Down-regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter 2 (Abca2) reduces amyloid-ß production by altering Nicastrin maturation and intracellular localization.

Clinical, pharmacological, biochemical, and genetic evidence support the notion that alteration of cholesterol homeostasis strongly predisposes to Alzheimer disease (AD). The ATP-binding cassette transporter-2 (Abca2), which plays a role in intracellular sterol trafficking, has been genetically linked to AD. It is unclear how these two processes are related. Here we demonstrate that down-regulation of Abca2 in mammalian cells leads to decreased amyloid-ß (Aß) generation. In vitro studies revealed altered γ-secretase complex formation in Abca2 knock-out cells due to the altered levels, post-translational modification, and subcellular localization of Nicastrin. Reduced Abca2 levels in mammalian cells in vitro, in Drosophila melanogaster and in mice resulted in altered γ-secretase processing of APP, and thus Aß generation, without affecting Notch cleavage.

Homer2 and Homer3 interact with amyloid precursor protein and inhibit Abeta production.

The study of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing has been the focus of considerable interest, since it leads to Abeta peptide generation, the main constituent of neuritic plaques found in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Therefore, the identification of novel APP binding partners that regulate Abeta peptide production represents a pharmaceutical target aiming at reducing Alphabeta pathology. In this study, we provide evidence that Homer2 and Homer3 but not Homer1 proteins interact specifically with APP. Their expression inhibits APP processing and reduces secretion of Abeta peptides. In addition, they decrease the levels of cell surface APP and inhibit maturation of APP and beta-secretase (BACE1). The effects of Homer2 and Homer3 on APP trafficking to the cell surface and/or on APP and BACE1 maturation could be part of the mechanism by which the expression of these proteins leads to the significant reduction of Abeta peptide production.

Alterations in phosphatidylethanolamine levels affect the generation of Aß.

Several studies suggest that the generation of Aß is highly dependent on the levels of cholesterol within membranes' detergent-resistant microdomains (DRM). Indeed, the ß-amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving machinery, namely ß- and γ-secretases, has been shown to be present in DRM and its activity depends on membrane cholesterol levels. Counterintuitive to the localization of the cleavage machinery, the substrate, APP, localizes to membranes' detergent-soluble microdomains enriched in phospholipids (PL), indicating that Aß generation is highly dependent on the capacity of enzyme and substrate to diffuse along the lateral plane of the membrane and therefore on the internal equilibrium of the different lipids of DRM and non-DRM domains. Here, we studied to which extent changes in the content of a main non-DRM lipid might affect the proteolytic processing of APP. As phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounts for the majority of PL, we focused on its impact on the regulation of APP proteolysis. In mammalian cells, siRNA-mediated knock-down of PE synthesis resulted in decreased Aß owing to a dual effect: promoted α-secretase cleavage and decreased γ-secretase processing of APP. In vivo, in Drosophila melanogaster, genetic reduction in PL synthesis results in decreased γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of APP. These results suggest that modulation of the membrane-soluble domains could be a valuable alternative to reduce excessive Aß generation.