Recent Progress of Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Sensor for Pulse Wave Monitoring.

Today, cardiovascular diseases threaten human health worldwide. In clinical practice, it has been concluded that analyzing the pulse waveform can provide clinically valuable information for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, continuous and accurate monitoring of the pulse wave is essential for the prevention and detection of cardiovascular diseases. Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a pulse wave monitoring biotechnology due to their compelling characteristics, including being self-powered, light-weight, and wear-resistant, as well as featuring user-friendliness and superior sensitivity. Herein, a comprehensive review is conducted on the progress of wearable TENGs for pulse wave monitoring. Firstly, the four modes of operation of TENG are briefly described. Secondly, TENGs for pulse wave monitoring are classified into two categories, namely wearable flexible film-based TENG sensors and textile-based TENG sensors. Next, the materials, fabrication methods, working mechanisms, and experimental performance of various TENG-based sensors are summarized. It concludes by comparing the characteristics of the two types of TENGs and discussing the potential development and challenges of TENG-based sensors in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and personalized healthcare.

Degradable silk fibroin based piezoresistive sensor for wearable biomonitoring.

Degradable wearable electronics are attracting increasing attention to weaken or eliminate the negative effect of waste e-wastes and promote the development of medical implants without secondary post-treatment. Although various degradable materials have been explored for wearable electronics, the development of degradable wearable electronics with integrated characteristics of highly sensing performances and low-cost manufacture remains challenging. Herein, we developed a facile, low-cost, and environmentally friendly approach to fabricate a biocompatible and degradable silk fibroin based wearable electronics (SFWE) for on-body monitoring. A combination of rose petal templating and hollow carbon nanospheres endows as-fabricated SFWE with good sensitivity (5.63 kPa-1), a fast response time (147 ms), and stable durability (15,000 cycles). The degradable phenomenon has been observed in the solution of 1 M NaOH, confirming that silk fibroin based wearable electronics possess degradable property. Furthermore, the as-fabricated SFWE have been demonstrated that have abilities to monitor knuckle bending, muscle movement, and facial expression. This work offers an ecologically-benign and cost-effective approach to fabricate high-performance wearable electronics.

Deciphering the binding behavior and interaction mechanism of apigenin and α-glucosidase based on multi-spectroscopic and molecular simulation studies.

This study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the binding interaction between apigenin (API) and α-glucosidase (α-glu) by a combination of experimental techniques and computational simulation strategies. The spontaneously formation of stable API-α-glu complex was mainly driven by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces, leading to a static fluorescence quenching of α-glu. The binding of API induced secondary structure and conformation changes of α-glu, decreasing the surface hydrophobicity of protein. Computational simulation results demonstrated that API could bind into the active cavity of α-glu via its interaction with active residues at the binding site. The important roles of key residues responsible for the binding stability and affinity between API and α-glu were further revealed by MM/PBSA results. In addition, it can be found that the entrance of active site tended to close after API binding as a result of its interaction with gate keeping residues. Furthermore, the structural basis for the binding interaction behavior of API was revealed and visualized by weak interaction analysis. The findings of our study revealed atomic-level mechanism of the interaction between API, which might shed light on the development of better inhibitors.

An Integrated Microcurrent Delivery System Facilitates Human Parathyroid Hormone Delivery for Enhancing Osteoanabolic Effect.

Human parathyroid hormone (1-34) (PTH) exhibits osteoanabolic and osteocatabolic effects, with shorter plasma exposure times favoring bone formation. Subcutaneous injection (SCI) is the conventional delivery route for PTH but faces low delivery efficiency due to limited passive diffusion and the obstruction of the vascular endothelial barrier, leading to prolonged drug exposure times and reduced osteoanabolic effects. In this work, a microcurrent delivery system (MDS) based on multimicrochannel microneedle arrays (MMAs) is proposed, achieving high efficiency and safety for PTH transdermal delivery. The internal microchannels of the MMAs are fabricated using high-precision 3D printing technology, providing a concentrated and safe electric field that not only accelerates the movement of PTH but also reversibly increases vascular endothelial permeability by regulating the actin cytoskeleton and interendothelial junctions through Ca2+-dependent cAMP signaling, ultimately promoting PTH absorption and shortening exposure times. The MDS enhances the osteoanabolic effect of PTH in an osteoporosis model by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation on the bone surface compared to SCI. Moreover, histopathological analysis of the skin and organs demonstrated the good safety of PTH delivered by MDS in vivo. In addition to PTH, the MDS shows broad prospects for the high-efficiency transdermal delivery of macromolecular drugs.

Olfactory Diagnosis Model for Lung Health Evaluation Based on Pyramid Pooling and SHAP-Based Dual Encoders.

This study introduces a novel deep learning framework for lung health evaluation using exhaled gas. The framework synergistically integrates pyramid pooling and a dual-encoder network, leveraging SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) derived feature importance to enhance its predictive capability. The framework is specifically designed to effectively distinguish between smokers, individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and control subjects. The pyramid pooling structure aggregates multilevel global information by pooling features at four scales. SHAP assesses feature importance from the eight sensors. Two encoder architectures handle different feature sets based on their importance, optimizing performance. Besides, the model's robustness is enhanced using the sliding window technique and white noise augmentation on the original data. In 5-fold cross-validation, the model achieved an average accuracy of 96.40%, surpassing that of a single encoder pyramid pooling model by 10.77%. Further optimization of filters in the transformer convolutional layer and pooling size in the pyramid module increased the accuracy to 98.46%. This study offers an efficient tool for identifying the effects of smoking and COPD, as well as a novel approach to utilizing deep learning technology to address complex biomedical issues.

Discovery of Taurocholic Acid Sodium Hydrate as a Novel Repurposing Drug for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Targeting MAPK3.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, more than 90% of people over 50 years suffer from intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), but there are exist no ideal drugs. The aim of this study is to identify a new drug for IDD. METHODS: An approved small molecular drug library including 2040 small molecular compounds was used here. We found that taurocholic acid sodium hydrate (NAT) could induce chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Then, an in vivo mouse model of IDD was established and the coccygeal discs transcriptome analysis and surface plasmon resonance analysis (SPR) integrated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay (LC-MS) were performed in this study to study the therapy effect and target proteins of NAT for IDD. Micro-CT was used to evaluate the cancellous bone. The expression of osteogenic (OCN, RNX2), chondrogenic (COL2A1, SOX9), and the target related (ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2) proteins were detected. The alkaline phosphatase staining was performed to estimate osteogenic differentiation. Blood routine and blood biochemistry indexes were analyzed for the safety of NAT. RESULTS: The results showed that NAT could induce chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in MSCs. Further experiments confirmed NAT could ameliorate the secondary osteoporosis and delay the development of IDD in mice. Transcriptome analysis identified 128 common genes and eight Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for NAT. SPR-LC-MS assay detected 57 target proteins for NAT, including MAPK3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3), also known as ERK1 (extracellular regulated protein kinase 1). Further verification experiment confirmed that NAT significantly reduced the expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: NAT would induce chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of MSCs, ameliorate the secondary osteoporosis and delay the progression of IDD in mice by targeting MAPK3.Furthermore, MAPK3, especially the phosphorylation of MAPK3, would be a potential therapeutic target for IDD treatment.

Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.

Kirigami-Inspired Pressure Sensors for Wearable Dynamic Cardiovascular Monitoring.

Continuously and accurately monitoring pulse-wave signals is critical to prevent and diagnose cardiovascular diseases. However, existing wearable pulse sensors are vulnerable to motion artifacts due to the lack of proper adhesion and conformal interface with human skin during body movement. Here, a highly sensitive and conformal pressure sensor inspired by the kirigami structure is developed to measure the human pulse wave on different body artery sites under various prestressing pressure conditions and even with body movement. COMSOL multiphysical field coupling simulation and experimental testing are used to verify the unique advantages of the kirigami structure. The device shows a superior sensitivity (35.2 mV Pa-1 ) and remarkable stability (>84 000 cycles). Toward practical applications, a wireless cardiovascular monitoring system is developed for wirelessly transmitting the pulse signals to a mobile phone in real-time, which successfully distinguished the pulse waveforms from different participants. The pulse waveforms measured by the kirigami inspired pressure sensor are as accurate as those provided by the commercial medical device. Given the compelling features, the sensor provides an ascendant way for wearable electronics to overcome motion artifacts when monitoring pulse signals, thus representing a solid advancement toward personalized healthcare in the era of the Internet of Things.

Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring.

Wearable textile electronics are highly desirable for realizing personalized health management. However, most reported textile electronics can either periodically target a single physiological signal or miss the explicit details of the signals, leading to a partial health assessment. Furthermore, textiles with excellent property and comfort still remain a challenge. Here, we report a triboelectric all-textile sensor array with high pressure sensitivity and comfort. It exhibits the pressure sensitivity (7.84 mV Pa-1), fast response time (20 ms), stability (>100,000 cycles), wide working frequency bandwidth (up to 20 Hz), and machine washability (>40 washes). The fabricated TATSAs were stitched into different parts of clothes to monitor the arterial pulse waves and respiratory signals simultaneously. We further developed a health monitoring system for long-term and noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular disease and sleep apnea syndrome, which exhibits great advancement for quantitative analysis of some chronic diseases.

Single-layered ultra-soft washable smart textiles for all-around ballistocardiograph, respiration, and posture monitoring during sleep.

Good sleep is considered to be the cornerstone for maintaining both physical and mental health. However, nearly one billion people worldwide suffer from various sleep disorders. To date, polysomnography (PSG) is the most commonly used sleep-monitoring technology,however, it is complex, intrusive, expensive and uncomfortable. Unfortunately, present noninvasive monitoring technologies cannot simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, multi-parameter monitoring and comfort. Here, we present a single-layered, ultra-soft, smart textile for all-around physiological parameters monitoring and healthcare during sleep. With a high-pressure sensitivity of 10.79 mV/Pa, a wide working frequency bandwidth from 0 Hz to 40 Hz, good stability, and decent washability, the single-layered ultra-soft smart textile is simultaneously capable of real-time detection and tracking of dynamic changes in sleep posture, and subtle respiration and ballistocardiograph (BCG) monitoring. Using the set of patient generated health data, an obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) monitoring and intervention system was also developed to improve the sleep quality and prevent sudden death during sleep. This work is expected to pave a new and practical pathway for physiological monitoring during sleep.

Ultrasensitive Fingertip-Contacted Pressure Sensors To Enable Continuous Measurement of Epidermal Pulse Waves on Ubiquitous Object Surfaces.

The fingertip-pulse waveform carries abundant information regarding human physiological condition that is fundamental for directly extracting physiological parameters. Making the surfaces of ordinary objects that are often in contact with fingertips, such as tables and computers, capable of perceiving dynamic epidermal pulse signals has great significance for accurately assessing health conditions without restrictions on time and place. Here, we demonstrate the materials and design of a nanohemispherical pressure sensor that can be attached to ubiquitous objects' surfaces to monitor fingertip pulse. The portable sensor achieved an ultrasensitivity of 49.8 mV/Pa, a prominent response time of less than 6 ms, and long-term durability of more than 4 months. As demonstrated, the sensor is utilized to measure subtle fingertip-pulse waves and extract characteristic points of the waveform on the surface of keyboards, mobile phones, and human skin. Given the superior performance of the sensor, a real-time, wireless arteriosclerosis monitoring system is developed. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of the pulse waveforms measured from 54 volunteer participants, the antidiastole of arteriosclerosis could be instructively diagnosed. The sensor proposed in this work is expected to be a competitive alternative to current complicated medical equipment and to be extensively applied in wireless cardiovascular monitoring systems.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enabled Body Sensor Network for Self-Powered Human Heart-Rate Monitoring.

Heart-rate monitoring plays a critical role in personal healthcare management. A low-cost, noninvasive, and user-friendly heart-rate monitoring system is highly desirable. Here, a self-powered wireless body sensor network (BSN) system is developed for heart-rate monitoring via integration of a downy-structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D-TENG), a power management circuit, a heart-rate sensor, a signal processing unit, and Bluetooth module for wireless data transmission. By converting the inertia energy of human walking into electric power, a maximum power of 2.28 mW with total conversion efficiency of 57.9% was delivered at low operation frequency, which is capable of immediately and sustainably driving the highly integrated BSN system. The acquired heart-rate signal by the sensor would be processed in the signal process circuit, sent to an external device via the Bluetooth module, and displayed on a personal cell phone in a real-time manner. Moreover, by combining a TENG-based generator and a TENG-based sensor, an all-TENG-based wireless BSN system was developed, realizing continuous and self-powered heart-rate monitoring. This work presents a potential method for personal heart-rate monitoring, featured as being self-powered, cost-effective, noninvasive, and user-friendly.