Lateral release associated with MPFL reconstruction in patients with acute patellar dislocation.

OBJECTIVE: Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) injury occurs in the majority of the cases of acute patellar dislocation. The role of concomitant lateral retinaculum release with MPFL reconstruction is not clearly understood. Even though the lateral retinaculum plays a role in both medial and lateral patellofemoral joint stability in MPFL intact knees, studies have shown mixed clinical outcomes following its release during MPFL reconstruction surgery. Better understanding of the biomechanical effects of the release of the lateral retinaculum during MPFL reconstruction is warranted. We hypothesize that performing a lateral release concurrent with MPFL reconstruction will disrupt the patellofemoral joint biomechanics and result in lateral patellar instability. METHODS: A previously developed and validated finite element (FE) model of the patellofemoral joint was used to understand the effect of lateral retinaculum release following MPFL reconstruction. Contact pressure (CP), contact area (CA) and lateral patellar displacement were recorded. abstract. RESULTS: FE modeling and analysis demonstrated that lateral retinacular release following MPFL reconstruction with tibial tuberosity-tibial groove distance (TT-TG) of 12 mm resulted in a 39% decrease in CP, 44% decrease in CA and a 20% increase in lateral patellar displacement when compared to a knee with an intact MPFL. In addition, there was a 45% decrease in CP, 44% decrease in CA and a 21% increase in lateral displacement when compared to a knee that only had an MPFL reconstruction. CONCLUSION: This FE-based analysis exhibits that concomitant lateral retinaculum release with MPFL reconstruction results in decreased PF CA, CP and increased lateral patellar displacement with increased knee flexion, which may increase the risk of patellar instability.

Treatment modalities and outcomes following acetabular fractures in the elderly: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The treatment of geriatric acetabular fractures remains controversial. Treatment options include nonoperative management, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), total hip arthroplasty (THA) with or without internal fixation, and closed reduction with percutaneous pinning (CRPP). There is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment strategy for geriatric patients with acetabular fractures. The purpose of this study is to compare adverse event rates, functional and radiographic outcomes, and intraoperative results between the various treatment modalities in order to help guide surgical decision making. METHODS: We performed a systematic review (registration number CRD42019124624) of observational and comparative studies including patients aged ≥ 55 with acetabular fractures. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies including 3,928 patients with a mean age of 72.6 years (range 55-99 years) and a mean follow-up duration of 29.4 months met our eligibility criteria. The pooled mortality rate of all patients was 21.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.9-22.4%) with a mean time to mortality of 12.6 months, and the pooled non-fatal complication rate was 24.7% (95% CI 23.9-25.5%). Patients treated with ORIF had a significantly higher non-fatal complication rate than those treated with ORIF + THA, THA alone, CRPP, or nonoperative management (odds ratios [ORs] 1.87, 2.24, 2.15, and 4.48, respectively; p < 0.01). Patients that underwent ORIF were significantly less likely to undergo subsequent THA than these treated with CRPP (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.77) but were more likely to require THA than patients treated nonoperatively (OR 6.81, 95% CI 4.63-10.02). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with acetabular fractures tend to have favorable functional outcomes but suffer from high rates of mortality and complications. In patients treated with internal or percutaneous fixation, there was a high rate of conversion to THA. When determining surgical treatment in this population, THA alone or concurrent with ORIF should be considered given the significantly lower rate of non-fatal complications and similar mortality rate. Nonoperative management remains a viable option and was associated with the lowest non-fatal complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Modifiable lifestyle factors associated with fragility hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Among the various hip fracture predictors explored to date, modifiable risk factors warrant special consideration, since they present promising targets for preventative measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess various modifiable risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched four online databases in September 2017. We included studies that reported on modifiable lifestyle risk factors for sustaining fragility hip fractures. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The inclusion criteria consisted of (1) adult patients with osteoporotic hip fracture, (2) original study, (3) availability of full text articles in English, and (4) report of a modifiable lifestyle risk factor. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies, containing 1,508,366 subjects in total, were included in this study. The modifiable risk factors that were significantly associated with an increased risk of hip fracture were the following: weight < 58 kg (128 lbs) (pooled OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.62-9.90), underweight body mass index (BMI) (< 18.5) (pooled OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.82-4.39), consumption of ≥ 3 cups of coffee daily (pooled OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.04-4.97), inactivity (pooled OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.21-3.77), weight loss (pooled OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.32-2.68), consumption of ≥ 27 g (approx. > 2 standard drinks) alcohol per day (pooled OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.12-2.13), and being a current smoker (pooled OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.22-1.85). Conversely, two factors were significantly associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture: obese BMI (> 30) (pooled OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34-0.99) and habitual tea drinking (pooled OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66-0.80). CONCLUSION: Modifiable factors may be utilized clinically to provide more effective lifestyle interventions for at risk populations. We found that low weight and underweight BMI carried the highest risk, followed by high coffee consumption, inactivity, weight loss, and high daily alcohol consumption.

Evolution of knowledge on meniscal biomechanics: a 40 year perspective.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge regarding the biomechanics of the meniscus has grown exponentially throughout the last four decades. Numerous studies have helped develop this knowledge, but these studies have varied widely in their approach to analyzing the meniscus. As one of the subcategories of mechanical phenomena Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, mechanical stress was introduced in 1973. This study aims to provide an up-to-date chronological overview and highlights the evolutionary comprehension and understanding of meniscus biomechanics over the past forty years. METHODS: A literature review was conducted in April 2021 through PubMed. As a result, fifty-seven papers were chosen for this narrative review and divided into categories; Cadaveric, Finite element (FE) modeling, and Kinematic studies. RESULTS: Investigations in the 1970s and 1980s focused primarily on cadaveric biomechanics. These studies have generated the fundamental knowledge basis for the emergence of FE model studies in the 1990s. As FE model studies started to show comparable results to the gold standard cadaveric models in the 2000s, the need for understanding changes in tissue stress during various movements triggered the start of cadaveric and FE model studies on kinematics. CONCLUSION: This study focuses on a chronological examination of studies on meniscus biomechanics in order to introduce concepts, theories, methods, and developments achieved over the past 40 years and also to identify the likely direction for future research. The biomechanics of intact meniscus and various types of meniscal tears has been broadly studied. Nevertheless, the biomechanics of meniscal tears, meniscectomy, or repairs in the knee with other concurrent problems such as torn cruciate ligaments or genu-valgum or genu-varum have not been extensively studied.

The effect of surgeon-controlled variables on construct stiffness in lateral locked plating of distal femoral fractures.

BACKGROUND: Nonunion following treatment of supracondylar femur fractures with lateral locked plates (LLP) has been reported to be as high as 21 %. Implant related and surgeon-controlled variables have been postulated to contribute to nonunion by modulating fracture-fixation construct stiffness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of surgeon-controlled factors on stiffness when treating supracondylar femur fractures with LLPs: 1. Does plate length affect construct stiffness given the same plate material, fracture working length and type of screws? 2. Does screw type (bicortical locking versus bicortical nonlocking or unicortical locking) and number of screws affect construct stiffness given the same material, fracture working length, and plate length? 3. Does fracture working length affect construct stiffness given the same plate material, length and type of screws? 4. Does plate material (titanium versus stainless steel) affect construct stiffness given the same fracture working length, plate length, type and number of screws? METHODS: Mechanical study of simulated supracondylar femur fractures treated with LLPs of varying lengths, screw types, fractureworking lenghts, and plate/screw material. Overall construct stiffness was evaluated using an Instron hydraulic testing apparatus. RESULTS: Stiffness was 15 % higher comparing 13-hole to the 5-hole plates (995 N/mm849N vs. /mm, p = 0.003). The use of bicortical nonlocking screws decreased overall construct stiffness by 18 % compared to bicortical locking screws (808 N/mm vs. 995 N/mm, p = 0.0001). The type of screw (unicortical locking vs. bicortical locking) and the number of screws in the diaphysis (3 vs. 10) did not appear to significantly influence construct stiffness (p = 0.76, p = 0.24). Similarly, fracture working length (5.4 cm vs. 9.4 cm, p = 0.24), and implant type (titanium vs. stainless steel, p = 0.12) did also not appear to effect stiffness. DISCUSSION: Using shorter plates and using bicortical nonlocking screws (vs. bicortical locking screws) reduced overall construct stiffness. Using more screws, using unicortical locking screws, increasing fracture working length and varying plate material (titanium vs. stainless steel) does not appear to significantly alter construct stiffness. Surgeons can adjust plate length and screw types to affect overall fracture-fixation construct stiffness; however, the optimal stiffness to promote healing remains unknown.

Medications as a Risk Factor for Fragility Hip Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Fragility hip fractures and their associated morbidity and mortality pose a global healthcare problem. Several pharmaceutical products have been postulated to alter bone architecture and contribute to fragility hip fractures. We searched four electronic databases from inception to September 2017. Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) adult patients with fragility hip fractures, (2) full text in English, (3) minimum one-year follow-up, and (4) reporting of at least one risk factor. To minimize heterogeneity among the studies, we performed subgroup analyses. Whenever heterogeneity remained significant, we employed random effect meta-analysis for data pooling. Thirty-eight studies were included, containing 1,244,155 subjects and 188,966 cases of fragility hip fractures. Following medications were significantly associated with fragility hip fractures: Antidepressants (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.98-2.17), antiparkinsonian drugs (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.15-4.24), antipsychotic drugs (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.50-2.66), anxiolytic drugs (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.19-1.75), benzodiazepines (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.26-2.69), sedatives (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.14-1.54), systemic corticosteroids (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.37-1.99), H2 antagonists (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.18-1.24), proton pump inhibitors (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.71), and thyroid hormone (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13-1.47). Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen (HRT) was associated with decreased risk of hip fracture (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98). There are several medications associated with sustaining a fragility hip fracture. Medical interventions should be considered for patients on these medications, including information about osteoporosis and fracture prevention.

Does a Patient's Approach to Achieving Goals Influence His or Her Recovery Trajectory After Musculoskeletal Illness?

BACKGROUND: The regulatory focus theory posits that, in general, people tend to be predominantly "promotion focused" or "prevention focused", and each individual's values and motivations influence which approach he or she may use when pursuing personal goals. People who are primarily promotion focused mostly see goals as opportunities to gain or advance (that is, play to win); people who are prevention focused mostly see goals as opportunities to stay safe (that is, play not to lose). Understanding the role of regulatory focus in the recovery of patients with orthopaedic conditions could provide novel insight into how surgeons can best communicate with patients to improve how they recover from illness or injury. QUESTION/PURPOSE: Are improvements in pain intensity and disability over 6 months associated with a patient's levels of promotion focus or prevention focus? METHODS: In this longitudinal observational study, we enrolled 144 patients with an upper extremity orthopaedic illness at a tertiary teaching hospital and followed them for 6 months. At baseline, patients completed validated self-reported measures of regulatory focus (Regulatory Focus Questionnaire), pain (Numerical Rating Scale), disability (the QuickDASH), and demographics. Assessments were repeated 6 months later, with 76% (110 of 144) of patients completing follow-up assessments. We examined whether regulatory focus was associated with recovery outcomes (level of pain and disability at 6 months). The patient's regulatory focus was graded as two numerical scores on separate promotion-focus and prevention-focus continuums. Each individual received a score on promotion focus and one on prevention focus.. RESULTS: An individual's level of promotion (ΔR = 0.021; p = 0.03; small effect size), but not his or her level of prevention (ΔR = 0.003; p = 0.35; negligible effect size), was associated with improvement in disability over a 6-month period (R = 0.61; p < 0.001). Patients with high promotion (n = 20, b = 0.284; p = 0.001) had the greatest improvements in disability after 6 months compared with patients with moderate (n = 73, b = 0.422; p < 0.001) or low (n = 17, b = 0.561; p < 0.001) promotion. The levels of promotion (b = -0.22; p = 0.09) and prevention (b = -0.04; p = 0.65) were not associated with pain over time. CONCLUSIONS: To support improvements in disability for patients with upper extremity orthopaedic conditions, surgeons' communication strategies, including explanations of diagnoses and recovery trajectories, should focus on increasing patients' level of promotion (for example, by emphasizing gains and promoting positive thinking), rather than prevention (for example, by providing reassurance and problem-solving what might go wrong). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prognostic study.

Factors influencing treatment recommendations for base of 5th metatarsal fractures in orthopaedic residency programs.

BACKGROUND: Management of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures remains a controversial topic in orthopaedic surgery. Both operative and non-operative approaches have been described in the clinical setting. This confusion has led to non-standardized treatment recommendations for proximal 5th metatarsal fractures. This study was designed to analyze concordance rate of treatment recommendations between orthopaedic trainees and orthopaedic foot and ankle experts. METHODS: An online survey containing 14 cases of proximal 5th metatarsal fractures were distributed to 92 orthopaedic residents in two ACGME-accredited programs. Relevant weight-bearing radiographs, patient's age and gender were provided, and two questions regarding treatment recommendations were surveyed. Resident's recommended treatment was then matched against ultimate treatment by orthopaedic foot and ankle experts. ANOVA and T-test are used for associations between the rate of concordant treatment with PGY and trainee foot and ankle experience. Fleiss' kappa was used to assess the inter-observer agreement. RESULTS: Seventy-two residents returned the survey. The overall concordance rate was 43.98% with no correlation between agreement rate and PGY-years. No difference in agreement rate was observed between residents who had completed their foot and ankle rotation versus those who had not. There was a slight inter-observer agreement in recommending treatment among all residents (κ=0.117, 95% CI: 0.071-0.184). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated no significant concordance between resident level in training regarding proximal 5th metatarsal fracture treatment decisions, nor between residents and subspecialty-trained foot and ankle surgeons. Increased rotations with foot and ankle fellowship-trained surgeons throughout residency may be desirable to improve the quality of residency training. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Risk factors for developing acute compartment syndrome in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is often difficult to diagnose in pediatric patients due to their erratic symptomatology. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify at-risk patients to facilitate a prompt diagnosis. This study aims to identify risk factors for the development of ACS in the pediatric population. METHODS: We included studies comprised of pediatric patients with traumatic ACS. We excluded studies evaluating compartment syndrome secondary to exertion, vascular insult, abdominal processes, burns, and snake bites. Heterogeneity was addressed by subgroup analysis, and whenever it remained significant, we utilized a random-effects meta-analysis for data pooling. The protocol has been registered at PROSPERO (ID = CRD42019126603). RESULTS: We included nine studies with 380,411 patients, of which 1144 patients were diagnosed with traumatic ACS. The average age was 10 years old, and 67% of patients were male. Factors that were significantly associated with ACS were: open radius/ulna fractures (OR 3.56 CI 1.52-8.33, p = 0.003), high-energy trauma (OR 3.51 CI 1.71-7.21, p = 0.001), humerus fractures occurring concurrently with forearm fractures (OR 3.49 CI 1.87-6.52, p < 0.001), open tibia fractures (OR 2.29 CI 1.47-3.55, p < 0.001), and male gender (OR 2.06 CI 1.70-2.51, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the present study, open fractures, high-energy trauma, concurrent humerus and forearm fractures, and male gender significantly increased the risk of developing ACS in the pediatric population. Clinicians should raise their suspicion for ACS when one or multiple of these factors are present in the right clinical context. TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Corticosteroid Injections Give Small and Transient Pain Relief in Rotator Cuff Tendinosis: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The ability of injection of corticosteroids into the subacromial space to relieve pain ascribed to rotator cuff tendinosis is debated. The number of patients who have an injection before one gets relief beyond what a placebo provides is uncertain. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked: (1) Do corticosteroid injections reduce pain in patients with rotator cuff tendinosis 3 months after injection, and if so, what is the number needed to treat (NNT)? (2) Are multiple injections better than one single injection with respect to pain reduction at 3 months? METHODS: We systematically searched seven electronic databases for randomized controlled trials of corticosteroid injection for rotator cuff tendinosis compared with a placebo injection. Eligible studies had at least 10 adults and used pain intensity as an outcome measure. The Hedges's g as adjusted pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (which expresses the size of the intervention effect in each study relative to the total variability observed among pooled studies) and NNT were calculated at assessment points less than 1 month, 1-2 months, and 2-3 months. The protocol of this study was registered at the international prospective register of systematic reviews. Eleven studies of 726 patients satisfied our criteria for data pooling. Three studies containing 292 patients used repeat injections. A random effects model was used owing to substantial heterogeneity among studies. The funnel plot indicated the possibility of some missing studies, but Orwin's fail-safe N and Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill suggested that missing studies would not significantly affect the results. RESULTS: Corticosteroid injection did not reduce pain intensity in adult patients with rotator cuff tendinosis more than a placebo injection at the 3-month assessment. A small transient pain relief occurred at the assessment between 4 and 8 weeks with a SMD of 0.52 (range, 0.27-0.78) (p < 0.001). At least five patients must be treated for one patient's pain to be transiently reduced to no more than mild. Multiple injections were not found to be more effective than a single injection at any time. CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroid injections provide-at best-minimal transient pain relief in a small number of patients with rotator cuff tendinosis and cannot modify the natural course of the disease. Given the discomfort, cost, and potential to accelerate tendon degeneration associated with corticosteroids, they have limited appeal. Their wide use may be attributable to habit, underappreciation of the placebo effect, incentive to satisfy rather than discuss a patient's drive toward physical intervention, or for remuneration, rather than their utility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, therapeutic study.

Mobile Application's Effect on Patient Satisfaction and Compliance in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Use of mobile applications to improve patient engagement is particularly promising in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) whereby successful outcomes are predicated by patient engagement. In accordance with published guidelines by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, studies were searched, screened, and appraised for quality on various search engines. Hedges' g or odds ratios of patient adherence were reported. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and the average age of 9,521 patients included was 60 years. Six studies concluded that mobile applications improved patients' satisfaction, with Hedges' g revealing an effect size of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90 to 2.37), P < 0.001, in favor of mobile applications increasing patient satisfaction. Six studies reported improvements in compliance demonstrating an odds ratio for improved adherence of 4.57 (95% CI, 1.66 to 12.62), P < 0.001. Two studies reported a reduction in unscheduled office or emergency department visits. With evolving reimbursement policies linked to outcomes paired with the exponentially increasing volume of TJA performed, innovative ways to efficiently deliver high-quality care are in demand. Our systematic review is limited by a dearth of research on the nascent technology, but the available data suggest that mobile applications may enhance patient satisfaction, improve compliance, and reduce unscheduled visits after TJA.

Impact of Age on Functional Outcome After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Performed for Proximal Humerus Fractures or Their Sequelae.

Background: The use of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) to treat displaced, unstable 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) has traditionally been reserved for patients over 70 years old. However, recent data suggest that nearly one-third of all patients treated with RSA for PHF are between 55-69 years old. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes for patients younger than 70 versus patients older than 70 years of age treated with RSA for a PHF or fracture sequelae. Methods: All patients who underwent primary RSA for acute PHF or fracture sequelae (nonunion, malunion) between 2004 and 2016 were identified. A retrospective cohort study was performed comparing outcomes for patients younger than 70 versus older than 70. Bivariate and survival analyses were performed to evaluate for survival complications, functional outcomes, and implant survival differences. Results: A total of 115 patients were identified, including 39 patients in the young group and 76 cases in the older group. In addition, 40 patients (43.5%) returned functional outcomes surveys at an average of 5.51 years (average age range: 3.04-11.0 years). There were no significant differences in complications, reoperation, implant survival, range of motion, DASH (27.9 vs 23.8, P=0.46), PROMIS (43.3 vs 43.6, P=0.93), or EQ5D (0.75 vs 0.80, P=0.36) scores between the two age cohorts. Conclusion: At a minimum of 3 years after RSA for a complex PHF or fracture sequelae, we found no significant difference in complications, reoperation rates, or functional outcomes between younger patients with an average age of 64 years and older patients with an average age of 78 years. To our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically examine the impact of age on outcome after RSA for the treatment of a proximal humerus fracture. These findings indicate that functional outcomes are acceptable to patients younger than 70 in the short term, but more studies are needed. Patients should be counseled that the long-term durability of RSA performed for fractures in young, active patients remains unknown.

Factors Associated with Development of Traumatic Acute Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a devastating condition, further aggravated by delayed diagnosis. Since ACS is a clinical diagnosis, identification of risk factors for individual patients may help with earlier detection. This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with the development of ACS of the extremities. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with adult patients at risk for and with traumatic ACS of the extremity. Non-traumatic, chronic exertional, vascular and abdominal compartment syndrome were excluded. Technical reports, biomechanical studies, abstracts, studies of non-human subjects, non-English studies, and studies with less than five subjects were excluded. Meta-analysis was performed on a subset of studies including a control group. We addressed cases of substantial heterogeneity among the studies with subgroup analysis, and whenever heterogeneity remained significant, we employed random effect meta-analysis for the data pooling. The study protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (ID = CRD42019126603). RESULTS: There were 19 studies with 48,887 patients investigating risk factors of traumatic ACS. Of these, there were 1,716 patients with the diagnosis of traumatic ACS. Fourteen studies (46,300 controls and 1,358 ACS patients) qualified for meta-analysis. Male to female ratio was 5.5 with an average age of 36 years. Factors that were significantly associated with the development of ACS were: age 18-64 (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07-1.68), male (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.53-3.10), gunshot wound with fracture and vascular injury (OR: 12.5, 95% CI: 5.69-27.46), combined forefoot and midfoot injury (OR: 3.3, 95% CI: 2.39-4.57), injury severity score (ISS) 0-9 (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.27-1.97), OTA/AO type C fractures (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.04-7.28), vascular injury (OR: 9.05, 95% CI: 6.69-12.26), and high-energy trauma (OR: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.60-5.82). Factors such as tibia fracture and crush injury were reported but were not included in quantitative analysis, due to lack of control groups and/or only one study qualifying for meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: This study reports on the current significant risk factors for developing traumatic ACS. The most common risk factors included age, sex, gunshot wound with a vascular injury, OTA/AO fracture type C and high-energy trauma.

Acute versus delayed reverse total shoulder Arthroplasty for the management of Proximal Humerus Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: Proximal humerus fractures (PHF) are common, yet their optimal management remains debated. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is an increasingly popular option, particularly for non-reconstructible or osteoporotic fractures. Despite this trend, current literature provides limited guidance with regards to surgical timing and patient selection for rTSA. A trial of non-operative management might be beneficial for many patients who are not clearly indicated for surgery, provided this does not have a major negative impact on results for those who ultimately require rTSA. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether delayed reverse shoulder arthroplasty for fracture (>28 days from injury) is associated with any difference in complication rates or functional outcomes relative to acute surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: 114 consecutive patients who underwent rTSA as the primary management of a PHF at two Level 1 trauma centers and one academic community hospital between 2004 and 2016. INTERVENTION: rTSA as primary management of proximal humerus fracture MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Complications, range of motion, and patient-reported functional outcomes scores (DASH, PROMIS physical function, and EQ-5D) RESULTS: Eighty-two of 114 patients (72%) underwent early surgery. Complex (4-part, head-split, dislocated) fractures were significantly more common in the acutely treated group. There was no significant difference in complications. Overall complication rate was 11.4%. There was a significant difference in DASH score favoring early surgery, with an average score of 22.4 in acutely treated patients versus 35.1 in delayed patients (p = 0.034). There was a non-statistically significant trend towards better PROMIS physical function scores and ROM in the acutely treated group. CONCLUSION: Delay in performing primary rTSA for management of PHF does not lead to an increase in complication rates but it may come at the cost of worse functional outcomes in patients who ultimately require rTSA.

Revision Arthroplasty Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Vancouver Type-B2 and B3 Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures.

¼: Revision arthroplasty (RA) continues to be considered the gold standard in the surgical treatment of Vancouver type-B2 and B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures. However, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) has been associated with satisfactory outcomes. Thus, there is an ongoing discussion regarding the optimal surgical strategy for the treatment of these fractures. ¼: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, no significant differences in clinical and radiographic outcome were observed between ORIF and RA in the treatment of Vancouver type-B2 periprosthetic femoral fractures. ¼: ORIF of Vancouver type-B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures was associated with higher revision and reoperation rates than those after RA. ¼: Compared with RA, a significantly higher rate of subsidence was found in the ORIF group in Vancouver type-B2 periprosthetic femoral fractures whereas no significant difference in terms of loosening was observed. ¼: In the comparison of RA and ORIF for the treatment of Vancouver type-B2 and B3 fractures, the percentage of patients achieving full weight-bearing did not differ significantly. ¼: Mortality rates did not differ between RA and ORIF in the treatment of Vancouver type-B2 and B3 fractures. ¼: Overall complication rates did not differ between RA and ORIF in the treatment of Vancouver type-B2 and B3 fractures. ¼: We found a high heterogeneity in applied surgical and fixation techniques in the ORIF group.

Chronic Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Disruption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Surgical Treatments.

Background: Although many techniques have been described, there is no clear optimal surgical treatment for chronic scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) disruption. Methods: We identified 255 articles reporting outcomes of SLIL reconstruction. Of these, 40 studies (978 wrists) met eligibility requirements and reported sufficient data on radiographic outcomes to be included in the study. The mean and standard deviation of preoperative and follow-up assessments including scapholunate gap (SLG) and scapholunate angle (SLA) were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For other radiographic or clinical outcomes, there were not enough reported data to calculate a pooled effect size, and pooled nonstandardized comparisons were made. Results: The SMD between preoperative and postoperative SLA in tenodesis reconstruction was 0.7 (CI, 0.29 to 1.11, P = .001) and 0.04 (CI, -0.27 to 0.38, P = .8) for capsulodesis reconstruction. For SLG, tenodesis demonstrated an SMD of 1.1 (CI, 0.6 to 1.55, P < .001) compared with 0.1 (CI, -0.36 to 0.59, P = .6) for capsulodesis reconstruction. Tenodesis had a significant improvement compared with capsulodesis in SLA (P = .01) and SLG (P = .005). Tenodesis also showed improvement in grip strength and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores. Conclusions: Comparing preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements, tenodesis reconstruction demonstrated significantly improved SLG and SLA relative to capsulodesis. Interpreted in the context of the limitations, existing data demonstrates some benefit of tenodesis reconstruction.

Predicting factors of muscle necrosis in acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremity.

BACKGROUND: Acute physiologic compartment syndrome (ACS) is a disorder of increased intra-compartmental pressure leading to decreased tissue perfusion and muscle necrosis. Tissue ischemia can result in irreversible muscle and nerve injury and requires urgent fasciotomy. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the presence of necrotic muscle in patients undergoing leg fasciotomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing fasciotomies for ACS of the leg at two level 1 trauma centers from 2000 to 2015. We found 1,028 patients who underwent leg fasciotomies. We excluded ACS at other sites than the leg, the index fasciotomy performed at an outside institution, prophylactic fasciotomy with no clinical signs of ACS, and patients with inadequate medical records. A total of 357 patients were included in the final analysis. We used bivariate analysis to assess which explanatory variables are associated with the main outcome measure, the presence of necrotic muscle at fasciotomy. We used multivariable regression analysis to determine association accounting for any confounding. RESULTS: Of 357 cases of ACS of the leg, 14.6% of patients presented with an open fracture and 21.3% of patients were multiply injured. Overall, 14.3% of cases had muscle necrosis at the time of fasciotomy. Fifty-nine percent of patients with necrotic muscle required more than 3 debridements. Open fracture was the only statistically significant predictor of muscle necrosis (OR=2.8). Crush injury (OR=3.1) and soft tissue injuries (OR=2.8) were at an increased odds of necrotic muscle, but only marginally significant. CONCLUSION: ACS is a potentially limb threatening condition often associated with poor outcomes, particularly when the diagnosis is delayed. Patients with open fracture have a three-fold increase in odds of necrotic muscle at the time of fasciotomy.

Comparison of surgical and non-surgical treatments for 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fractures: A network meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Common treatment strategies for proximal humerus fractures include non-surgical treatment, open reduction internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. There is currently no consensus regarding the superiority of any one surgical strategy. We used network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine the most successful treatment for proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fracture treatments. Data extraction included the mean and standard deviation of clinical outcomes (Constant, DASH), adverse events, and additional surgery rates. Standard Mean Difference was used to compare clinical outcome scores, and pooled risk ratios were used to compare adverse events and additional surgeries. RESULTS: Eight randomized controlled trials were included for network meta-analysis. Non-surgical treatment was associated with a lower rate of additional surgery and adverse events compared to open reduction internal fixation. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty resulted in fewer adverse events and a better clinical outcome score than hemiarthroplasty. Non-surgical treatment produced similar clinical scores, adverse event rates, and additional surgery rates to hemiarthroplasty and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: Non-surgical treatment results in fewer complications and additional surgeries compared to open reduction internal fixation. Preliminary data supports reverse total shoulder arthroplasty over hemiarthroplasty, but more evidence is needed to strengthen this conclusion.

Biomechanical properties of an intramedullary suture anchor fixation compared to tension band wiring in osteoporotic olecranon fractures- A cadaveric study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to compare three different fixation techniques for transverse olecranon repair in cadaveric osteoporotic bone: (1) current recommended AO tension band technique with K-wire fixation; (2) Suture anchor fixation and (3) Polyester suture fixation. METHODS: Evaluated with bone densitometry, 7 osteoporotic human elbow specimens were included in the study. A transverse olecranon fracture was reduced anatomically and were fixated first using a K-wire tension band technique, second using two suture anchors, and third using polyester suture. Static simulations of the kinetics associated with active range of motion (AROM) and push up from a chair exercises were performed with cyclic loading using Instron hydraulic testing apparatus. Fracture displacement was measured using videographic analysis. Failure was defined as 2 mm fracture displacement. RESULTS: The biomechanical analysis found no statistical difference in displacements between the three fixation methods when testing AROM. In simulated push-up exercises, polyester suture fixation failed after 17 cycles and had significantly higher displacement compared to the other two methods. No difference between the K-Wire fixation versus Suture anchor fixation was observed, p = 0.162. CONCLUSION: Suture anchor fixation might be a viable surgical treatment option for osteoporotic transverse elbow fractures in geriatric patients.

Long-Duration Tracking of Cervical-Spine Kinematics With Ultrasound.

Cervical-spine (C-spine) pathoanatomy is commonly evaluated by plane radiographs, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, these modalities are unable to directly measure the dynamic mechanical properties of the functional spinal units (FSU) comprising the C-spine that account for its functional performance. We have developed an ultrasound-based technique that provides a non-invasive, real-time, quantitative, in vivo assessment of C-spine kinematics and FSU viscoelastic properties. The fidelity of the derived measurements is predicated on accurate tracking of vertebral motion over a prolonged time duration. The purpose of this work was to present a bundle adjustment method that enables accurate tracking of the relative motion of contiguous cervical vertebrae from ultrasound radio-frequency data. The tracking method was validated using both a plastic anatomical model of a cervical vertebra undergoing prescribed displacements and also human cadaveric C-spine specimens subjected to physiologically relevant loading configurations. While the velocity of motion and thickness of the surrounding soft tissue envelope affected accuracy, using the bundle adjustment method, B-mode ultrasound was capable of accurately tracking vertebral motion under clinically relevant physiologic conditions. Therefore, B-mode ultrasound can be used to evaluate in vivo real-time C-spine kinematics and FSU mechanical properties in environments where radiographs, CT, or MRI cannot be used.