Imaging for Native Mitral Valve Surgical and Transcatheter Interventions.

There has been rapid progress in transcatheter therapies for mitral regurgitation. These developments have elevated the need for the imager to have a core understanding of the functional mitral valve anatomy. Pre- and intraoperative echocardiography for surgical mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation has defined contemporary interventional imaging in many ways. The central tenets of these principles apply to interventional imaging of transcatheter mitral valve interventions. However, the heightened emphasis on procedural planning and procedural imaging is one of the new challenges posed by transcatheter interventions. This need for accurate and reliable information has required the imager to be agnostic to the imaging modality. Cardiac computed tomography has become critical in procedural planning in this new paradigm. The expanded use of pre-procedural cardiac magnetic resonance to quantify mitral regurgitation and characterize the left ventricle is another illustration of this newer approach. Other illustrations of the new world of interventional imaging include the expanded use of 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography and real-time fusion of echocardiography and fluoroscopy images. Imaging data are also the basis for computational modeling, 3D printing, and artificial intelligence. These technologies are being increasingly explored to improve therapy selection and prediction of procedural outcomes. This review provides an update of the essentials in present interventional imaging for surgical and transcatheter interventions for mitral regurgitation.

Routine Use of Contrast on Admission Transthoracic Echocardiography for Heart Failure Reduces the Rate of Repeat Echocardiography during Index Admission.

BACKGROUND: The authors retrospectively evaluated the impact of ultrasound enhancing agent (UEA) use in the first transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examination, regardless of baseline image quality, on the number of repeat TTEs and length of stay (LOS) during a heart failure (HF) admission. METHODS: There were 9,115 HF admissions associated with admission TTE examinations over a 4-year period (5,337 men; mean age, 67.6 ± 15.0 years). Patients were grouped into those who received UEAs (contrast group) in the first TTE study and those who did not (noncontrast group). Repeat TTE examinations were classified as justified if performed for concrete clinical indications during hospitalization. RESULTS: In the 9,115 admissions for HF (5,600 in the contrast group, 3,515 in the noncontrast group), 927 patients underwent repeat TTE studies (505 in the contrast group, 422 in the noncontrast group), which were considered justified in 823 patients. Of the 104 patients who underwent unjustified repeat TTE studies, 80 (76.7%) belonged to the noncontrast group and 24 to the contrast group. Also, UEA use increased from 50.4% in 2014 to 74.3%, and the rate of unjustified repeat studies decreased from 1.3% to 0.9%. The rates of unjustified repeat TTE imaging were 2.3% and 0.4% (in the noncontrast and contrast groups, respectively), and patients in the contrast group were less likely to undergo unjustified repeat examinations (odds ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.12-0.29; P < .0001). The mean LOS was significantly lower in the contrast group (9.5 ± 10.5 vs 11.1 ± 13.7 days). The use of UEA in the first TTE study was also associated with reduced LOS (linear regression, ß1 = -0.47, P = .036), with 20% lower odds for odds of prolonged (>6 days) LOS. CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of UEA in the first TTE examination for HF irrespective of image quality is associated with reduced unjustified repeat TTE testing and may reduce LOS during an index HF admission.

Cardiac imaging in women: use of radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging and echocardiography for acute chest pain.

Evidence for the value of noninvasive cardiac imaging in patients for the detection of ischemic heart disease has traditionally come from trials using male patients. The application of such technology for women is often presumptive. Because there is an overall lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease in women, difference in body habitus, and smaller heart size, cardiac imaging in women presents unique challenges for imaging specialists and cardiologists. With the introduction of technetium-99 meters perfusion agents, gated single-photon emission computed tomography, and attenuation correction, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in women has achieved a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of coronary artery disease similar to that observed in men. With harmonic imaging and myocardial contrast agents, two-dimensional echocardiography offers comparable diagnostic accuracy in women. More importantly, MPI and stress echocardiography have prognostic value in predicting future cardiovascular events. The severity and extent of the single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion defects independently predict future cardiovascular events. Myocardial perfusion rest imaging during acute chest pain has a 99% negative predictive value of subsequent cardiovascular events, and a positive study MPI is the most important predictor for future cardiac events. Both MPI and stress echocardiography can direct high-risk patients to more invasive management or selectively identify lower-risk patients, allowing safe discharge from the emergency department and unnecessary hospitalization. Using a triage approach incorporating MPI or rest echocardiography in patients with acute chest pain results in significant cost savings. However, data on rest imaging in women during acute chest pain are still lacking.

Hormone therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators for prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women estrogen replacement from the cardiologist's perspective.

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women older than the age of 50 in the United States today. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension) are more clearly associated with significant cardiovascular risk after menopause. The increased incidence of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women and the evidence that cardiovascular disease on average manifests a decade later in women compared with men suggests that estrogen deficiency may predispose women to a higher cardiovascular risk. Numerous biologic mechanisms have been proposed that relate use of hormone therapy (HT) to improved lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, and vascular reactivity. Early observational trials in the last 2 decades showed a significant decrease in cardiovascular events. Recently published randomized clinical trial results, however, have led to uncertainty about the earlier established cardiovascular benefits of HT. To complicate issues further, alternative estrogenlike compounds, selective estrogen receptor modulators, are being introduced that appear to convey similar cardiovascular benefit and notably less cancer risk than HT. The newly released randomized trials on hormone and nonhormonal agents are reviewed.