In vitro and in vivo detection of microbial gene expression in bioactivated scaffolds seeded with cyanobacteria.

Dermal replacement materials bioactivated with cyanobacteria have shown promising potential for wound regeneration. To date, extraction of cyanobacteria RNA from seeded scaffolds has not been described. The aim of this study was to develop a method to isolate total RNA from bioactivated scaffolds and to propose a new approach in determining living bacteria based on real-time PCR. Transgenic Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (tSyn7002) were seeded in liquid cultures or scaffolds for dermal regeneration in vitro and in vivo for 7 days. RNA was extracted with a 260/280 ratio of ≥2. The small subunit of the 30S ribosome in prokaryotes (16S) and RNAse P protein (rnpA) were validated as reference transcripts for PCR analysis. Gene expression patterns differed in vitro and in vivo. Expression of 16S was significantly upregulated in scaffolds in vitro, as compared to liquid cultures, whilst rnpA expression was comparable. In vivo, both 16S and rnpA showed reduced expression compared to in vitro (16S: in vivo Ct value 13.21 ± 0.32, in vitro 12.44 ± 0.42; rnpA in vivo Ct value 19.87 ± 0.41, in vitro 17.75 ± 1.41). Overall, the results demonstrate rnpA and 16S expression after 7 days of implantation in vitro and in vivo, proving the presence of living bacteria embedded in scaffolds using qPCR.

[Unguis incarnatus-conservative or operative treatment? A practical treatment algorithm]. / Unguis incarnatus ­ konservative oder operative Therapie? Ein praktischer Behandlungsalgorithmus.

Unguis incarnatus, an ingrown toenail, is a common condition in primary care, which is encountered by various medical professions. Inconsistent conservative treatment and nonindicated surgical treatment often result in complications and recurrence of the disease. Patients must be thoroughly informed about the complexity of the nail organ. This is a prerequisite to prevent trivialization of the disease and to achieve appropriate patient compliance for treatment. In this article a practical diagnostic and treatment algorithm for unguis incarnatus is presented. In mild cases of acute unguis incarnatus a consistent conservative treatment is the first-line strategy showing promising results. In cases of moderate to severe forms of acute unguis incarnatus, surgical procedures that preserve the nail matrix should be applied. For cases of chronic unguis incarnatus without an acute infection, elective partial matrixectomy can be indicated. Prior to any surgical intervention, detailed informed consent must be obtained from the patients.

Immediate versus secondary DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a multicenter outcome study.

PURPOSE: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at the time of mastectomy is gaining popularity, as studies show no negative impact on recurrence or patient survival, but better aesthetic outcome, less psychological distress and lower treatment costs. Using the largest database available in Europe, the presented study compared outcomes and complications of IBR vs. delayed breast reconstruction (DBR). METHODS: 3926 female patients underwent 4577 free DIEP-flap breast reconstructions after malignancies in 22 different German breast cancer centers. The cases were divided into two groups according to the time of reconstruction: an IBR and a DBR group. Surgical complications were accounted for and the groups were then compared. RESULTS: Overall, the rate of partial-(1.0 versus 1.2 percent of cases; p = 0.706) and total flap loss (2.3 versus 1.9 percent of cases; p = 0.516) showed no significant difference between the groups. The rate of revision surgery was slightly, but significantly lower in the IBR group (7.7 versus 9.8 percent; p = 0.039). Postoperative mobilization was commenced significantly earlier in the IBR group (mobilization on postoperative day 1: 82.1 versus 68.7 percent; p < 0.001), and concordantly the mean length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (7.3 (SD3.7) versus 8.9 (SD13.0) days; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: IBR is feasible and cannot be considered a risk factor for complications or flap outcome. Our results support the current trend towards an increasing number of IBR. Especially in times of economic pressure in health care, the importance of a decrease of hospitalization cannot be overemphasized.

[Registry Research Funding of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (DGPRÄC) and Research Funding Report 2021/2022]. / Register Forschungsförderung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie (DGPRÄC) und Forschungsförderungs-Bericht 2021/2022.

BACKGROUND: Research is an integral part of academic medicine. In plastic surgery, it sets the course for innovations in the specialty. The purpose of this study is to present the research performance of plastic surgeons in Germany for the period 2021/2022 and to compare it with previous periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The directors of plastic surgical academic institutions reported all requested/approved and rejected research applications to public, non-public and industrial funding organizations. Data was gathered within an established online database. In addition, the DFG´s public database GEPRIS was screened for plastic surgical research grants. Data was also collected regarding research infrastructure and organization at the participating centers. RESULTS: 105 applications were reported to 54 different funding agencies from 20 plastic surgery centers. 37 funding applications were submitted to the major public funding agencies DFG, BMBF, BMWi, BMG, BMVg, G-BA and EU. Of these, 59,5% (22/37) were DFG, 13,5% (5/37) each BMBF and EU, 5,4% (2/37) BMWi, and 2,7% (1/37) each BMG, BMVg, and G-BA applications. The average funding volume of these proposals was 401,515 euros. Approved DFG proposals were most frequently assigned to the review board 205-27 Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery (n=10/16, 62,5%). Over time, the research registry shows an increase in the number of proposals in general and those granted. 70,0% (14/20) of participating sites had their own experimental research laboratory, while only 40,0% (8/20) had their own clinical trial center. CONCLUSION: The 2021/2022 Research Funding Report once again highlights the impressive research accomplishments of the plastic surgery community.

Common practices in patient care after mammaplasty and perioperative safety measures to prevent thromboembolic events - An observational study across all continents.

BACKGROUND: Most plastic surgeons have encountered complications related to venous thromboembolism in their profession. However, considerable deficits in risk assessment and prophylaxis have been described. As outpatient procedures are increasing, so are concerns with regard to patient safety. The presented study investigates the global distribution pattern of patient care for mammaplasties and compares international common practices of perioperative safety measures to prevent thromboembolic events. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to over 5000 plastic surgeons in 77 countries. The survey inquired about surgeon demographics, standard perioperative safety measures, type of thrombosis prophylaxis, and international patterns of patient care. The results were evaluated and correlated with the evidence-based literature. RESULTS: A total of 1431 surveys were gathered (response rate: 29%). The gathered data show international disparity with regard to inpatient vs. outpatient care. Mammaplasties in the USA are being performed as same-day surgeries in > 80% of cases, while globally inpatient and outpatient procedures are distributed evenly. Also, we found no international consensus with regard to safety measures to prevent thromboembolic events. Geographical regions showed differences with regard to type, dosage, timing, and duration of thrombosis prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: International practice patterns remain incoherent. This highlights the need for coherent and detailed global guidelines for plastic surgical interventions. High-quality studies are needed in order to establish evidence-based, standardized, and universally applicable practice guidelines.

Impact of body mass index on free DIEP flap breast reconstruction: A multicenter cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Several patient-related factors have been identified with regard to the safety and efficacy of breast reconstructions. This study analyzed the largest series of microsurgical breast reconstructions in Germany using deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps, with a focus on the impact of patient body mass index (BMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 3911 female patients underwent 4561 free DIEP flap breast reconstructions across 22 different centers. The cases were divided into five groups using World Health Organization BMI criteria: underweight group (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight/ control group (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight group (BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m2), moderately obese group (BMI: 30-34.9 kg/m2), and severely obese group (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). Surgical complications were accounted for and the five BMI groups were then compared. RESULTS: Overall, there was no significant difference regarding the rate of partial- and total flap loss between all BMI groups (p > 0.05). However, overweight and obese patients showed significantly higher rates of postoperative infections at the donor and recipient sites than the control group (donor site infections: overweight 0.6%; moderately obese 0.9%; severely obese 2.4% vs control 0.1%; all p<0.01; recipient site infections: overweight 0.5%; moderately obese 0.8%; severely obese 1.4% vs control 0.1%; all p < 0.05). The rate of medical complications also differed significantly between groups, with the highest rates in moderately and severely obese women (moderately obese: 8.4%; severely obese: 13.0% vs. control: 5.1%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that successful free tissue transfer can be achieved even in an underweight and severely obese population with acceptable risk for complications.

Uni-vs. bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction - A multicenter outcome analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade numbers of bilateral mastectomy have increased steadily. As a result, bilateral breast reconstruction is gaining popularity. The presented study compares complications and outcomes of unilateral and bilateral DIEP free-flap breast reconstructions using the largest database available in Europe. METHODS: Female breast cancer patients (n = 3926) receiving DIEP flap breast reconstructions (n = 4577 free flaps) at 22 different centers were included in this study. Free flaps were stratified into two groups: a unilateral- (UL) and a bilateral- (BL) breast reconstruction group. Groups were compared with regard to surgical complications and free flap outcome. RESULTS: Mean operative time was significantly longer in the BL group (UL: 285.2 ± 107.7 vs. BL: 399.1 ± 136.8 min; p < 0.001). Mean ischemia time was comparable between groups (p = 0.741). There was no significant difference with regard to total (UL 1.8% vs. BL 2.6%, p = 0.081) or partial flap loss (UL 1.2% vs. BL 0.9%, p = 0.45) between both groups. Rates of venous or arterial thrombosis were comparable between both groups (venous: UL 2.9% vs. BL 2.2%, p = 0.189; arterial: UL 1.8% vs. BL 1.2%, p = 0.182). However, significantly higher rates of hematoma at the donor and recipient site were observed in the UL group (donor site: UL 1.1% vs. BL 0.1%, p = 0.001; recipient site UL 3.9% vs. BL 1.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data underline the feasibility of bilateral DIEP flap reconstruction, when performed in a setting of specialized centers.

[Registry Research Funding of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (DGPRÄC) and Research Funding Report 2019/2020]. / Register Forschungsförderung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen (DGPRÄC) und Forschungsförderungsbericht 2019/2020.

BACKGROUND: Since 2015/16 the DGPRÄC collects, evaluates and publishes the research activities of academic sections, departments and clinics for plastic surgery at university hospitals in Germany, in order to raise the awareness of plastic surgical research performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The directors of plastic surgical academic institutions were contacted via the DGPRÄC and asked to report any requested/approved and rejected research applications to public, non-public and industrial funding organizations. Data was collected in our previously established online database: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe6F5xmTyw-k7VKJx_2jkPA4LBXsA0sgBGMrC3rx_4bHj6uzQ/viewform?usp=sf_link. In addition, applications were identified via the DFG's public database GEPRIS. RESULTS: A total of 41 funding applications to the public funding institutes DFG, BMBF, BMWi, BMG and EU were identified. 75.6 % (31/41) of the applications had already been approved at the time of data collection, of which 77.4 % (24/31) were DFG, 9.7 % (3/31) were BMWi, 6.5 % (2/31) were EU and 3.2 % (1/31) were BMBF or BMG applications. The average funding amounted to 358 301 Euro. In 50.0 % (12/24) of the cases, the approved DFG proposals were assigned to the subject review board 205-27 Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery, Reconstructive Surgery. CONCLUSION: The continuous publication of plastic surgical research funding reports submitted by the convention of university plastic surgeons of the DGPRÄC portraits the excellent, collaborative research activity in the field of plastic surgery.

[Artificial intelligence in plastic surgery : Current developments and perspectives]. / Künstliche Intelligenz in der Plastischen Chirurgie : Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Perspektiven.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) has long been established in various parts of everyday life due to the instrumentalization of machines and robotics in industry, autonomous vehicles and the rapid development of computer-based systems. OBJECTIVE: Demonstration of current developments and perspectives of AI in plastic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Evaluation of statistics, press releases and original articles from journals and discussion of reviews. RESULTS: In the healthcare system and in plastic surgery AI is particularly useful in the context of data analysis from digital patient files and big data from central registers. The use of 3D imaging systems provides objective feedback on surgical results in terms of volume and aesthetics. Intelligent robots assist plastic surgeons in microsurgical anastomoses of increasingly smaller vessels and the implementation of AI in the field of prosthetics enables patients to regain hand function following amputation injuries. CONCLUSION: For the benefit of the patients, it is the responsibility of experimental surgery to explore the opportunities, risks and limitations of applications with AI.