Mobile Phone Usage Detection by ANN Trained with a Metaheuristic Algorithm †.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are widely used to classify high non-linear systems by using a set of input/output data. Moreover, they are trained using several optimization methodologies and this paper presents a novel algorithm for training ANN through an earthquake optimization method. Usually, gradient optimization method is implemented for the training process, with perhaps the large number of iterations leading to slow convergence, and not always achieving the optimal solution. Since metaheuristic optimization methods deal with searching for weight values in a broad optimization space, the training computational effort is reduced and ensures an optimal solution. This work shows an efficient training process that is a suitable solution for detection of mobile phone usage while driving. The main advantage of training ANN using the Earthquake Algorithm (EA) lies in its versatility to search in a fine or aggressive way, which extends its field of application. Additionally, a basic example of a linear classification is illustrated using the proposal-training method, so the number of applications could be expanded to nano-sensors, such as reversible logic circuit synthesis in which a genetic algorithm had been implemented. The fine search is important for the studied logic gate emulation due to the small searching areas for the linear separation, also demonstrating the convergence capabilities of the algorithm. Experimental results validate the proposed method for smart mobile phone applications that also can be applied for optimization applications.

THE INTRODUCTION OF CLINICAL BIOETHICS INTO THE CURRICULUM OF COLOMBIAN FACULTIES OF MEDICINE.

As part of the overall educational effort to humanize medicine, some medical schools in Colombia have reformed their curriculum in recent years, which has included in most cases the introduction of the subject of Clinical Bioethics. Main objectives: To analyze, through a critical approach, the inclusion of this subject and the way in which it has been conceptually and methodically appropriated. An observational qualitative analysis, using institutional plans that study ten of the most prestigious Colombian universities as a source, was performed and supplemented by surveys, and focus groups. Finding and conclusions: Although there is no clear understanding of the scope of bioethics, teachers and students recognize the importance of the subject. There is still no significant progress in the integration of ethics formation with clinical areas, and it is still being seen as an additional knowledge that is not part of the medical science. Students still witness a discrepancy between this normative discourse and medicine practiced by their professors and other physicians.