Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.

Saponins are a group of plant and marine derived glycosides with numerous biological functions. Two important characteristics of certain plant saponins are their ability to enhance cytotoxicity of type I ribosome inactivating proteins and stimulation of the immune system. The main objective of the present study was to investigate in real-time the permeabilizing effects of saponins on cell membrane. A set of oleanane saponins (glycyrrhizinic acid, Gypsophila, Saponaria and Quillaja saponins) and a steroid saponin (digitonin) were tested. The effects of these saponins on lysosomal membranes and hemolysis, along with their charge were also studied. Real-time monitoring of cell membrane permeabilization facilitated a highly sensitive analysis of the cellular kinetics. Saponins showed variable permeabilizing effects on cellular and lysosomal membranes at concentrations from 6 µM and hemolysis from 3 µM. Further, the results suggest that charge of the saponin may be relevant for permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.

Targeted tumor therapy by epidermal growth factor appended toxin and purified saponin: an evaluation of toxicity and therapeutic potential in syngeneic tumor bearing mice.

Targeted toxin-based therapeutics are hindered by poor intracellular uptake, limited stability and non-specific immune stimulation. To address these problems, ligand-targeted toxins in combination with low dose saponin mixtures have been adapted and tested in vivo in the past, however, undefined saponin raw mixtures are not suitable for use in clinical development. In the present work we therefore used a targeted toxin (Sap3-EGF, i.e. saporin fused to epidermal growth factor) in combination with a structurally defined isolated saponin m/z 1861 (SO-1861). In vitro evaluation confirmed a 6900-fold enhancement in the cytotoxic efficacy of Sap3-EGF against TSA-EGFR target cells. The required dose of the targeted toxin was appreciably reduced and there was a highly synergistic effect observed. An ex vivo hemolysis assay showed no or very less hemolysis up to 10 µg/mL of SO-1861. In the acute toxicity studies SO-1861 was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 100 µg/treatment. The enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamate dehydrogenase did not show any statistically significant liver damage, which was further confirmed by histological examination. Additionally, creatinine was also similar to the control group thus ruling out damage to kidney. In vivo studies in a syngeneic BALB/c tumor model characterized by EGFR overexpression were done by applying 30 µg SO-1861 and 0.1 µg Sap3-EGF per treatment. A more than 90% reduction (p < 0.05) in the average tumor volume was observed by this combined therapy.

Macromolecular interactions of triterpenoids and targeted toxins: role of saponins charge.

Macromolecular interaction of protein toxins with certain plant triterpenoids holds potential for application in tumor therapy. The ability of only certain saponins to enhance the endosomal escape of toxins specifically in tumor cells was evaluated and set into correlation with the electrophoretic mobility. Saponins from Saponaria officinalis Linn, were selected as a lead to understand this evolutionarily conserved principle in detail. Agarose gel electrophoresis was utilized to procure pure saponin fractions with different electrophoretic mobility, which were tested for their ability to enhance the toxicity by live cell monitoring. Five fractions (SOG1-SOG5) were isolated with a relative electrophoretic mobility of (-0.05, 0.41, 0.59, 0.75 and 1.00) and evaluated using thin layer chromatography, HPLC, and mass spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxicity experiments revealed highest effectiveness with SOG3. Live cell imaging experiments with SOG3 revealed that this saponin with a specific REM of 0.59 could assist in the lyso/endosomal release of the toxic payload without affecting the integrity of plasma membrane and could lead to the induction of apoptosis. This charge dependent enhancement was also found to be highly specific to type I ribosome inactivating proteins compared to bacterial toxins. Charge interaction of plant toxins and saponins with tumor cells, plays a major role in toxin specific modulation of response. The finding opens up newer ways of finding protein saponin interaction conserved evolutionarily and to test their role in endosomal escape of therapeutic molecules.

Real time monitoring of the cell viability during treatment with tumor-targeted toxins and saponins using impedance measurement.

This work describes the application of an impedance-based measurement for the real time evaluation of targeted tumor therapies in cell culture (HeLa cells). We used a treatment procedure that is well established in cells and mice. Therein, tumor cells are treated with a combination of an epidermal growth factor-based targeted toxin named SE and particular plant glycosides called saponins. In the present study HeLa cells were seeded in different numbers onto interdigitated electrode structures integrated into the bottom of a 96 well plate. The cells were treated with SE in the presence and absence of the saponin SpnS-1 (isolated from Saponaria officinalis roots). The impedance was directly correlated with the viability of the cells. As expected from known end point measurements, a concentration dependent enhancement of toxicity was observed; however, with the impedance measurement we were for the first time able to trace the temporal changes of cell death during the combination treatment. This substantially added to the understanding of initial cellular mechanisms in the augmentation of the toxicity of targeted toxins by saponins and indicated the superiority of real time monitoring over end point assays. The method is less labor intensive and label-free with ease of monitoring the effects at each time point.