Current global perspectives on silicosis-Convergence of old and newly emergent hazards.

Silicosis not a disease of the past. It is an irreversible, fibrotic lung disease specifically caused by exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. Over 20,000 incident cases of silicosis were identified in 2017 and millions of workers continue to be exposed to RCS. Identified case numbers are however a substantial underestimation due to deficiencies in reporting systems and occupational respiratory health surveillance programmes in many countries. Insecure workers, immigrants and workers in small businesses are at particular risk of more intense RCS exposure. Much of the focus of research and prevention activities has been on the mining sector. Hazardous RCS exposure however occurs in a wide range of occupational setting which receive less attention, in particular the construction industry. Recent outbreaks of silicosis associated with the fabrication of domestic kitchen benchtops from high-silica content artificial stone have been particularly notable because of the young age of affected workers, short duration of RCS exposure and often rapid disease progression. Developments in nanotechnology and hydraulic fracking provide further examples of how rapid changes in technology and industrial processes require governments to maintain constant vigilance to identify and control potential sources of RCS exposure. Despite countries around the world dealing with similar issues related to RCS exposure, there is an absence of sustained global public health response including lack of consensus of an occupational exposure limit that would provide protection to workers. Although there are complex challenges, global elimination of silicosis must remain the goal.

Pleural cancer mortality in Spain: time-trends and updating of predictions up to 2020.

BACKGROUND: A total of 2,514,346 metric tons (Mt) of asbestos were imported into Spain from 1906 until the ban on asbestos in 2002. Our objective was to study pleural cancer mortality trends as an indicator of mesothelioma mortality and update mortality predictions for the periods 2011-2015 and 2016-2020 in Spain. METHODS: Log-linear Poisson models were fitted to study the effect of age, period of death and birth cohort (APC) on mortality trends. Change points in cohort- and period-effect curvatures were assessed using segmented regression. Fractional power-link APC models were used to predict mortality until 2020. In addition, an alternative model based on national asbestos consumption figures was also used to perform long-term predictions. RESULTS: Pleural cancer deaths increased across the study period, rising from 491 in 1976-1980 to 1,249 in 2006-2010. Predictions for the five-year period 2016-2020 indicated a total of 1,319 pleural cancer deaths (264 deaths/year). Forecasts up to 2020 indicated that this increase would continue, though the age-adjusted rates showed a levelling-off in male mortality from 2001 to 2005, corresponding to the lower risk in post-1960 generations. Among women, rates were lower and the mortality trend was also different, indicating that occupational exposure was possibly the single factor having most influence on pleural cancer mortality. CONCLUSION: The cancer mortality-related consequences of human exposure to asbestos are set to persist and remain in evidence until the last surviving members of the exposed cohorts have disappeared. It can thus be assumed that occupationally-related deaths due to pleural mesothelioma will continue to occur in Spain until at least 2040.

Radiological protection in the Spanish nuclear industry under Franco, 1939-1975. / La protección radiológica en la industria nuclear española durante el franquismo, 1939-1975.

In debates about nuclear controversy, the issue of occupational safety in radioactive facilities is rarely foregrounded; it has historically been relegated to second place compared to the attention given to potential harm to the general population. Aiming for, at least, partially filling this historiographical gap, this article deals with the development of occupational radiological protection in Spain under the dictatorship of General Franco (1939-1975). It covers the rise of radiological protection measures on an international level and the subsequent development of legislation in the case of Spain, a process that paralleled the growth of the nation's nuclear program. Finally, it explores the main evidence of the impact of ionizing radiation on Spain's working population.

[Analysis of Hospital Care Registers due to Silicosis in Spain, 1997-2020]. / Análisis de los procesos asistenciales hospitalarios por silicosis en España, 1997-2020.

OBJECTIVE: The re-emergence of silicosis in Spain since 2007 has been identified by the increase in the number of occupational disease reports. The aim of our study was to analyse the silicosis care processes attended by the National Health System between 1997 and 2020 to better understand the epidemiological dimension of the problem. METHODS: Processes were obtained from the Registro de Actividad Sanitaria Especializada (RAE-CMBD), with ICD-9-CM codes 500 and 502 (1997-2016) and ICD-10-CM J60, J62.0 and J62.8 (2017-2020). Descriptive statistical methods and modelling by logistic regression and Joinpoint regression methodology were applied. RESULTS: A total of 111,325 records were obtained (ages twenty-one hundred years), 4.3% for silicosis as the main diagnosis (PD) and 95.7% as a secondary diagnosis (SD). Men accounted for 98% and women for 2%. The mean age for SD processes was 75.1, and 68.7 for PD processes. The median age increased by eight years for SD and decreased by three years for PD. Although the overall burden of care decreased, under-fifty PD procedures between 2006 and 2009 showed an upward trend (APC=27.01%). SD processes showed a non-significant upward trend (APC=1.92%) between 2005 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS: The upward trend in silicosis care processes in people under fifty years of age since 2005 confirms the healthcare impact of the re-emergence of silicosis in Spain. The associated burden of care constitutes a present and future public health problem given the decreasing age of those affected.

OBJECTIVE: La remergencia de la silicosis en España desde 2007 ha sido objetivada por el incremento de partes de enfermedad profesional. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar los procesos asistenciales por silicosis atendidos por el Sistema Nacional de Salud entre 1997 y 2020 para una mejor comprensión de la dimensión epidemiológica del problema. METHODS: Se empleó el RAE-CMBD, aplicando los códigos CIE-9-CM 500 y 502 (1997-2016) y CIE-10-CM J60, J62.0 y J62.8 (2017-2020). Se aplicaron métodos de estadística descriptiva y modelización por regresiones logísticas y metodología de regresión Joinpoint. RESULTS: Se obtuvieron 111.325 registros (veinte-cien años), el 4,3% por silicosis como diagnóstico principal (DP) y el 95,7% como diagnóstico secundario (DS). El 98% eran hombres y el 2% mujeres. La edad media de los procesos por DS fue de 75,1, y de 68,7 para los procesos por DP. La mediana de edad aumentó ocho años para los DS y disminuyó tres para los DP. Aunque la carga asistencial global disminuyó, los procesos en menores de cincuenta años por DP entre 2006 y 2009 registraron una tendencia ascendente (APC=27,01%). Los procesos por DS mostraron una tendencia ascendente no significativa (APC=1,92%) entre 2005 y 2020. CONCLUSIONS: La tendencia al crecimiento de los procesos asistenciales por silicosis en menores de cincuenta años desde 2005 confirma el impacto asistencial de la remergencia de la silicosis en España. La carga asistencial asociada constituye un problema de Salud Pública presente y futuro dada la reducción de edad de los afectados.

A camel through the eye of a needle: expertise and the late recognition of asbestos-related diseases.

The aim of this study is to provide new insights into the late recognition of asbestos-related diseases in contemporary societies. It addresses the role of expert culture in the identification, management, and control of asbestos risks, and examines the contribution of these processes to the late recognition and minimization of risks. After focusing first on Spain, the article presents three historical case studies to illustrate some shortcomings of the expert explanatory model. First, the narrow definition of asbestosis forged by medical experts in interwar Britain helped shape a public perception of the asbestos issue as finite and controllable. Second, the alternative approach to asbestos hazard management proposed by the Spanish trade union Comisiones Obreras in the early 1980s, inspired by the so-called Italian workers' model, prioritized locally produced knowledge. Finally, in the changing public view of asbestos risks in France during the last third of the 20th century, cultural and social factors played a crucial role in broadening the issue beyond its conception as just an occupational health problem. The author argues that expertise itself becomes a deproblematizing agent for industrial health issues, paving the way for their social invisibility.

[The re-emergence of silicosis as an occupational disease in Spain, 1990-2019.] / La remergencia de la silicosis como enfermedad profesional en España, 1990-2019.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of new sources of occupational exposure to crystalline silica has contributed to an increased incidence of silicosis. Spain was one of the first countries to identify new occupational risk sectors such as quartz agglomerates. The objective of this work was to describe the incidence of silicosis in Spain between 1990 and 2019 and to determine the main occupational sectors affected. METHODS: Data on occupational disease cases were obtained from the Spanish Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration. Disease rates were computed by occupational sector, and analyses were conducted of their time course and their geographical, sex and age distributions. RESULTS: Data were available on 4,418 cases (96.1% male). The mean annual number of cases was 1,223% higher between 2015 and 2019 than between 1990 and 1995. By occupational sector, 50% were in "Fabrication of other mineral non-metallic products", 18.5% in "Extraction of non-metallic non-energetic minerals", 10.2% in "Construction", 6.1% in "Metallurgy", 3.1% in "Coal mining" and 12% in other sectors. Galicia registered the greatest number of cases (32.9%), followed by Castile and León (14%), Andalusia (10%) and the Basque Country (9.1%). The greatest increase in its incidence was in coal mining, possibly due to the dismantling of this sector and drastic reduction in the workforce. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the importance of the manufacturing, machining and installation of quartz agglomerates in the re-emergence of silicosis in Spain.

OBJETIVO: La existencia de nuevas fuentes de exposición laboral a sílice cristalina ha contribuido al aumento de la incidencia de silicosis. España es uno de los países pioneros en la identificación de nuevos sectores de riesgo como los aglomerados de cuarzo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la evolución de la silicosis en España entre 1990 y 2019 e identificar los principales sectores de exposición responsables. METODOS: Los partes de enfermedad profesional se obtuvieron de la Secretaría General de Planificación del Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones. Se calcularon tasas por actividad económica y se analizó la tendencia temporal de los partes, su distribución por sexo, edad y sector económico, así como su distribución territorial. RESULTADOS: Se recuperaron 4.418 partes (96,1% hombres, 3,9% mujeres). La media anual de partes del quinquenio 2015-2019 (404,2) creció un 1.223,2% respecto al primer quinquenio de la serie. Por sectores de actividad, la distribución fue: 50% "Fabricación de otros productos minerales no metálicos"; 18,5% "Extracción de minerales no metálicos ni energéticos"; 10,2% "Construcción"; 6,1% "Metalurgia"; 3,1% "Minería del carbón"; 12% demás sectores. Galicia concentró el 32,9% de los partes, seguida de Castilla y León (14%), Andalucía (10,3%) y País Vasco (9,1%). La "Minería del carbón" registró el mayor incremento de tasa en el intervalo estudiado, reflejo del desmantelamiento del sector. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de nuestro estudio señalan la centralidad del sector de los aglomerados de cuarzo en la remergencia de la silicosis en España, tanto en su fabricación como en su mecanizado e instalación.

[Australia's engineered stone ban. A sound decision]. / La prohibición de los aglomerados de cuarzo en Australia, una decisión modélica.

Australia se convirtió en diciembre de 2023 en el primer país en prohibir el uso de los aglomerados de cuarzo. El consumo de estos materiales sintéticos, que contienen más del 80% de sílice cristalina y que desde los años 90 se han empleado para la fabricación de encimeras de cocina y baños, ha contribuido al resurgimiento en numerosos países de formas aceleradas de silicosis y a una notable incidencia de enfermedades sistémicas. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar los fundamentos que sustentan la decisión australiana. Dichos fundamentos están principalmente recogidos en el informe elaborado en 2023 por la agencia gubernamental Safe Work Australia (SWA), que recomendó la prohibición del producto. SWA llevó a cabo una consulta pública entre todos los actores sociales y científicos interesados en el problema. El informe de SWA señaló la ausencia de evidencia científica sobre un umbral de sílice toxicológicamente seguro cuestionando la estrategia de los fabricantes del material de presentar como productos seguros a los aglomerados con menos del 40% de contenido de sílice. La recomendación de SWA tomó en consideración la evaluación del nivel de cumplimiento de las estrictas medidas de prevención implementadas entre 2019 y 2023, constatando que el incumplimiento siguió siendo generalizado en el sector. Además se realizó un análisis coste-beneficio para valorar el número de casos de silicosis que sería necesario evitar para "compensar" los costes económicos asociados a cada opción de prohibición. Para ello empleó el Valor Estadístico de la Vida (VEV) actualizado en 2023 en Australia y estimó en 4,9 millones de dólares australianos cada vida salvada y silicosis evitada. En nuestra opinión, la prohibición australiana es modélica por la forma en que se ha gestado la decisión, por su sólida fundamentación científica y socio-laboral, y por la aplicación del principio de precaución.

Code of Sustainable Practice in Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety for Corporations.

At a conference held at Stony Brook University in December 2007, "Dangerous Trade: Histories of Industrial Hazard across a Globalizing World," participants endorsed a Code of Sustainable Practice in Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety for Corporations. The Code outlines practices that would ensure corporations enact the highest health and environmentally protective measures in all the locations in which they operate. Corporations should observe international guidelines on occupational exposure to air contaminants, plant safety, air and water pollutant releases, hazardous waste disposal practices, remediation of polluted sites, public disclosure of toxic releases, product hazard labeling, sale of products for specific uses, storage and transport of toxic intermediates and products, corporate safety and health auditing, and corporate environmental auditing. Protective measures in all locations should be consonant with the most protective measures applied anywhere in the world, and should apply to the corporations' subsidiaries, contractors, suppliers, distributors, and licensees of technology. Key words: corporations, sustainability, environmental protection, occupational health, code of practice.

The politics of silicosis in interwar Spain: Republican and Francoist approaches to occupational health.

This article explores the emergence and recognition of silicosis as an occupational disease in interwar Spain. Following International Labour Office guidelines, growing international concerns and local medical evidence, Republican administrators provided the first health care facilities to silicosis sufferers, who eventually became entitled to compensation under the Law of Occupational Diseases (1936), poorly implemented due to the outbreak of the Civil War (1936-39). Silicosis became a priority issue on the political agenda of the new dictatorial regime because it affected lead and coalmining, key sectors for autarchic policies. The Silicosis Scheme (1941) provided compensation for sufferers, although benefits were minimised by its narrow coverage and the application of tight criteria.

Análisis de los procesos asistenciales hospitalarios por silicosis en España, 1997-2020 / Analysis of Hospital Care Registers due to Silicosis in Spain, 1997-202

Fundamentos: la remergencia de la silicosis en españa desde 2007 ha sido objetivada por el incremento de partes de enfermedad profesional. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar los procesos asistenciales por silicosis atendidos por el sistema nacional De salud entre 1997 y 2020 para una mejor comprensión de la dimensión epidemiológica del problema. Métodos: se empleó el rae-cmbd, aplicando los códigos cie-9-cm 500 y 502 (1997-2016) y cie-10-cm j60, j62.0 y j62.8 (2017-2020). Se aplicaron métodos de estadística descriptiva y modelización por regresiones logísticas y metodología de regresión Joinpoint. Resultados: se obtuvieron 111.325 registros (veinte-cien años), el 4,3% por silicosis como diagnóstico principal (dp) y el 95,7% Como diagnóstico secundario (ds). El 98% eran hombres y el 2% mujeres. La edad media de los procesos por ds fue de 75,1, y de68,7 para los procesos por dp. La mediana de edad aumentó ocho años para los ds y disminuyó tres para los dp. Aunque la carga Asistencial global disminuyó, los procesos en menores de cincuenta años por dp entre 2006 y 2009 registraron una tendencia Ascendente (apc=27,01%). Los procesos por ds mostraron una tendencia ascendente no significativa (apc=1,92%) entre 2005 y 2020.Conclusiones: la tendencia al crecimiento de los procesos asistenciales por silicosis en menores de cincuenta años desde 2005 confirma el impacto asistencial de la remergencia de la silicosis en españa. La carga asistencial asociada constituye un problema de salud pública presente y futuro dada la reducción de edad de los afectados.(AU)

Background: the re-emergence of silicosis in spain since 2007 has been identified by the increase in the number of occupational disease reports. The aim of our study was to analyse the silicosis care processes attended by the national health system between 1997 and 2020 to better understand the epidemiological dimension of the problem. Methods: processes were obtained from the Registro de actividad sanitaria especializada (rae-cmbd), with icd-9-cm codes 500 and 502 (1997-2016) and icd-10-cm j60, j62.0 and j62.8 (2017-2020). Descriptive statistical methods and modelling by logistic regression and Joinpoint regression methodology were applied. Results: a total of 111,325 records were obtained (ages twenty-one hundred years), 4.3% for silicosis as the main diagnosis (pd) And 95.7% as a secondary diagnosis (sd). Men accounted for 98% and women for 2%. The mean age for sd processes was 75.1, and 68.7 for pd processes. The median age increased by eight years for sd and decreased by three years for pd. Although the overall Burden of care decreased, under-fifty pd procedures between 2006 and 2009 showed an upward trend (apc=27.01%). Sd processes Showed a non-significant upward trend (apc=1.92%) between 2005 and 2020. Conclusions: the upward trend in silicosis care processes in people under fifty years of age since 2005 confirms the healthcare Impact of the re-emergence of silicosis in spain. The associated burden of care constitutes a present and future public health problem Given the decreasing age of those affected.(AU)

Medical costs of asbestos-related diseases in Spain between 2004 and 2011.

The objective of this article was to estimate the medical costs derived from malignant ARD treatment in the Spanish National Health System (NHS) between 2004 and 2011. Estimation of direct healthcare costs was based on national primary data on the cost of specialized care for inpatients and outpatients treated at NHS hospitals and on national and regional secondary data on costs of primary healthcare and pharmaceutical prescriptions. A prevalence approach was used to estimate the overall burden of ARDs. Direct medical costs of 37,557 ARDs attended in Spanish NHS facilities in 2004-2011 were estimated at 464 million euros; specialist care accounted for 50.9% of total costs, primary healthcare 10.15%, and drug prescription 38.9%. The cost was 27.8-fold higher in males than in females. Bronchopulmonary cancers represented the greatest healthcare cost, 281 million euros. The cost of delivering healthcare to ARDs victims in Spain has a negative economic impact on the NHS due to the gross under-recognition of occupational victims under the Spanish National Insurance System.

Cinematic representations of medical technologies in the Spanish official newsreel, 1943-1970.

NO-DO, the Spanish official newsreel produced by Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975), held a 30-year monopoly over audio-visual information in Spain from 1943 to 1975. This paper reports on an analysis of coverage of medical technologies by the Spanish Cinematic Newsreel Service, NO-DO, from 1943 to 1970. The study focuses on the changing roles played by cultural representations of medical technologies deployed in NO-DO. Our analysis shows how these representations offered a new space for the legitimization of the regime, and, more importantly, played a key role in the attempts to construct and enforce a hegemonic national identity after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). During the period of isolationist autocracy that ended in the mid-1950s, the images of medical technologies reinforced the idea of a self-sufficient "national space" and deepened the break with the historical past. Once the international isolation of the regime was overcome in the late 1950s and the 1960s, the representation of medical technologies contributed to establishing a Spanish national identity that mirrored the outside world, the foreign space. Finally, gender representations in NO-DO are also explored.

Asbestos-related occupational cancers compensated under the Spanish National Insurance System, 1978-2011.

BACKGROUND: In 1978, asbestos-related occupational cancers were added to the Spanish list of occupational diseases. However, there are no full accounts of compensated cases since their inclusion. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cases of asbestos-related cancer recognized as occupational in Spain between 1978 and 2011. METHODS: Cases were obtained from the Spanish Employment Ministry. Specific incidence rates by year, economic activity, and occupation were obtained. We compared mortality rates of mesothelioma and bronchus and lung cancer mortality in Spain and the European Union. RESULTS: Between 1978 and 2011, 164 asbestos-related occupational cancers were recognized in Spain, with a mean annual rate of 0·08 per 10(5) employees (0·13 in males, 0·002 in females). Under-recognition rates were an estimated 93·6% (males) and 99·7% (females) for pleural mesothelioma and 98·8% (males) and 100% (females) for bronchus and lung cancer. In Europe for the year 2000, asbestos-related occupational cancer rates ranged from 0·04 per 10(5) employees in Spain to 7·32 per 10(5) employees in Norway. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence of gross under-recognition of asbestos-related occupational cancers in Spain. Future work should investigate cases treated in the National Healthcare System to better establish the impact of asbestos on health in Spain.

[Incidence of asbestosis and other benign lung diseases: Spain, 1962-2010]. / Incidencia en España de la asbestosis y otras enfermedades pulmonares benignas debidas al amianto durante el período 1962-2010.

BACKGROUND: We lack in Spain of a full description of the diseases caused by asbestos since its inclusion in the list of occupational diseases 1961. The aim of this study is to know the incidence of asbestosis and other asbestos-related benign lung diseases, which were recognized as occupational diseases by the Spanish Social Security system between 1962 and 2010. METHODS: Cases were obtained from Reports of the National Insurance Institute (1962 to 1975), from Employment Ministry Statistics and Reports of the Work Health and Safety Department (1976 to 1981), and from the Employment Statistics Yearbooks (from 1982). Specific rates were obtained by economic activity and occupation. We represent temporal trends in the number of the diseases under study and described their geographic distribution by provinces. RESULTS: Between 1963 and 2010, 815 cases of asbestosis and 46 cases of fibrous pleural or pericardial disease were recognized. Since 1990 until 2001 Fiber-cement sector accumulated 189 cases of asbestosis, Shipbuilding sector 173, Construction sector 49 and Metallurgy 35. By occupation, fixed machinery operators had 114 cases; in molders, welders, sheet metal workers and fitters 88 cases; and painters, plumbers and pipe fitters 59 cases. The autonomous communities with the highest number of cases were Valencia (106), Galicia (86), Andalusia (82), Catalonia (75), Madrid (58), and the Basque Country (41). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rates and the time trend of professional asbestosis in Spain may be demonstrating the underreporting of the occupational origin of these diseases in our country. The most affected sectors were that of the fiber-cement and the naval one and the highest incidence was given in the Valencian Community.

[Scientific evidence and legal liability in occupational health: indemnity claim based on lack of safety and hygiene controls after a worker's death due to mesothelioma]. / Evidencia científica y responsabilidad legal en salud laboral: recargo de prestaciones por falta de medidas de seguridad e higiene tras la muerte por mesotelioma de un trabajador.

The aim of this paper is to reflect, under the precautionary principle, on the relationship between scientific causation and legal liability in connection with a lawsuit regarding compensation for lack of occupational safety and hygiene controls following the death of a worker with mesothelioma that had been previously accepted as an occupational disease. The worker had spent 28 years as a shipyard welder, with a diagnosis of occupationally-related mesothelioma in 2007, and who died in 2009. After reviewing the advances in a) scientific knowledge on the health effects of asbestos exposure, which were consolidated between 1955 and 1976, and b) the development of a regulatory framework for the protection of workers in Spain that began generically in 1940 and became more specific in 1982, we conclude that our case probably would have benefited from application of the precautionary principle, which is now widely accepted.

El objetivo es reflexionar, bajo el principio de precaución, sobre la relación entre causalidad científica y responsabilidad legal, a propósito de una demanda en materia de recargo de prestación por falta de medidas de seguridad e higiene tras la muerte de un trabajador por mesotelioma, reconocida previamente como enfermedad profesional. Se trata de un trabajador que tras 28 años como soldador en unos astilleros, se le reconoció en 2007 un mesotelioma como enfermedad profesional, falleciendo en 2009. Después de valorar que a) el conocimiento científico de la relación de la exposición a amianto y el mesotelioma se consolida entre 1955 y 1976, y b) que la normativa legal para la protección de los trabajadores en España se inicia en 1940 con carácter genérico y en 1982 de manera específica, concluimos que nuestro caso posiblemente se hubiera beneficiado si el principio de precaución, que ahora está ampliamente aceptado, se hubiera aplicado.