Tumoricidal Activity and Side Effects of Radiolabeled Anti-NCAM [131I]-Iodine-ERIC1 in Neuroblastoma-Bearing Mice.

Preliminary studies on a radioactive antibody against the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) demonstrated a significant accumulation of [131I]I-ERIC1 in neuroblastoma tumor cells in mice. This study aims to validate the therapeutic efficacy and potential adverse effects of these radioactive immunoconjugates (RICs) in neuroblastoma-bearing mice. To determine the highest tolerated dose, healthy SCID mice received 1 to 22 MBq of [131I]I-ERIC1, with the survival time measured. Tumor response was evaluated by administering 0.8 to 22 MBq of [131I]I-ERIC1 to neuroblastoma-bearing mice and assessing tumor size and systemic toxicity through body weight, blood counts, and survival. It was observed that doses up to approximately 3 MBq per animal (150 MBq/kg) were well tolerated, whereas higher doses resulted in systemic toxicity and death. The neuroblastomas exhibited a dose-dependent response, with optimal therapeutic efficacy achieved at 1.8-2.5 MBq per animal (90-125 MBq/kg), significantly extending survival by a factor of five. The antibody ERIC1 is a promising vehicle for the transport of beta emitters into NCAM-positive tumor tissue. An optimal dosage of the [131I]I-ERIC1 antibody can be established with a balance of tumor-static effects and adverse effects, resulting in a marked extension of survival time.

Metformin Enhanced in Vitro Radiosensitivity Associates with G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Elevated Adenosine-5'-monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase Levels in Glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: It is hypothesized that metabolism plays a strong role in cancer cell regulation. We have recently demonstrated improved progression-free survival in patients with glioblastoma who received metformin as an antidiabetic substance during chemoradiation. Although metformin is well-established in clinical use the influence of metformin in glioblastoma is far from being understood especially in combination with other treatment modalities such as radiation and temozolomide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we examined the influence of metformin in combinations with radiation and temozolomide on cell survival (clonogenic survival), cell cycle (routine flow cytometric analysis, FACScan), and phosphorylated Adenosine-5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Phopho-AMPKalpha1 - ELISA) levels in glioblastoma cell lines LN18 and LN229. RESULTS: Metformin and temozolomide enhanced the effectiveness of photon irradiation in glioblastoma cells. Cell toxicity was more pronounced in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter non-methylated LN18 cells. Induction of a G2/M phase cell cycle block through metformin and combined treatments was observed up to 72 h. These findings were associated with elevated levels of activated AMPK levels in LN229 cells but not in LN18 cells after irradiation, metformin, and temozolomide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Radiosensitizing effects of metformin on glioblastoma cells treated with irradiation and temozolomide in vitro coincided with G2/M arrest and changes in pAMPK levels.

The influence of hyperglycemia during radiotherapy on survival in patients with primary glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Metabolism in tumor cells depends mainly on glycolysis and thus hyperglycemia has been shown to influence tumor properties in various tumor entities. In this retrospective study we set out to determine if hyperglycemic serum levels during radiation therapy impact patient survival and progression patterns in primary glioblastoma (GBM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed glucose serum levels, survival and progression patterns on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 262 GBM patients receiving radiation therapy. Hyperglycemia was classified as mild (> 180 mg/dL) or excessive (≥ 300 mg/dL), and isolated (one hyperglycemic event) or persistent (≥ 3 hyperglycemic events). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards ratio was used to assess the influence of cofactors on survival. RESULTS: Persistent mild (HR = 2.23; p < 0.001) and excessive hyperglycemia (HR = 2.51; p < 0.001) were associated with a decrease in overall survival rates, even when considering the covariate corticosteroid therapy. Here metabolic imbalances did not affect the progression-free interval (p = 0.402), the occurrence of distant (p = 0.587) and multifocal progression (p = 0.445). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the theory that hyperglycemia during radiation therapy in GBM patients is an unfavorable prognostic cofactor for survival and is detrimental to the survival rates independent of corticosteroid therapy. However, no significant effects of hyperglycemic metabolism on the progression-free interval and recurrence patterns were found.

Metformin influences progression in diabetic glioblastoma patients.

PURPOSE: Changes in metabolism, including high glucose serum levels, seem to influence the initiation of malignancy as well as recurrence. Therefore, limiting the energy supply in tumor cells with the antidiabetic drug metformin might be a useful approach to inhibit glioma cell progression. However, little is known about the effects of endocrine disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid therapy, and metformin therapy) on progression and survival in primary glioblastoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2013, 276 patients with primary glioblastoma underwent radiation therapy at Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Research Center. Clinical records as well as pretherapeutic and follow-up magnetic resonance (MR) images were assessed. Forty patients (14.5 %) were identified with a pretherapeutic history of diabetes, and 20 (50 %) of them were treated with metformin. Survival and correlations were calculated using t-test and log-rank, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards ratio analyses. RESULTS: Persistent mild and excessive hyperglycemia were correlated with decreased survival. Corticosteroid therapy was associated with decreased progression-free and overall survival in the multivariate analysis. No negative influence of diabetes on progression and survival could be detected. Interestingly, diabetic patients with metformin therapy demonstrated prolonged progression-free intervals. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroid therapy and hyperglycemia were strongly associated with impaired survival rates and serves as negative prognostic factors. Diabetes did not influence survival. Interestingly, our findings showed an association of metformin therapy and prolonged progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients with diabetes and therefore serve as a foundation for further preclinical and clinical investigations.

Accelerated tomotherapy delivery with TomoEdge technique.

TomoEDGE is an advanced delivery form of tomotherapy which uses a dynamic secondary collimator. This plan comparison study describes the new features, their clinical applicability, and their effect on plan quality and treatment speed. For the first 45 patients worldwide that were scheduled for a treatment with TomoEdge, at least two plans were created: one with the previous "standard"mode with static jaws and 2.5 cm field width (Reg 2.5) and one with TomoEdge technique and 5 cm field width (Edge 5). If, after analysis in terms of beam on time, integral dose, dose conformity, and organ at risk sparing the treating physician decided that the Edge 5 plan was not suitable for clinical treatment, a plan with TomoEdge and 2.5 cm field width was created (Edge 2.5) and used for the treatment. Among the 45 cases, 30 were suitable for Edge 5 treatment, including treatments of the head and neck, rectal cancer, anal cancer, malignancies of the chest, breast cancer, and palliative treatments. In these cases, the use of a 5 cm field width reduced beam on time by more than 30% without compromising plan quality. The 5 cm beam could not be clinically applied to treatments of the pelvic lymph nodes for prostate cancer and to head and neck irradiations with extensive involvement of the skull, as dose to critical organs at risk such as bladder (average dose 28 Gy vs. 29 Gy, Reg 2.5 vs. Edge 5), small bowel (29% vs. 31%, Reg 2.5 vs. Edge 5) and brain (average dose partial brain 19 Gy vs. 21 Gy, Reg 2.5 vs. Edge 5) increased to a clinically relevant, yet not statistically significant, amount. TomoEdge is an advantageous extension of the tomotherapy technique that can speed up treatments and thus increase patient comfort and safety in the majority of clinical settings.

Accuracy quantification of a deformable image registration tool applied in a clinical setting.

The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of a commercially available deformable image registration tool in a clinical situation. In addition, to demonstrate a method to evaluate the resulting transformation of such a tool to a reference defined by multiple experts. For 16 patients (seven head and neck, four thoracic, five abdominal), 30-50 anatomical landmarks were defined on recognizable spots of a planning CT and a corresponding fraction CT. A commercially available deformable image registration tool, Velocity AI, was used to align all fraction CTs with the respective planning CTs. The registration accuracy was quantified by means of the target registration error in respect to expert-defined landmarks, considering the interobserver variation of five observers. The interobserver uncertainty of the landmark definition in our data sets is found to be 1.2 ± 1.1 mm. In general the deformable image registration tool decreases the extent of observable misalignments from 4-8 mm to 1-4 mm for nearly 50% of the landmarks (to 77% in sum). Only small differences are observed in the alignment quality of scans with different tumor location. Smallest residual deviations were achieved in scans of the head and neck region (79%, ≤ 4 mm) and the thoracic cases (79%, ≤ 4 mm), followed by the abdominal cases (59%, ≤ 4 mm). No difference is observed in the alignment quality of different tissue types (bony vs. soft tissue). The investigated commercially available deformable image registration tool is capable of reducing a mean target registration error to a level that is clinically acceptable for the evaluation of retreatment plans and replanning in case of gross tumor change during treatment. Yet, since the alignment quality needs to be improved further, the individual result of the deformable image registration tool has still to be judged by the physician prior to application.

Outcome and prognostic factors of desmoplastic medulloblastoma treated within a multidisciplinary treatment concept.

BACKGROUND: Desmoplasia in medulloblastoma is often diagnosed in adult patients and was repeatedly associated with improved results. Today, all medulloblastoma patients receive intensive multimodal treatment including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This study was set up to investigate treatment outcome and prognostic factors after radiation therapy in patients with desmoplastic medulloblastomas. METHODS: Twenty patients treated for desmoplastic medulloblastoma in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Heidelberg between 1984 and 2007 were included. Data were collected retrospectively. Tumor resection was performed in all patients. All patients underwent postsurgical radiotherapy (RT). Two patients underwent whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and 18 patients received craniospinal irradiation (CSI). In all patients, an additional boost was delivered to the posterior fossa. The median dose to the whole brain and the craniospinal axis was 35.2 Gray (Gy), and 54.4 Gy to the posterior fossa. Fourteen patients received chemotherapy, including seven who were treated with combined radiochemotherapy and twelve who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 59 months. Overall (OS), local (LPFS) and distant progression-free survival (DPFS) was 80%, 71.2%, and 83.3% at 60 months. Patients who suffered from local or distant relapses had significantly worse outcome. Five patients died from recurrent medulloblastoma. Treatment-associated toxicity was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal approaches with surgical resection followed by chemoirradiation achieved high response rates with long OS in desmoplastic medulloblastoma patients. Staging parameters expected to predict for poor prognosis did not significantly influence outcome. However, success of any first line regimen had strong impact on disease control, and remission was achieved in no patient with relapsing disease. Multimodal concepts must be evaluated in further clinical trials.

Raster-scanned intensity-controlled carbon ion therapy for mucosal melanoma of the paranasal sinus.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of raster-scanned intensity-controlled carbon ion therapy (ICCT) in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the paranasal sinus. METHODS: Patients received combined intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plus carbon ion (C12). Records of 18 consecutive patients treated between 2009 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively regarding toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4), treatment response (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST]), and control/survival rates. RESULTS: Most patients had advanced disease (T4, 94%; gross residual disease, 78%). Median dose was 74 GyE (median boost volume = 157 mL). C12 treatments were planned as ICCT, no concurrent chemotherapy was administered. Grade III or higher late toxicity was not observed. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control at 3 years were 16.2%, 0%, and 58.3%, respectively (median follow-up, 18 months). Resection status did not impact locoregional control or survival rates. CONCLUSION: ICCT results in promising locoregional control at mild toxicity. OS is poor because of the occurrence of distant metastases; therefore, addition of systemic components to primary treatment should be investigated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 38: E1445-E1451, 2016.

Do Increased Doses to Stem-Cell Niches during Radiation Therapy Improve Glioblastoma Survival?

Background and Purpose. The reasons for the inevitable glioblastoma recurrence are yet understood. However, recent data suggest that tumor cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the stem-cell niches, with self-renewing capacities, might be responsible for tumor initiation, propagation, and recurrence. We aimed to analyze the effect of higher radiation doses to the stem-cell niches on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma patients. Materials and Methods. Sixty-five patients with primary glioblastoma treated with radiation therapy were included in this retrospective analysis. The SVZ and DG were segmented on treatment planning magnetic resonance imaging, and the dose distributions to the structures were calculated. The relationship of dosimetry data and survival was evaluated using the Cox regression analysis. Results. Conventionally fractionated patients (n = 54) who received higher doses (D mean ≥ 40 Gy) to the IL SVZ showed improved PFS (8.5 versus 5.2 months; p = 0.013). Furthermore, higher doses (D mean ≥ 30 Gy) to the CL SVZ were associated with increased PFS (10.1 versus 6.9 months; p = 0.025). Conclusion. Moderate higher IL SVZ doses (≥40 Gy) and CL SVZ doses (≥30 Gy) are associated with improved PFS. Higher doses to the DG, the second stem-cell niche, did not influence the survival. Targeting the potential cancer stem cells in the SVZ might be a promising treatment approach for glioblastoma and should be addressed in a prospective randomized trial.

Establishing stereotactic body radiotherapy with flattening filter free techniques in the treatment of pulmonary lesions - initial experiences from a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using flattening filter free (FFF)-techniques has been increasingly applied during the last years. However, clinical studies investigating this emerging technique are still rare. Hence, we analyzed toxicity and clinical outcome of pulmonary SBRT with FFF-techniques and performed dosimetric comparison to conventional techniques using flattening filters (FF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 05/2014 and 06/2015, 56 consecutive patients with 61 pulmonary lesions were treated with SBRT in FFF-mode. Central lesions received 8 × 7.5 Gy delivered to the conformally enclosing 80 %-isodose, while peripheral lesions were treated with 3 × 15 Gy, prescribed to the 65 %-isodose. Early and late toxicity (after 6 months) as well as initial clinical outcomes were evaluated. Furthermore, [deleted] plan quality and efficiency were evaluated by analyzing conformity, beam- on and total treatment delivery times in comparison to plans with FF-dose application. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 9.3 months (range 1.5-18.0 months). Early toxicity was low with only 5 patients (8.9 %) reporting CTCAE 2° or higher side-effects. Only one patient (1.8 %) was diagnosed with radiation-induced pneumonitis CTCAE 3°, while 2 (3.6 %) patients suffered from pneumonitis CTCAE 2°. After 6 months, no toxicity greater than CTCAE 2° was reported. 1-year local progression-free survival, distant progression-free survival and overall survival were 92.8 %, 78.0 %, and 94.4 %, respectively. While plan quality was similar for FFF- and FF-plans in respect to conformity (p = 0.275), median beam-on time as well as total treatment time were significantly reduced for SBRT in FFF-mode compared to FF-mode (p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patient treatment with SBRT using FFF-techniques is safe and provides promising clinical results with only modest toxicity at significantly increased dose delivery speed.

MR-guidance--a clinical study to evaluate a shuttle- based MR-linac connection to provide MR-guided radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this clinical study is to investigate the clinical feasibility and safety of a shuttle-based MR-linac connection to provide MR-guided radiotherapy. METHODS/DESIGN: A total of 40 patients with an indication for a neoadjuvant, adjuvant or definitive radiation treatment will be recruited including tumors of the head and neck region, thorax, upper gastrointestinal tract and pelvic region. All study patients will receive standard therapy, i.e. highly conformal radiation techniques like CT-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without concomitant chemotherapy or other antitumor medication, and additionally daily short MR scans in treatment position with the same immobilisation equipment used for irradiation for position verification and imaging of the anatomical and functional changes during the course of radiotherapy. For daily position control, skin marks and a stereotactic frame will be used for both imaging modalities. Patient transfer between the MR device and the linear accelerator will be performed with a shuttle system which uses an air-bearing patient platform for both procedures. The daily acquired MR and CT data sets will be digitally registrated, correlated with the planning CT and compared with each other regarding translational and rotational errors. Aim of this clinical study is to establish a shuttle-based approach for realising MR-guided radiotherapy for certain clinical situations. Second objectives are to compare MR-guided radiotherapy with the gold standard of CT image guidance for quality assurance of radiotherapy, to establish an appropriate MR protocol therefore, and to assess the possibility of using MR-based image guidance not only for position verification but also for adaptive strategies in radiotherapy. DISCUSSION: Compared to CT, MRI might offer the advantage of providing IGRT without delivering an additional radiation dose to the patients and the possibility of optimisation of adaptive therapy strategies due to its superior soft tissue contrast. However, up to now, hybrid MR-linac devices are still under construction and not clinically applicable. For the near future, a shuttle-based approach would be a promising alternative for providing MR-guided radiotherapy, so that the present study was initiated to determine feasibility and safety of such an approach. Besides positioning information, daily MR data under treatment offer the possibility to assess tumor regression and functional parameters, with a potential impact not only on adaptive therapy strategies but also on early assessment of treatment response.

Long term toxicity and prognostic factors of radiation therapy for secreting and non-secreting pituitary adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is controversially discussed in the management of benign disorders for fear of late sequelae such as tumor induction. This study was initiated to investigate long-term toxicity, treatment outcome and prognostic factors after radiotherapy (RT) in patients with pituitary adenomas. METHODS: 92 patients with pituitary adenomas were included in this analysis. RT was conducted using either 3D conformal (16%) or fractionated stereotactic techniques (83%) in a postoperative adjuvant setting (16%), as second-line treatment for recurring tumors (78%) or as primary treatment (6%). Postoperatively, RT was offered to patients with residual tumor tissue or in case of locally extensive adenomas, in whom early recurrence was deemed likely. Patients were followed for a median time of 152.5 months, and analysed for overall and local progression-free survival (OS and LPFS). Multiple factors were analysed for prognostic impact. Patients were contacted with an institutional questionnaire about qualiy of life (QOL). Statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method using a software tool (SPSS 19.0). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 152.5 months. Before treatment, 2% of all patients were diagnosed with adenoma-related hypopituitarism. Following surgery, 68% suffered from new pituitary deficits. RT was associated with mild toxicity, including visual deficits (5.4%) and hypopituitarism (10.9%). In particular, no radiation-induced brain necrosis or malignancy was observed. QOL was reported to be stable or improved in 92% of all patients, and RT was perceived to not compromise but increase QOL in the vast majority of patients (95%). OS after RT was 93.3% and 61.0% at 120 and 240 months. LPFS following RT was 90.4 and 75.5% at 120 and 240 months. Early initiation of RT after surgery instead of reserving it for recurring adenomas predisposed for improved outcome. CONCLUSIONS: RT for pituitary adenomas is safe and and self-reported QOL is stable or improved by almost all patients. Hypopituitarism rates are low. Local control appears improved in patients irradiated postoperatively over those undergoing RT for previously resected recurrent tumors.

Carbon ion irradiation inhibits glioma cell migration through downregulation of integrin expression.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of carbon ion irradiation on glioma cell migration. METHODS AND MATERIALS: U87 and Ln229 glioma cells were irradiated with photons and carbon ions. Migration was analyzed 24 h after irradiation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed in order to quantify surface expression of integrins. RESULTS: Single photon doses of 2 Gy and 10 Gy enhanced α(ν)ß(3) and α(ν)ß(5) integrin expression and caused tumor cell hypermigration on both vitronectin (Vn) and fibronectin (Fn). Compared to integrin expression in unirradiated cells, carbon ion irradiation caused decreased integrin expression and inhibited cell migration on both Vn and Fn. CONCLUSION: Photon radiotherapy (RT) enhances the risk of tumor cell migration and subsequently promotes locoregional spread via photon induction of integrin expression. In contrast to photon RT, carbon ion RT causes decreased integrin expression and suppresses glioma cell migration on both Vn and Fn, thus promising improved local control.

Targeting ανß3 and ανß5 inhibits photon-induced hypermigration of malignant glioma cells.

BACKGROUND: Sublethal photon irradiation was recently suspected to increase tumor cell motility and promote locoregional recurrence of disease. This study was set up to describe mechanisms underlying increased glioma cell migration through photon irradiation and to analyse the modifiability of photon-altered glioma cell motility by integrin inhibition. METHODS: Eight µm pore size membranes were coated with vitronectin (VN), collagen I and collagen IV. U87 and Ln229 glioma cells were analysed in migration experiments with and without radiotherapy (RT), serum stimulation and addition of monoclonal antibodies directed to human integrins ανß3 and ανß5. Quantitative FACS analysis of integrins was performed in U87 and Ln229 glioma cells following RT. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Glioma cell migration is serum-dependent and can be increased by photon RT which leads to enhanced expression of Vn receptor integrins. Blocking of either ανß3 or ανß5 integrins by antibodies inhibits Vn-based migration of both untreated and photon-irradiated glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral glioma cells are at risk of attraction into the adjacent healthy brain by serum components leaking through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Radiation therapy is associated with upregulation of Vn receptor integrins and enhanced glioma cell migration at sublethal doses. This effect can be inhibited by specific integrin blockade. Future therapeutical benefit may be derived from pharmacological integrin inhibition in combination with photon irradiation.

Outcome and prognostic factors of radiation therapy for medulloblastoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate treatment outcome and prognostic factors after radiation therapy in patients with medulloblastomas (MB). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-six patients with histologically confirmed MB were treated at the University Hospital of Heidelberg between 1985 and 2009. Forty-two patients (64%) were pediatric (≤ 18 years), and 24 patients (36%) were adults. Tumor resection was performed in all patients and was complete in 47%. All patients underwent postoperative craniospinal irradiation (CSI) delivering a median craniospinal dose of 35.5 Gy with additional boosts to the posterior fossa up to 54.0 Gy. Forty-seven patients received chemotherapy, including 21 in whom chemotherapy was administered before CSI. Statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 93 months. Overall survival (OS) and local and distant progression-free survival (LPFS and DPFS) were 73%, 62%, and 77% at 60 months. Both local and distant recurrence predisposed for significantly reduced OS. Macroscopic complete tumor resection, desmoplastic histology and early initiation of postoperative radiation therapy within 28 days were associated with improved outcome. The addition of chemotherapy did not improve survival rates. Toxicity was moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection of MB followed by CSI yields long survival rates in both children and adults. Delayed initiation of CSI is associated with poor outcome. Desmoplastic histology is associated with improved survival. The role of chemotherapy, especially in the adult population, must be further investigated in clinical studies.