RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is a prevalent electrolyte abnormality amongst hospitalized patients. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a common cause of hyponatremia. Minimal literature described an association between SIADH and brucellosis. This paper aimed to systematically review the literature to synthesize the prevalence of SIADH in brucellosis patients. METHODS: We comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Google scholar for observational studies examining the prevalence of SIADH in brucellosis patients. There were no age, language, or date limitations. We used a prevalence meta-analysis using the random-effects model with double arcsine and back transformation. I squared (I2) was used to determine heterogeneity. The MetaXl software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three observational studies met our inclusion criteria. The reported prevalence of SIADH in the constituent studies ranged from 3 to 56%. The quantitative synthesis, encompassing 306 patients' data, revealed a pooled SIADH prevalence of 20% (95% CI 0.00-52%, I2 96%). The quality assessment revealed a moderate quality of included studies. The results were heterogeneous, as depicted by a high I2. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results from this review revealed a relatively high prevalence of SIADH of 20% in patients with brucellosis. Thus, hyponatremia in patients with chronic fever should prompt SIADH and brucellosis workup, particularly in endemic brucellosis areas. Likewise, patients with brucellosis merit hyponatremia screening. More extensive studies are needed to ascertain the exact prevalence of hyponatremia and SIADH in this patient cohort and their impact on the diagnosis and the overall prognosis.
RESUMEN
Ocular diseases can deteriorate vision to the point of blindness and thus can have a major impact on the daily life of an individual. Conventional therapies are unable to provide absolute therapy for all ocular diseases due to the several limitations during drug delivery across the blood-retinal barrier, making it a major clinical challenge. With recent developments, the vast number of publications undergird the need for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in treating ocular diseases. The tool of nanotechnology provides several essential advantages, including sustained drug release and specific tissue targeting. Additionally, comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested a better uptake of nanoparticles across ocular barriers. Nanoparticles can overcome the blood-retinal barrier and consequently increase ocular penetration and improve the bioavailability of the drug. In this review, we aim to summarize the development of organic and inorganic nanoparticles for ophthalmic applications. We highlight the potential nanoformulations in clinical trials as well as the products that have become a commercial reality.