Nanoscale Spin Manipulation with Pulsed Magnetic Gradient Fields from a Hard Disc Drive Writer.

The individual and coherent control of solid-state based electron spins is important covering fields from quantum information processing and quantum metrology to material research and medical imaging. Especially for the control of individual spins in nanoscale networks, the generation of strong, fast, and localized magnetic fields is crucial. Highly engineered devices that demonstrate most of the desired features are found in nanometer size magnetic writers of hard disk drives (HDD). Currently, however, their nanoscale operation in particular comes at the cost of excessive magnetic noise. Here, we present HDD writers as a tool for the efficient manipulation of single as well as multiple spins. We show that their tunable gradients of up to 100 µT/nm can be used to spectrally address individual spins on the nanoscale. Their gigahertz bandwidth allows one to switch control fields within nanoseconds, faster than characteristic time scales such as Rabi and Larmor periods, spin-spin couplings, or optical transitions, thus extending the set of feasible spin manipulations. We used the fields to drive spin transitions through nonadiabatic fast passages or to enable the optical readout of spin states in strong misaligned fields. Building on these techniques, we further apply the large magnetic field gradients for microwave selective addressing of single spins and show its use for the nanoscale optical colocalization of two emitters.

Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects.

Pre-selection of spermatozoa based on the relative DNA difference between X- and Y-chromosome bearing populations by flow cytometry is an established method that has been introduced into commercial cattle production. Although several important improvements have increased the sort efficiency, the fertilising ability of sexed spermatozoa based on offspring per insemination is still behind farmers' expectations. The main stress factors, especially on mitochondria, that reduce the lifespan of spermatozoa are described, and new technical as well as biological solutions to maintain the natural sperm integrity and to increase the sorting efficiency are discussed. Among these methods are the identification of Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by bi-functionalised gold nanoparticles and triplex hybridisation in vivo as well as new laser-controlled deflection system that replaces the deflection of spermatozoa in the electrostatic field. Additionally, as well as a new nonsurgical transfer system of spermatozoa into the oviduct of cows has been developed and allows a significant reduction of spermatozoa per transfer. Altogether, the improvements made in the recent years will allow a broader use of sex-sorted spermatozoa even in those species that require more cells than cows and sheep.

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation.

Macrophages incubated in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG)-containing medium showed a marked decrease in cellular ATP content, and were unable to ingest IgG- and complement-coated erythrocytes via the corresponding membrane receptors for these ligands. However, the inhibitory effects of 2-dG on Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis were not a consequence of lowered macrophage ATP levels since addition of glucose or mannose to the culture medium restored the capacity of the macrophages to ingest IgG- and C3-coated particles without increasing ATP levels. These results indicate that Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis (opsonin dependent) differs qualitatively from the ingestion of latex and zymosan particles (opsonin independent); they suggest that the same regulatory molecules govern the responses of phagocytic cells to signals initiated by both the Fc and C3 receptors. The possibility that these molecules are regulated by glycosylation is discussed.

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Description of the inhibitory effect.

Incubation of normal or thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) inhibits the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize IgG- or complement-coated particles via their Fc and C3 receptors. 2-dG has no inhibitory effect on the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize latex or zymosan particles, which are ingested in the absence of specific opsonins, and it does not inhibit binding of IgG- or C3-coated particles to their respective receptors on the macrophage's plasma membrane. 2-dG exerts its inhibitory effect on the macrophage and not on the opsonized particle. The inhibition is independent of particle size, occurs within 15-30 min of addition of this glucose analogue to the medium at 37 degrees C, cannot be overcome by supra-agglutinating amounts of opsonizing antibody, and is completely reversible by substitution of 5.5 mM glucose for 50 mM 2-dG in the medium. Addition of equimolar amounts of glucose or mannose, but not of fructose, galactose, fucose, or glucosamine, to medium containing 50 mM 2-dG results in substantial reversal of the inhibitory effect of 2-dG on Fc and C3 receptor mediated phagocytosis.

Modulation of Fc receptors of mononuclear phagocytes by immobilized antigen-antibody complexes. Quantitative analysis of the relationship between ligand number and Fc receptor response.

Macrophages plated on surfaces coated with antigen-IgG complexes lose the capacity to bind and ingest IgG-coated particles via their Fc receptors (FcR). Macrophages plated on surfaces containing a similar number of IgG molecules that are not complexed to antigen show little or no decrease in FcR activity. Using a rat monoclonal antibody (2.4G2 IgG) directed against the trypsin-resistant FcR (FcRII) of mouse macrophages we show that the decrease in receptor activity induced by substrate-adherent immune complexes is caused by the physical removal of 60 and 75% of FcRII from the nonadherent membrane surfaces of resident and thioglycollate broth-induced macrophages, respectively. Macrophages maintained on antigen-IgG-coated surfaces for up to 44 h show no recovery in FcRII activity or number, while macrophages on control surfaces exhibit two and threefold increases, respectively, in these parameters. Macrophages maintained for 72 h on antigen-IgG-coated surfaces show a small recovery in FcRII activity, and in the number of FcRII that is accessible to bind 125I-2.4G2 IgG. FcRII modulation, as measured by the binding of 125I-labeled 2.4G2 IgG, is initiated when the number of IgG molecules bound to the substrate is approximately equal to the total number of FcRII on the plasma membranes of all the macrophages on the substrate. FcRII activity and number decrease linearly as the number of substrate-bound IgG molecules increases exponentially, and are maximally reduced when the number of IgG molecules on the substrate is 20-fold greater than the total number of all FcRII on the surfaces of all the macrophages in the culture. Thus there is a stoichiometric relationship between the number of IgG molecules on the substrate and the extent of FcRII modulation.

Effects of immobilized immune complexes on Fc- and complement-receptor function in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages.

We have examined the Fc- and complement-receptor function of resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages plated on surfaces coated with rabbit antibody-antigen complexes and with complement. We derive four major conclusions from these studies. (a) The trypsin-resistant Fc receptors of resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages are completely modulated when these cells are plated on rabbit antibody-antigen complexes. Residual Fc receptor activity is a result of the incomplete modulation of trypsin-sensitive IgG2a receptors. (b) The complement receptors of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, but not of resident macrophages, are modulated when these cells are plated on complement-coated surfaces. The capacity of the two cell types to modulate their complement receptors is correlated with their ability to ingest complement-coated erythrocytes. (c) The complement and Fc receptors of both types of macrophages move independently of one another. (d) Complement masks the Fc segments of IgG in immune complexes thereby rendering them ineffective as ligands for macrophage Fc receptors.

Fc receptor modulation in mononuclear phagocytes maintained on immobilized immune complexes occurs by diffusion of the receptor molecule.

We describe a method for synchronously assembling antigen-antibody complexes underneath macrophages adherent to an antigen-coated surface. We have used this method to study the mechanism of Fc receptor (FcR) disappearance that occurs when resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse macrophages are cultured on immune complex-coated surfaces. Erythrocytes opsonized with IgG (E(IgG) and a monoclonal antibody (2.4G2 IgG) directed against the trypsin-resistant FcR (FcRII) were used as indicators of the presence and distribution of FcRII molecules on the macrophage plasma membrane. Inhibitors of aerobic (NaCN) and anerobic (2-deoxyglucose, NaF) glycolysis and pinocytosis, of protein biosynthesis (cycloheximide), and of cytoskeletal function (cytochalasin B and D, colchicine, podophyllotoxin, taxol) did not reduce the rate or extent of FcRII modulation. Moreover, treatment of the macrophages with 0.1-0.5% formaldehyde did not reduce the extent of FcRII modulation as measured by the disappearance of E(IgG) binding sites. FcRII modulation was markedly slowed when the temperature was decreased to 2-4 degrees C. These results prove that FcRII modulation is governed by diffusion of the receptor in the plasma membrane. From the speed of FcRII disappearance from the macrophage's upper surface we calculate that the receptor has a diffusion coefficient at 37 degrees C of 2.5 X 10(-9) cm2/s. This finding indicates that FcRII, in its unligated form, is not linked to the macrophage's cytoskeleton, and that the receptor is capable of accommodating spatially to any distribution of ligands on a particle's surface.

A monoclonal antibody to a human neutrophil-specific plasma membrane antigen. Effect of the antibody on the C3bi-mediated adherence by neutrophils and expression of the antigen during myelopoiesis.

We have used mice selectively tolerized to antigens of human lymphocytes by treatment with cyclophosphamide to raise an mAb, BH2-C6, that reacts with a plasma membrane antigen specific for human neutrophils. This specificity is demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, cytochemical analysis of fluorescence-positive and -negative cell populations separated by flow cytometry, and by the selective, complement-mediated killing of mAb BH2-C6-treated neutrophils. Additional evidence for the neutrophil specificity of mAb BH2-C6 is shown by immunoelectron microscopy, which demonstrates a lack of reactivity with human eosinophils. Immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE-separated proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with 125I-labeled BH2-C6 identifies protein with an average molecular mass of 157 kD. Binding studies show that, at saturation, neutrophils bind 214,000 molecules of 125I-BH2-C6 per cell. Addition of mAb BH2-C6 to neutrophils significantly reduces the number of C3bi-opsonized sheep erythrocytes (EIgMC3bi) bound by these cells. This reduction is partly reversed by the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), indicating that at least one part of this inhibition is due to BH2-C6-stimulated secretion of a serine protease that may affect ligand binding. Cytochemical analysis of normal human bone marrow cells sorted by cytofluorimetry identifies the promyelocyte as the precursor cell that first expresses BH2-Ag on the plasma membrane. Using the leukemic cell line HL-60, we demonstrate that only inducers of granulocytic differentiation, cis-retinoic acid, and dimethyloxazolidine stimulate the expression of BH2-Ag. These results show that the expression of BH2-Ag during myelomonocytic differentiation is a property uniquely possessed by cells committed to the neutrophilic lineage.

Fc and C3bi receptors and the differentiation antigen BH2-Ag are randomly distributed in the plasma membrane of locomoting neutrophils.

Reports from several laboratories suggest that neutrophils arrested during locomotion preferentially bind immune complexes at the front of the cell. Such asymmetry of binding has been interpreted as indicating an active modulation of phagocytic receptors to the anterior of the cell. To investigate this further, we have used digital analysis of fluorescence images to determine the binding patterns of mAbs directed against the Fc receptors, the receptors for the C3bi fragment of C3, and a neutrophil-specific antigen. We found that all three proteins are distributed nearly identically along the length of migrating neutrophils, and their distribution very closely parallels the anterior to posterior distribution of the plasma membrane. The use of mAbs offered an important advantage in that the binding of antireceptor antibodies, unlike the binding of ligands, should be independent of potential changes in the affinity of the receptors. We conclude that the anterior distribution of the phagocytic receptors in the plasma membrane of locomoting neutrophils parallels the overall increase in membrane area at the front of a migrating cell and that specific translocation of phagocytic receptors does not occur.

Interferon suppresses pinocytosis but stimulates phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages: related changes in cytoskeletal organization.

Treatment of thioglycolate-elicited macrophages with mouse beta-interferon markedly reduces pinocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran but stimulates phagocytosis of IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes. Experiments with FITC-dextran have revealed that the overall decrease in pinocytosis is due to a nearly complete inhibition of pinocytosis in a large fraction of interferon-treated macrophages. In the remaining cells pinocytosis continues at a rate similar to that in untreated control cells. A considerable reduction in the number of cells pinocytosing FITC-dextran was observed within 12 h from the beginning of interferon treatment. Measurement of the overall level of pinocytic activity with horseradish peroxidase showed a progressive decline through 72 h of treatment. In the interferon-sensitive subpopulation, there were marked changes in cytoskeletal organization. Microtubules and 10-nm filaments were aggregated in the perinuclear region while most of the peripheral cytoplasm became devoid of these cytoskeletal structures as observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. In addition, interferon treatment of macrophages appeared to disrupt the close topological association between bundles of 10-nm filaments and organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and elements of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Such alterations in the distribution of microtubules and 10-nm filaments were not seen in the interferon-insensitive subpopulation. We have investigated the mechanism of the interferon-induced enhancement of phagocytic activity by binding IgG-coated sheep erythrocytes to mouse peritoneal macrophages at 4 degrees C and then initiating a synchronous round of ingestion by warming the cells to 37 degrees C. Thioglycolate-elicited macrophages that had been treated with mouse beta-interferon ingested IgG-coated erythrocytes faster and to a higher level than control cells in a single round of phagocytosis. In interferon-treated cultures, phagocytic cups became evident within 30 s of the shift of cultures from 4 degrees to 37 degrees C, whereas in control cultures, they appeared in 2 min. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin assembly and polymerization, abolished phagocytic activity in both control and beta-interferon-treated macrophages. However, to inhibit phagocytosis completely in thioglycolate-elicited interferon-treated macrophages, twice as much cytochalasin D was required in the treated as in control cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Tetramesityldisilene, a stable compound containing a silicon-silicon double bond.

Irradiation of 2,2-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)hexamethyltrisilane in hydrocarbon solution produces tetramesityldisilene, which can be isolated as a yellow-orange solid stable to room temperature and above in the absence of air. Like the olefins of carbon chemistry, tetramesityldisilene undergoes addition reactions across the silicon-silicon double bond.

Homing receptors and addressins.

Molecular cloning of several homing receptors and their placement within unique families of adhesion receptors over the past 2 years will now permit detailed analyses of structure, function and regulation. Novel tools have significantly contributed to the characterization of carbohydrates as essential parts of the recognition site in addressins whose molecular structures remain to be elucidated.

L-Ethionine as an inducer of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60).

The methionine analog, L-ethionine, induces morphological and biochemical changes in cultured HL-60 cells which are indicative of myeloid maturation. After 3 to 5 days of growth in the presence of L-ethionine, the majority of cells have enhanced phagocytic ability. The percentage of cells in the culture which bear complement receptors and which can respond to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate with respiratory burst activity increases more than 3-fold. Since the cells fail to become adherent and lose nonspecific esterase activity, we conclude that L-ethionine, like dimethyl sulfoxide, induces granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells.

Transport and utilization of amino acids and glucose in human monocytes: activation of glucose metabolism by insulin.

The influence of insulin on transport and utilization of amino acids and glucose in purified human peripheral blood monocytes has been studied. Insulin had an immediate stimulating effect on the uptake of 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose; the maximal effects were 55% and 47% increases, respectively, during the first 2 min, in which energy-dependent hexose uptake dominates. Later, with advancing free diffusion, values declined to 16% and 25%. After a lag of 30 min, the rise in glucose uptake was followed by a small rise in glucose oxidation, documented by an 18% increase of 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose in the presence of hormone. No effect of insulin on sodium dependent alpha-aminoisobutyric acid or sodium-independent leucine uptake in monocytes could be found. The incorporation of amino acids into monocyte protein remained unchanged as well. Our results prove that the well documented binding of insulin to human monocytes initiates specific cellular reactions. The increased hexose monophosphate shunt activity may result in increased immune reactivity of the monocyte.

A characteristic serpin cleavage product of thyroxine-binding globulin appears in sepsis sera.

T4-binding globulin (TBG), the principal thyroid hormone-binding protein of serum, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. We report a characteristic serpin cleavage product of TBG in sepsis sera. At 49-50 kDa, the TBG remnant is 4-5 kDa smaller than the intact protein and is the same molecular mass as a TBG cleavage product produced by incubation with polymorphonuclear elastase. Incubation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes also produces the 49- to 50-kDa remnant, and this proteolysis is stimulated by zymosan activation. Polymorphonuclear cell cleavage of TBG increases the ratio of free/bound T4. As previously described, in vitro cleavage of TBG by elastase also increases free/bound T4. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that serine proteases present at inflammatory sites cleave TBG, releasing its hormonal ligands.

Induction of anti-idiotypic antibodies to a myeloma protein linked covalently to muramyl dipeptide.

BALB/c mice immunized with the MOPC-315 myeloma protein linked covalently to the adjuvant muramyl dipeptide developed antibodies against the MOPC protein. The anti-idiotypic nature of the antibodies was demonstrated by the ability of N epsilon-2,4-dinitrophenyl-l-lysine, a known MOPC-315 ligand, to block antibody binding. Immunized mice developed protection against in vivo challenge with MOPC-315 tumor cells. No anti-tumor cell-mediated cytotoxicity could be demonstrated in immunized and challenged mice.

The distribution of perforin in normal tissues.

We describe the production of monoclonal antibodies to murine and human forms of the lymphocyte pore-forming protein (perforin, PFP, or cytolysin), a major granule-localized cytolytic mediator of CTL and NK cells. Antibodies were raised against both murine perforin purified from a CTL line, and human perforin expressed in bacteria as a fusion protein with the Escherichia coli TrpE protein. Antibodies raised against either immunogen inhibited the hemolytic activity of murine perforin, and thus may enable us to identify the pore-forming or self-associative domain of perforin. One mAb, MP1, was used to study the distribution of perforin in murine tissues under physiological conditions. We found that perforin was expressed in the granular metrial gland (GMG) cells of the pregnant murine uterus, but not in other tissues examined. These results further support the view that perforin is induced only in activated cytolytic lymphocytes, and raise the question whether perforin-containing GMG cells represent an effector of a maternal immune response to the fetus.

LiCB(11)Me(12): a catalyst for pericyclic rearrangements.

[structure: see text] Benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane solutions of the Li(+) salt of the weakly coordinating anion CB(11)Me(12)(-) catalyze the rearrangement of cubane to cuneane, quadricyclane to norbornadiene, basketene to Nenitzescu's hydrocarbon, and diademane to triquinacene. The Claisen rearrangement of phenyl allyl ether is also strongly accelerated.

Cleavage of thyroxine-binding globulin during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a noninhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. A characteristic serpin cleavage product of TBG has been demonstrated in sera of septic patients. We find that a similar cleavage product appears in serum during the rapid decline of immunoassayable TBG and thyroxine (T(4)) that is associated with the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In vitro cleavage of TBG by the serine protease, neutrophil elastase induces a conformational change that has previously been shown to weaken affinity for T(4.) In vitro protease cleavage also decreases immunoassayable TBG, probably because the conformational change decreases the availability of the TBG epitopes to the measuring antibody. Thus, the rapid decrease in immunoassayable TBG concentration previously attributed to accelerated clearance is caused in part by the proteolytic cleavage per se. The evidence for proteolysis of TBG concurrent with the decrease in serum T(4) during CPB is consistent with the proposed release of T(4) from TBG to cells showing serine protease activity.