ORMDL3 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by maintaining ER-mitochondria contacts in human macrophages and dictates ulcerative colitis patient outcome.

Genome-wide association studies in inflammatory bowel disease have identified risk loci in the orosomucoid-like protein 3/ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3 (ORMDL3) gene to confer susceptibility to ulcerative colitis (UC), but the underlying functional relevance remains unexplored. Here, we found that a subpopulation of the UC patients who had higher disease activity shows enhanced expression of ORMDL3 compared to the patients with lower disease activity and the non-UC controls. We also found that the patients showing high ORMDL3 mRNA expression have elevated interleukin-1ß cytokine levels indicating positive correlation. Further, knockdown of ORMDL3 in the human monocyte-derived macrophages resulted in significantly reduced interleukin-1ß release. Mechanistically, we report for the first time that ORMDL3 contributes to a mounting inflammatory response via modulating mitochondrial morphology and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Specifically, we observed an increased fragmentation of mitochondria and enhanced contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during ORMDL3 over-expression, enabling efficient NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We show that ORMDL3 that was previously known to be localized in the ER also becomes localized to mitochondria-associated membranes and mitochondria during inflammatory conditions. Additionally, ORMDL3 interacts with mitochondrial dynamic regulating protein Fis-1 present in the mitochondria-associated membrane. Accordingly, knockdown of ORMDL3 in a dextran sodium sulfate -induced colitis mouse model showed reduced colitis severity. Taken together, we have uncovered a functional role for ORMDL3 in mounting inflammation during UC pathogenesis by modulating ER-mitochondrial contact and dynamics.

Development and Validation of HAS (Hajibandeh Index, ASA Status, Sarcopenia) - A Novel Model for Predicting Mortality After Emergency Laparotomy.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a predictive model to predict the risk of postoperative mortality after emergency laparotomy taking into account the following variables: age, age ≥ 80, ASA status, clinical frailty score, sarcopenia, Hajibandeh Index (HI), bowel resection, and intraperitoneal contamination. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The discriminative powers of the currently available predictive tools range between adequate and strong; none has demonstrated excellent discrimination yet. METHODS: The TRIPOD and STROCSS statement standards were followed to protocol and conduct a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic acute abdominal pathology between 2017 and 2022. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to develop and validate the model via two protocols (Protocol A and B). The model performance was evaluated in terms of discrimination (ROC curve analysis), calibration (calibration diagram and Hosmer-Lemeshow test), and classification (classification table). RESULTS: One thousand forty-three patients were included (statistical power = 94%). Multivariable analysis kept HI (Protocol-A: P =0.0004; Protocol-B: P =0.0017), ASA status (Protocol-A: P =0.0068; Protocol-B: P =0.0007), and sarcopenia (Protocol-A: P <0.0001; Protocol-B: P <0.0001) as final predictors of 30-day postoperative mortality in both protocols; hence the model was called HAS (HI, ASA status, sarcopenia). The HAS demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC: 0.96, P <0.0001), excellent calibration ( P <0.0001), and excellent classification (95%) via both protocols. CONCLUSIONS: The HAS is the first model demonstrating excellent discrimination, calibration, and classification in predicting the risk of 30-day mortality following emergency laparotomy. The HAS model seems promising and is worth attention for external validation using the calculator provided. HAS mortality risk calculator https://app.airrange.io/#/element/xr3b_E6yLor9R2c8KXViSAeOSK .

Sarcopenia versus clinical frailty scale in predicting the risk of postoperative mortality after emergency laparotomy: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare predictive significance of sarcopenia and clinical frailty scale (CFS) in terms of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy METHODS: In compliance with STROCSS statement standards, a retrospective cohort study with prospective data collection approach was conducted. The study period was between January 2017 and January 2022. All adult patients with non-traumatic acute abdominal pathology who underwent emergency laparotomy in our centre were included. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and 90-day mortality. The predictive value of sarcopenia and CFS were compared using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1043 eligible patients were included. The risk of 30-day mortality, in-hospital mortality, and 90-day mortality were 8%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. ROC curve analysis suggested that sarcopenia is a significantly stronger predictor of 30-day mortality (AUC: 0.87 vs. 0.70, P<0.0001), in-hospital mortality (AUC: 0.79 vs. 0.67, P=0.0011), and 90-day mortality (AUC: 0.79 vs. 0.67, P=0.0009) compared with CFS. Moreover, multivariable binary logistic regression analysis identified sarcopenia as an independent predictor of mortality [coefficient: 4.333, OR: 76.16 (95% CI 37.06-156.52), P<0.0001] but not the CFS [coefficient: 0.096, OR: 1.10 (95% CI 0.88-1.38), P=0.4047]. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is a stronger predictor of postoperative mortality compared with CFS in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. It cancels out the predictive value of clinical frailty scale in multivariable analyses; hence among the two variables, sarcopenia deserves to be included in preoperative predictive tools.

Buparvaquone Induces Ultrastructural and Physiological Alterations Leading to Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Caspase-Independent Apoptotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (endemic in 99 countries) caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. As treatment options are limited, there is an unmet need for new drugs. The hydroxynaphthoquinone class of compounds demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against protozoan parasites. Buparvaquone (BPQ), a member of this class, is the only drug licensed for the treatment of theileriosis. BPQ has shown promising antileishmanial activity but its mode of action is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural and physiological effects of BPQ for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the in vitro antiproliferative activity in Leishmania donovani. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analyses of BPQ-treated parasites revealed ultrastructural effects characteristic of apoptosis-like cell death, which include alterations in the nucleus, mitochondrion, kinetoplast, flagella, and the flagellar pocket. Using flow cytometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy, and fluorometry, we found that BPQ induced caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death by losing plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry and cell cycle arrest at sub-G0/G1 phase. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane leads to the generation of oxidative stress and impaired ATP synthesis followed by disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Collectively, these findings provide valuable mechanistic insights and demonstrate BPQ's potential for development as an antileishmanial agent.

Musashi-2 causes cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction through destabilizing Cluh and Smyd1 mRNA.

Regulation of RNA stability and translation by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is a crucial process altering gene expression. Musashi family of RBPs comprising Msi1 and Msi2 is known to control RNA stability and translation. However, despite the presence of MSI2 in the heart, its function remains largely unknown. Here, we aim to explore the cardiac functions of MSI2. We confirmed the presence of MSI2 in the adult mouse, rat heart, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Msi2 was significantly enriched in the heart cardiomyocyte fraction. Next, using RNA-seq data and isoform-specific PCR primers, we identified Msi2 isoforms 1, 4, and 5, and two novel putative isoforms labeled as Msi2 6 and 7 to be expressed in the heart. Overexpression of Msi2 isoforms led to cardiac hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes. Additionally, Msi2 exhibited a significant increase in a pressure-overload model of cardiac hypertrophy. We selected isoforms 4 and 7 to validate the hypertrophic effects due to their unique alternative splicing patterns. AAV9-mediated overexpression of Msi2 isoforms 4 and 7 in murine hearts led to cardiac hypertrophy, dilation, heart failure, and eventually early death, confirming a pathological function for Msi2. Using global proteomics, gene ontology, transmission electron microscopy, seahorse, and transmembrane potential measurement assays, increased MSI2 was found to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart. Mechanistically, we identified Cluh and Smyd1 as direct downstream targets of Msi2. Overexpression of Cluh and Smyd1 inhibited Msi2-induced cardiac malfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction. Collectively, we show that Msi2 induces hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and heart failure.

Augmented experimental design for bioavailability enhancement: a robust formulation of abiraterone acetate.

Abiraterone acetate (ABRTA) is clinically beneficial in management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC-3). With highlighted low solubility and permeability, orally hampered treatment of ABRTA necessitate high dose to achieve therapeutic efficacy. To triumph these challenges, we aimed to develop intestinal lymphatic transport facilitating lipid-based delivery to enhance bioavailability. ABRTA-containing self-nano emulsified drug delivery (ABRTA-SNEDDS) was statistically optimized by D-optimal design using design expert. Optimized formulation was characterized for particle size, thermodynamic stability, in vitro release, in vivo bioavailability, intestinal lymphatic transport, in vitro cytotoxic effect, anti-metastatic activity, and apoptosis study. Moreover, hemolysis and histopathology studies have been performed to assess pre-clinical safety. Nano-sized particles and successful saturated drug loading were obtained for optimized formulation. In vitro release upto 98.61 ± 3.20% reveal effective release of formulation at intestinal pH 6.8. ABRTA-SNEDDS formulation shows enhanced in vivo exposure of Abiraterone (2.5-fold) than ABRTA suspension in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro efficacy in PC-3 cell line indicates 3.69-fold higher therapeutic potential of nano drug delivery system. Hemolysis and histopathology study indicates no significant toxicities to red blood cells and tissues, respectively. Apparently, an opportunistic strategy to increasing bioavailability of ABRTA via intestinal lymphatic transport will create a viable platform in rapidly evolving chemotherapy. Enhanced translational utility of delivery was also supported through in vitro therapeutic efficacy and safety assessments. HighlightsAbiraterone acetate is a prostate cancer drug, impeded with low bioavailability.ABRTA loaded in self nano emulsifying drug delivery enhanced its bioavailability.Intestinal lymphatic transport played role in enhanced bioavailability of ABRTA.ABRTA-SNEDDS enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity of ABRTA.ABRTA-SNEDDS found safe in preclinical safety evaluations.

Downregulation of gamma subunit of TCP1 chaperonin of Leishmania donovani modulates extracellular vesicles-mediated macrophage microbicidal function.

T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a group II chaperonin, known to fold various proteins like actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani only one subunit that is gamma subunit (LdTCP1γ) has been functionally characterized as a homo-oligomeric complex that exhibits ATP-dependent protein folding. The gene is essential for the survival and infectivity of the parasite. Leishmania parasite releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing numerous virulence factors, which play an essential role in parasite pathogenesis and modulate host immune cell signaling. The present study demonstrates that LdTCP1γ is secreted in the EVs and modulates host macrophage functions. EVs isolated from LdTCP1γ single-allele-replacement mutants significantly upregulate the microbicidal function of LPS-induced macrophage as evident by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), iNOS and NO production. Further, the comparative proteomics of wild-type and single-allele-replacement mutant EVs showed that out of 876 identified proteins, 207 were significantly modulated. Among them, the top 50 modulated and abundantly secreted proteins constitute ∼40% of the total identified protein intensity and include virulence factors such as GP63, peroxiredoxin, enolase, HSP70, elongation factor 2, amastin, eukaryotic translation initiation factor and α-tubulin. The comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the proteome enrichment of the EVs from LdTCP1γ single-allele replacement mutants significantly differs from wild-type EVs, which may be responsible for the altered host microbicidal responses. Thus, our data provide new insight into the role of LdTCP1γ in EVs-mediated host-parasite interactions.

Amalgamated Microneedle Array Bearing Ribociclib-Loaded Transfersomes Eradicates Breast Cancer via CD44 Targeting.

HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is one of the most common and life-threatening conditions diagnosed in women. The endocrine therapy using an orally active CDK4/6 inhibitor, ribociclib (RB), is the most intriguing approach for treating HR+/HER2- MBC. However, the repeated three to six cycles of multiple dosing and non-targeted distribution of RB led to severe neutropenia; hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities, and QT interval prolongation. Here, a novel organic solvent-free HA-PVA-PVP (hyaluronic acid-polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinyl pyrrolidone) composed of a microneedle (MN) array is formulated to deliver RB, integrated with amphiphilic conjugated polymer (HA-GMS)-anchored ultradeformable transfersomes. This unique MN array efficiently crafts microchannels in the skin, allowing HA-RB-Ts to internalize into the tumor cells through lymphatic and systemic absorption and interact with CD44 both spatially and temporally with an amplification of drug release time up to 6-folds. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies portray drug concentrations within the therapeutic window as long as 48 h, facilitating thrice-a-week frequency with the lower dose, and rule out severe toxicities, with a significant reduction in 8.3-fold RB concentration in vital organs that ultimately enhances the survival rate. Thus, the novel MN system pursues a unique embeddable feature and offers an effective, self-administrable, biodegradable, and chronic treatment option for patients requiring long-term cancer treatments.

Modulation of protein phosphatase 1 gamma 2 during cell division of cervical cancer HeLa cells.

INTRODUCTION: Protein phosphatases (PP) and kinases are known to regulate the cell cycle dynamics. Although kinases have been studied extensively, most of the phosphatases are still unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association of an isoform of PP1 family protein phosphatases 1 gamma 2 (PP1γ2) in the regulation of cervical cancer HeLa cell proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Expression of PP1γ2 transcript and protein was assessed in the cervical cancer cell line of HeLa cells through RT-PCR and western blotting. Flow cytometry was employed to confirm its expression quantitatively, and Immuno-fluorescence was done to evaluate the distribution of PP1γ2 in the dividing mononuclear and Taxol-induced multipolar HeLa cells. PP1γ2-specific siRNA-mediated silencing was done to understand downstream pathways. The effect of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment on PP1γ2 expression was also evaluated. RESULTS: RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed the expression of PP1γ2 in HeLa cells, and flow cytometry analysis established intracellular expression of PP1γ2. Immunofluorescence is localized PP1γ2 in the nucleus of mononuclear cells during interphase, whereas it is transiently redistributed to spindle poles throughout the cell division and localized back to the nucleus after complete karyokinesis. Taxol-induced multipolar HeLa cells also showed a temporal redistribution of PP1γ2 on the spindle poles. Hypoxic conditions upregulated PP1γ2 expression, but downregulated PP1γ2 levels through siRNA increased GSK3ß phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, data suggests that PP1γ2 is modulated during HeLa cell division and regulates GSK3ß phosphorylation, which may regulate downstream signalling of cell division.

Indomethacin impairs mitochondrial dynamics by activating the PKCζ-p38-DRP1 pathway and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells.

The subcellular mechanism by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells is elusive because of the diverse cyclooxygenase-independent effects of these drugs. Using human gastric carcinoma cells (AGSs) and a rat gastric injury model, here we report that the NSAID indomethacin activates the protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ)-p38 MAPK (p38)-dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) pathway and thereby disrupts the physiological balance of mitochondrial dynamics by promoting mitochondrial hyper-fission and dysfunction leading to apoptosis. Notably, DRP1 knockdown or SB203580-induced p38 inhibition reduced indomethacin-induced damage to AGSs. Indomethacin impaired mitochondrial dynamics by promoting fissogenic activation and mitochondrial recruitment of DRP1 and down-regulating fusogenic optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusins in rat gastric mucosa. Consistent with OPA1 maintaining cristae architecture, its down-regulation resulted in EM-detectable cristae deformity. Deregulated mitochondrial dynamics resulting in defective mitochondria were evident from enhanced Parkin expression and mitochondrial proteome ubiquitination. Indomethacin ultimately induced mitochondrial metabolic and bioenergetic crises in the rat stomach, indicated by compromised fatty acid oxidation, reduced complex I- associated electron transport chain activity, and ATP depletion. Interestingly, Mdivi-1, a fission-preventing mito-protective drug, reversed indomethacin-induced DRP1 phosphorylation on Ser-616, mitochondrial proteome ubiquitination, and mitochondrial metabolic crisis. Mdivi-1 also prevented indomethacin-induced mitochondrial macromolecular damage, caspase activation, mucosal inflammation, and gastric mucosal injury. Our results identify mitochondrial hyper-fission as a critical and common subcellular event triggered by indomethacin that promotes apoptosis in both gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells, thereby contributing to mucosal injury.

Gedunin isolated from the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum exerts its anti-proliferative activity in ovarian cancer cells through G2/M-phase arrest and oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptosis.

Gedunin is a natural tetranorterpenoid secondary metabolite found in plants of the Meliaceae family, which has been reported for its antiparasitic, antifungal and anticancer activities. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti proliferative activity of gedunin (isolated from the mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum) in human ovarian cancer cells. We observed that gedunin triggered severe ROS generation leading to DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase thus inhibiting cell proliferation. ROS upregulation also led to mitochondrial stress and membrane depolarization, which eventually resulted in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis following cytochrome C release, caspase 9, 3 activation, and PARP cleavage. Transmission electron microscopy of gedunin treated cells revealed sub-cellular features typical of apoptosis. Moreover, an upregulation in stress kinases like phospho-ERK 1/2, phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK was also observed in gedunin treated cells. Free radical scavenger N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) reversed all these effects resulting in increased cell survival, abrogation of cell cycle arrest, rescue of mitochondrial membrane potential and suppression of apoptotic markers. Interestingly, gedunin is also an inhibitor of the evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 (hsp90) responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Targeting this chaperone could be an attractive strategy for developing cancer therapeutics since many oncogenic proteins are also client proteins of hsp90. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of action of gedunin, which may aid drug development efforts against ovarian cancer.

Leishmania donovani Exploits Tollip, a Multitasking Protein, To Impair TLR/IL-1R Signaling for Its Survival in the Host.

IL-1R/TLR signaling plays a significant role in sensing harmful foreign pathogens and mounting effective innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the precise mechanism by which Leishmania donovani, an obligate intramacrophagic pathogen, breaches IL-1R/TLR signaling and host-protective immunity remains obscure. In this study, we report the novel biphasic role of Toll-interacting protein (Tollip), a negative regulator of the IL-1R/TLR pathway, in the disease progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. We observed that during early hours of infection, L. donovani induced phosphorylation of IRAK-1, resulting in the release of Tollip from the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 complex in J774 macrophages, which then acted as an endocytic adaptor on cell surface IL-1R1 and promoted its lysosomal degradation. In the later stage, Tollip shuttled back to IRAK-1, thereby inhibiting IRAK-1 phosphorylation in association with IRAK-M to neutralize downstream TLR signaling in infected macrophages. Moreover, during late infection, L. donovani enhanced nuclear translocation and recruitment of transcription factors early growth response protein 2, NF erythroid 2-related factor 2, and Ahr on Tollip promoter for its induction. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Tollip in infected macrophages significantly enhanced NF-κB activation and induced host-defensive IL-12 and TNF-α synthesis, thereby reducing amastigote multiplication. Likewise, abrogation of Tollip in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice resulted in STAT-1-, IRF-1-, and NF-κB-mediated upregulation of host-protective cytokines and reduced organ parasite burden, thereby implicating its role in disease aggravation. Taken together, we conclude that L. donovani exploited the multitasking function of Tollip for its own establishment through downregulating IL-1R1/TLR signaling in macrophages.

A TLR4-derived non-cytotoxic, self-assembling peptide functions as a vaccine adjuvant in mice.

Vaccination is devised/formulated to stimulate specific and prolonged immune responses for long-term protection against infection or disease. A vaccine component, namely adjuvant, enhances antigen recognition by the host immune system and thereby stimulates its cellular and adaptive responses. Especially synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists having self-assembling properties are considered as good candidates for adjuvant development. Here, a human TLR4-derived 20-residue peptide (TR-433), present in the dimerization interface of the TLR4-myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD2) complex, displayed self-assembly and adopted a nanostructure. Both in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in mice indicated that TR-433 is nontoxic. TR-433 induced pro-inflammatory responses in THP-1 monocytes and HEK293T cells that were transiently transfected with TLR4/CD14/MD2 and also in BALB/c mice. In light of the self-assembly and pro-inflammatory properties of TR-433, we immunized with a mixture of TR-433 and either ovalbumin or filarial antigen trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). A significant amount of IgG titers was produced, suggesting adjuvanting capability of TR-433 that was comparable with that of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and appreciably higher than that of alum. We found that TR-433 preferentially activates type 1 helper T cell (Th1) response rather than type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of a short TLR4-derived peptide that possesses both self-assembling and pro-inflammatory properties and has significant efficacy as an adjuvant, capable of activating cellular responses in mice. These results indicate that TR-433 possesses significant potential for development as a new adjuvant in therapeutic application.

Microtubule depolymerization attenuates WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling in mouse uterus and leads to implantation failure.

Microtubule (MT) dynamics plays a crucial role in fertilization and early embryonic development; however its involvement in uterus during embryo implantation remains unclear. Herein, we report the effect of microtubule depolymerization during embryo implantation in BALB/c mice. Intrauterine treatment with depolymerizing agent nocodazole at pre-implantation phase (D4, 07:00 h) in mice resulted into mitigation in receptivity markers viz. LIF, HoxA10, Integrin-ß3, IHH, WNT4 and led to pregnancy failure. MT depolymerization in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) also inhibited the blastocyst attachment and the adhesion. The decreased expression of MT polymerization-related proteins TPPP and α/ß-tubulin in luminal and glandular epithelial cells along with the alteration in morphology of pinopodes in the luminal epithelium was observed in nocodazole receiving uteri. Nocodazole treatment also led to increased intracellular Ca+2 levels in EECs, which indicated that altered Ca+2 homeostasis might be responsible for implantation failure. Microtubule depolymerization inhibited WNT4 and Fz-2 interaction, thereby suppressing the downstream WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling cascades calmodulin and calcineurin which led to attenuation of NF-κB transcriptional promoter activity in EECs. MT depolymerization or CaMKIIα knockdown inhibited the transcription factor NFAT and NF-κB expression along with reduced secretion of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α in mouse EECs. Overall, MT depolymerization impaired the WNT4/CaMKIIα signaling and suppressed the secretion of PGE2 and PGF2α in EECs which may be responsible for implantation failure in mice.

Direct physical interaction of active Ras with mSIN1 regulates mTORC2 signaling.

BACKGROUND: The mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR), a Ser/Thr kinase, associates with different subunits forming two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulating a diverse set of cellular functions in response to growth factors, cellular energy levels, and nutrients. The mechanisms regulating mTORC1 activity are well characterized; regulation of mTORC2 activity, however, remains obscure. While studies conducted in Dictyostelium suggest a possible role of Ras protein as a potential upstream regulator of mTORC2, definitive studies delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly in mammalian cells, are still lacking. METHODS: Protein levels were measured by Western blotting and kinase activity of mTORC2 was analyzed by in vitro kinase assay. In situ Proximity ligation assay (PLA) and co-immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect protein-protein interaction. Protein localization was investigated by immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation while cellular function of mTORC2 was assessed by assaying extent of cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: Here, we present experimental evidence in support of the role of Ras activation as an upstream regulatory switch governing mTORC2 signaling in mammalian cancer cells. We report that active Ras through its interaction with mSIN1 accounts for mTORC2 activation, while disruption of this interaction by genetic means or via peptide-based competitive hindrance, impedes mTORC2 signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Our study defines the regulatory role played by Ras during mTORC2 signaling in mammalian cells and highlights the importance of Ras-mSIN1 interaction in the assembly of functionally intact mTORC2.

Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K/Akt pathway.

In an endeavor to search for affordable and safer therapeutics against debilitating visceral leishmaniasis, we examined antileishmanial potential of ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate (AS101); a tellurium based non toxic immunomodulator. AS101 showed significant in vitro efficacy against both Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes at sub-micromolar concentrations. AS101 could also completely eliminate organ parasite load from L. donovani infected Balb/c mice along with significant efficacy against infected hamsters (˃93% inhibition). Analyzing mechanistic details revealed that the double edged AS101 could directly induce apoptosis in promastigotes along with indirectly activating host by reversing T-cell anergy to protective Th1 mode, increased ROS generation and anti-leishmanial IgG production. AS101 could inhibit IL-10/STAT3 pathway in L. donovani infected macrophages via blocking α4ß7 integrin dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and activate host MAPKs and NF-κB for Th1 response. In silico docking and biochemical assays revealed AS101's affinity to form thiol bond with cysteine residues of trypanothione reductase in Leishmania promastigotes leading to its inactivation and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis of the parasite via increased Ca2+ level, loss of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential along with metacaspase activation. Our findings provide the first evidence for the mechanism of action of AS101 with excellent safety profile and suggest its promising therapeutic potential against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.

In vitro leishmanicidal effects of the anti-fungal drug natamycin are mediated through disruption of calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Natamycin, a Food and Drug Administration approved anti-fungal drug, and also used as a food additive was evaluated for anti-leishmanial activity since it is known to specifically bind to ergosterol, which is essential to these parasites but absent in mammals. Promising anti-proliferative activity was observed in both promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite with IC50 values of 15 and 8 µM respectively and a selective index of 12.5. The ultrastructural effects of natamycin on both forms of the parasite and physiological effects on promastigotes were studied in detail for the first time. Electron microscopic observations in treated cells revealed sub-cellular changes like plasma membrane alterations, accumulation of vesicles in the flagellar pocket and extensive mitochondrial damage. Natamycin treatment in promastigotes resulted in elevation of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) levels which caused irreversible loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This resulted in depletion of cellular ATP levels along with ROS generation finally leading to apoptosis-like and necrotic cell death. In view of our observations along with the safety profile of an existing anti-fungal drug, natamycin may be further investigated for repurposing it as a promising drug candidate against Leishmaniasis.

Imaging and Quantitative Detection of Lipid Droplets by Yellow Fluorescent Probes in Liver Sections of Plasmodium Infected Mice and Third Stage Human Cervical Cancer Tissues.

The diagnosis and prognosis of the disease associated with lipid irregularity are areas of extreme significance. In this direction, fluoranthene based yellow fluorescent probes (FLUN-550, FLUN-552, FLUN-547) were designed and synthesized by conjugating the ethanolamine headgroup of the phospholipid phosphatidyl-ethanolamine present in biological membranes. Owing to unique photophysical properties and aqueous compatibility, these probes were successfully employed for staining lipid droplets (LDs) in preadipocytes and Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Furthermore, using the fluorescent probes FLUN-550 and FLUN-552 we successfully imaged and quantitatively detected the excess accumulation of lipids in a liver section of Plasmodium yoelii MDR infected mice (3- to 4-fold) and the tissue sections of third stage human cervical cancer patients (1.5- to 2-fold) compared to normal tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of yellow fluorescent probes for imaging and quantitative detection of LDs in human cervical cancer tissues. These new yellow fluorescent lipid probes (FLUN-550 and FLUN-552) showed great potential for diagnosis of cervical cancer patients.

Biofilm inhibition and anti-Candida activity of a cationic lipo-benzamide molecule with twin-nonyl chain.

A series of cationic lipo-benzamide compounds with varying lengths of hydrocarbon chains (C2M-C18M) were evaluated for anti-Candida activity. Four compounds harbouring 8-11 hydrocarbon chains demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of fungal cell growth with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ≤6.2 µg ml-1. The most active compound (C9M) inhibited growth of both Candida albicans and non-albicans strains and is equally active against pairs of azole sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. Compound C9M also inhibited different stages of Candida biofilms. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Candida cells after C9M treatment was also done and no significant cell lysis was observed. Hemolysis assay was performed and only 2.5% haemolysis was observed at MIC concentration.