive on accident scene, but not in the ER. Forty-five patients had an US in the ER, in 3 patients it was inconclusive, whereas 2 other patients died before the confirmatory investigations could be performed. Among the remaining 40 patients, 11 had a hemoperitoneum (HP) hat was diagnosed by US in 7 cases and missed in 4. Twenty-nine patients had no HP and their US was negative in 24 cases and positive in 5; the US had a sensibility of 63.6% and a specificity of 82.8% The CR was obtained in the ER in 39 patients and it was able to identify 6 pneumothoraces (PNX) out of 20 and 2 hemothoraces (HT) out of 17; the sensitivity for PNX and HT was 30.0% and 11.8%, respectively. One patient with an aortic dissection had a normal CX. CONCLUSIONS: Both CX and US are not reliable to identify possible PNX, HT and HP in hypotensive trauma patients and can delay the treatment of life-threatening conditions. In these patients, a CT of the torso is warranted.