Tyrosine-Mutant AAV8 Vector Mediated Efficient and Safe Gene Transfer of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor to Mouse Lungs.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are an important tool for lung targeted gene therapy. Substitution of tyrosine with phenylalanine residues (Y-F) in the capsid have been shown to protect the AAV vector from ubiquitin/proteasome degradation, increasing transduction efficiency. We tested the mutant Y733F-AAV8 vector for mucus diffusion, as well as the safety and efficacy of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene transfer to the lung. METHODS: For this purpose, Y733F-AAV8-PEDF (1010 viral genome) was administered intratracheally to C57BL/6 mice. Lung mechanics, morphometry, and inflammation were evaluated 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injection. RESULTS: The tyrosine-mutant AAV8 vector was efficient at penetrating mucus in ex vivo assays and at transferring the gene to lung cells after in vivo instillation. Increased levels of transgene mRNA were observed 28 days after vector administration. Overexpression of PEDF did not affect in vivo lung parameters. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a basis for further development of Y733F-AAV8-based gene therapies for safe and effective delivery of PEDF, which has anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities and might be a promising therapy for lung inflammatory disorders.

Brilliant blue G, a P2X7 receptor antagonist, attenuates early phase of renal inflammation, interstitial fibrosis and is associated with renal cell proliferation in ureteral obstruction in rats.

BACKGROUND: Previous study showed that purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) reach the highest expression in the first week after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice, and are involved in the process of inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis of renal tissue. We, herein, document the role of purinergic P2X7 receptors activation on the third day of UUO, as assessed by means of BBG as its selective inhibitor. METHODS: We investigated the effects of brilliant blue G (BBG), a P2X7R antagonist, in the third day of kidney tissue response to UUO in rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats submitted to UUO or sham operated, received BBG or vehicle (V), comprising four groups: UUO-BBG, UUO-V, sham-BBG and sham-V. The kidneys were harvested on day 3 UUO and prepared for histology, immunohistochemistry (P2X7R, PCNA, CD-68, α-sma, TGF-ß1, Heat-shock protein-47, TUNEL assay), quantitative real-time PCR (IL-1ß, procollagens type I, III, and IV) for mRNA quantification. RESULTS: The group UUO-V presented an enhancement in tubular cell P2X7-R expression, increase influx of macrophages and myofibroblasts, HSP-47 and TGF- ß1 expression. Also, upregulation of procollagen types I, III, and IV, and IL-1ß mRNAs were seen. On the other hand, group UUO-BBG showed lower expression of procollagens and IL-1ß mRNAs, as well as less immunoreactivity of HSP-47, TGF-ß, macrophages, myofibroblasts, and tubular apoptosis. This group also presented increased epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: BBG, a known highly selective inhibitor of P2X7R, attenuated renal inflammation, collagen synthesis, renal cell apoptosis, and enhanced renal cell proliferation in the early phase of rat model of UUO.

Self-complementary and tyrosine-mutant rAAV vectors enhance transduction in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector platforms have shown considerable therapeutic success in gene therapy for inherited disorders. In cystic fibrosis (CF), administration of first-generation rAAV2 was safe, but clinical benefits were not clearly demonstrated. Therefore, next-generation vectors that overcome rate-limiting steps in rAAV transduction are needed to obtain successful gene therapy for this devastating disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of single-strand or self-complementary (sc) rAAV vectors containing single or multiple tyrosine-to-phenylalanine (Y-F) mutations in capsid surface-exposed residues on serotypes 2, 8 or 9. For this purpose, CF bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells were transduced with rAAV vectors, and the transgene expression of enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) was analyzed at different time points. The effects of vectors on the cell viability, host cell cycle and in association with co-adjuvant drugs that modulate intracellular vector trafficking were also investigated. Six rAAV vectors demonstrated greater percentage of eGFP+ cells compared to their counterparts at days 4, 7 and 10 post-transduction: rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F, with 1.95-, 3.5- and 3.06-fold increases; rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F, with 1.65-, 2.12-, and 2-fold increases; scrAAV2 WT, with 1.69-, 2.68-, and 2.32-fold increases; scrAAV8 Y773F, with 57-, 6.06-, and 7-fold increases; scrAAV9 WT, with 7.47-, 4.64-, and 3.66-fold increases; and scrAAV9 Y446F, with 8.39-, 4.62-, and 4.4-fold increases. At days 15, 20, and 30 post-transduction, these vectors still demonstrated higher transgene expression than transfected cells. Although the percentage of eGFP+ cells reduced during the time-course analysis, the delta mean fluorescence intensity increased. These vectors also led to increased percentage of cells in G1-phase without eliciting any cytotoxicity. Prior administration of bortezomib or genistein did not increase eGFP expression in cells transduced with either rAAV2 Y(272,444,500,730)F or rAAV2 Y(252,272,444,500,704,730)F. In conclusion, self-complementary and tyrosine capsid mutations on rAAV serotypes 2, 8, and 9 led to more efficient transduction than their counterparts in CFBE cells by overcoming the intracellular trafficking and second-strand DNA synthesis limitations.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue, and Lung Tissue Differentially Mitigate Lung and Distal Organ Damage in Experimental Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells-based therapies have shown promising effects in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Different mesenchymal stem cells sources may result in diverse effects in respiratory diseases; however, there is no information regarding the best source of mesenchymal stem cells to treat pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. We tested the hypothesis that mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and lung tissue would lead to different beneficial effects on lung and distal organ damage in experimental pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Animal study and primary cell culture. SETTING: Laboratory investigation. SUBJECTS: Seventy-five Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Wistar rats received saline (control) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (acute respiratory distress syndrome) intratracheally. On day 2, acute respiratory distress syndrome animals were further randomized to receive saline or bone marrow, adipose tissue, or lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells (1 × 10 cells) IV. Lung mechanics, histology, and protein levels of inflammatory mediators and growth factors were analyzed 5 days after mesenchymal stem cells administration. RAW 264.7 cells (a macrophage cell line) were incubated with lipopolysaccharide followed by coculture or not with bone marrow, adipose tissue, and lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells (10 cells/mL medium). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Regardless of mesenchymal stem cells source, cells administration improved lung function and reduced alveolar collapse, tissue cellularity, collagen, and elastic fiber content in lung tissue, as well as decreased apoptotic cell counts in liver. Bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells administration also reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, transforming growth factor-ß, and vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as apoptotic cell counts in lung and kidney, while increasing expression of keratinocyte growth factor in lung tissue. Additionally, mesenchymal stem cells differently modulated the secretion of biomarkers by macrophages depending on their source. CONCLUSIONS: Mesenchymal stem cells from different sources led to variable responses in lungs and distal organs. Bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells yielded greater beneficial effects than lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells. These findings may be regarded as promising in clinical trials.

Therapeutic effects of adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in experimental silicosis.

BACKGROUND: Silicosis is an occupational disease that affects workers who inhale silica particles, leading to extensive lung fibrosis and ultimately causing respiratory failure. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to exert therapeutic effects in lung diseases and represent an alternative treatment for silicosis. Recently, it has been suggested that similar effects can be achieved by the therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from MSCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) or their EVs in a model of silicosis. METHODS: Silicosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of silica in C57BL/6 mice. After the onset of disease, animals received saline, AD-MSCs, or EVs, intratracheally. RESULTS: At day 30, AD-MSCs and EVs led to a reduction in collagen fiber content, size of granuloma, and in the number of macrophages inside granuloma and in the alveolar septa. In addition, the expression levels of interleukin 1ß and transforming growth factor beta in the lungs were decreased. Higher dose of EVs also reduced lung static elastance when compared with the untreated silicosis group. CONCLUSIONS: Both AD-MSCs and EVs, locally delivered, ameliorated fibrosis and inflammation, but dose-enhanced EVs yielded better therapeutic outcomes in this model of silicosis.

Biologic Impact of Mechanical Power at High and Low Tidal Volumes in Experimental Mild Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The authors hypothesized that low tidal volume (VT) would minimize ventilator-induced lung injury regardless of the degree of mechanical power. The authors investigated the impact of power, obtained by different combinations of VT and respiratory rate (RR), on ventilator-induced lung injury in experimental mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: Forty Wistar rats received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intratracheally. After 24 h, 32 rats were randomly assigned to be mechanically ventilated (2 h) with a combination of different VT (6 ml/kg and 11 ml/kg) and RR that resulted in low and high power. Power was calculated as energy (ΔP,L/E,L) × RR (ΔP,L = transpulmonary driving pressure; E,L = lung elastance), and was threefold higher in high than in low power groups. Eight rats were not mechanically ventilated and used for molecular biology analysis. RESULTS: Diffuse alveolar damage score, which represents the severity of edema, atelectasis, and overdistension, was increased in high VT compared to low VT, in both low (low VT: 11 [9 to 14], high VT: 18 [15 to 20]) and high (low VT: 19 [16 to 25], high VT: 29 [27 to 30]) power groups. At high VT, interleukin-6 and amphiregulin expressions were higher in high-power than in low-power groups. At high power, amphiregulin and club cell protein 16 expressions were higher in high VT than in low VT. Mechanical energy and power correlated well with diffuse alveolar damage score and interleukin-6, amphiregulin, and club cell protein 16 expression. CONCLUSIONS: In experimental mild ARDS, even at low VT, high mechanical power promoted ventilator-induced lung injury. To minimize ventilator-induced lung injury, low VT should be combined with low power.

Effects of static magnetic fields on natural or magnetized mesenchymal stromal cells: Repercussions for magnetic targeting.

The magnetic targeting (MT) technique improves delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to target sites. However, the moderate-intensity static magnetic fields (SMF) used for MT may exert adverse effects on MSCs. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effects of SMF on MSCs in vitro. Cells were initially magnetized using citrate-coated magnetite nanoparticles. Then, control and magnetized MSCs were transferred to an in vitro MT system and exposed to 0.3-0.45 Tesla SMFs. MSC viability, morphology, ultrastructure, proliferation rates, differentiation, and immunomodulation were evaluated after 24 and 48 hours of exposure. MSCs temporarily lost viability and exhibited ultrastructural changes after exposure to SMFs, regardless of magnetization. Moreover, exposure to SMF reduced magnetized MSC proliferation rates. Nevertheless, MSCs remained functional (i.e., capable of differentiating, secreting repair mediators, and modulating alveolar macrophage phenotype). Thus, the experimental protocol tested in this experiment can be applied in future in vivo MT studies.

Highly compacted biodegradable DNA nanoparticles capable of overcoming the mucus barrier for inhaled lung gene therapy.

Gene therapy has emerged as an alternative for the treatment of diseases refractory to conventional therapeutics. Synthetic nanoparticle-based gene delivery systems offer highly tunable platforms for the delivery of therapeutic genes. However, the inability to achieve sustained, high-level transgene expression in vivo presents a significant hurdle. The respiratory system, although readily accessible, remains a challenging target, as effective gene therapy mandates colloidal stability in physiological fluids and the ability to overcome biological barriers found in the lung. We formulated highly stable DNA nanoparticles based on state-of-the-art biodegradable polymers, poly(ß-amino esters) (PBAEs), possessing a dense corona of polyethylene glycol. We found that these nanoparticles efficiently penetrated the nanoporous and highly adhesive human mucus gel layer that constitutes a primary barrier to reaching the underlying epithelium. We also discovered that these PBAE-based mucus-penetrating DNA nanoparticles (PBAE-MPPs) provided uniform and high-level transgene expression throughout the mouse lungs, superior to several gold standard gene delivery systems. PBAE-MPPs achieved robust transgene expression over at least 4 mo following a single administration, and their transfection efficiency was not attenuated by repeated administrations, underscoring their clinical relevance. Importantly, PBAE-MPPs demonstrated a favorable safety profile with no signs of toxicity following intratracheal administration.

Environmental obesogen tributyltin chloride leads to abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function by disruption in kisspeptin/leptin signaling in female rats.

Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is a xenobiotic used as a biocide in antifouling paints that has been demonstrated to induce endocrine-disrupting effects, such as obesity and reproductive abnormalities. An integrative metabolic control in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis was exerted by leptin. However, studies that have investigated the obesogenic TBT effects on the HPG axis are especially rare. We investigated whether metabolic disorders as a result of TBT are correlated with abnormal hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function, as well as kisspeptin (Kiss) action. Female Wistar rats were administered vehicle and TBT (100ng/kg/day) for 15days via gavage. We analyzed their effects on the tin serum and ovary accumulation (as biomarker of TBT exposure), estrous cyclicity, surge LH levels, GnRH expression, Kiss action, fertility, testosterone levels, ovarian apoptosis, uterine inflammation, fibrosis, estrogen negative feedback, body weight gain, insulin, leptin, adiponectin levels, as well as the glucose tolerance (GTT) and insulin sensitivity tests (IST). TBT led to increased serum and ovary tin levels, irregular estrous cyclicity, and decreased surge LH levels, GnRH expression and Kiss responsiveness. A strong negative correlation between the serum and ovary tin levels with lower Kiss responsiveness and GnRH mRNA expression was observed in TBT rats. An increase in the testosterone levels, ovarian and uterine fibrosis, ovarian apoptosis, and uterine inflammation and a decrease in fertility and estrogen negative feedback were demonstrated in the TBT rats. We also identified an increase in the body weight gain and abnormal GTT and IST tests, which were associated with hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia, in the TBT rats. TBT disrupted proper functioning of the HPG axis as a result of abnormal Kiss action. The metabolic dysfunctions co-occur with the HPG axis abnormalities. Hyperleptinemia as a result of obesity induced by TBT may be associated with abnormal HPG function. A strong negative correlation between the hyperleptinemia and lower Kiss responsiveness was observed in the TBT rats. These findings provide evidence that TBT leads to toxic effects direct on the HPG axis and/or indirectly by abnormal metabolic regulation of the HPG axis.

Impact of Different Ventilation Strategies on Driving Pressure, Mechanical Power, and Biological Markers During Open Abdominal Surgery in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative mechanical ventilation may yield lung injury. To date, there is no consensus regarding the best ventilator strategy for abdominal surgery. We aimed to investigate the impact of the mechanical ventilation strategies used in 2 recent trials (Intraoperative Protective Ventilation [IMPROVE] trial and Protective Ventilation using High versus Low PEEP [PROVHILO] trial) on driving pressure (ΔPRS), mechanical power, and lung damage in a model of open abdominal surgery. METHODS: Thirty-five Wistar rats were used, of which 28 were anesthetized, and a laparotomy was performed with standardized bowel manipulation. Postoperatively, animals (n = 7/group) were randomly assigned to 4 hours of ventilation with: (1) tidal volume (VT) = 7 mL/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 1 cm H2O without recruitment maneuvers (RMs) (low VT/low PEEP/RM-), mimicking the low-VT/low-PEEP strategy of PROVHILO; (2) VT = 7 mL/kg and PEEP = 3 cm H2O with RMs before laparotomy and hourly thereafter (low VT/moderate PEEP/4 RM+), mimicking the protective ventilation strategy of IMPROVE; (3) VT = 7 mL/kg and PEEP = 6 cm H2O with RMs only before laparotomy (low VT/high PEEP/1 RM+), mimicking the strategy used after intubation and before extubation in PROVHILO; or (4) VT = 14 mL/kg and PEEP = 1 cm H2O without RMs (high VT/low PEEP/RM-), mimicking conventional ventilation used in IMPROVE. Seven rats were not tracheotomized, operated, or mechanically ventilated, and constituted the healthy nonoperated and nonventilated controls. RESULTS: Low VT/moderate PEEP/4 RM+ and low VT/high PEEP/1 RM+, compared to low VT/low PEEP/RM- and high VT/low PEEP/RM-, resulted in lower ΔPRS (7.1 ± 0.8 and 10.2 ± 2.1 cm H2O vs 13.9 ± 0.9 and 16.9 ± 0.8 cm H2O, respectively; P< .001) and less mechanical power (63 ± 7 and 79 ± 20 J/min vs 110 ± 10 and 120 ± 20 J/min, respectively; P = .007). Low VT/high PEEP/1 RM+ was associated with less alveolar collapse than low VT/low PEEP/RM- (P = .03). E-cadherin expression was higher in low VT/moderate PEEP/4 RM+ than in low VT/low PEEP/RM- (P = .013) or high VT/low PEEP/RM- (P = .014). The extent of alveolar collapse, E-cadherin expression, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha correlated with ΔPRS (r = 0.54 [P = .02], r = -0.48 [P = .05], and r = 0.59 [P = .09], respectively) and mechanical power (r = 0.57 [P = .02], r = -0.54 [P = .02], and r = 0.48 [P = .04], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this model of open abdominal surgery based on the mechanical ventilation strategies used in IMPROVE and PROVHILO trials, lower mechanical power and its surrogate ΔPRS were associated with reduced lung damage.

Sevoflurane, Compared With Isoflurane, Minimizes Lung Damage in Pulmonary but Not in Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Volatile anesthetics modulate inflammation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, it is unclear whether they act differently depending on ARDS etiology. We hypothesized that the in vivo and in vitro effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on lung damage would not differ in pulmonary (p) and extrapulmonary (exp) ARDS. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized to undergo general anesthesia (1-2 minutes) with sevoflurane and isoflurane. Animals were then further randomized to receive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheally (ARDSp) or intraperitoneally (ARDSexp), and 24 hours after ARDS induction, they were subjected to 60 minutes of sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia at 1 minimal alveolar concentration. The primary outcome measure was interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression in lung tissue. Secondary outcomes included gas exchange, lung mechanics, histology, and mRNA expression of IL-10, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), surfactant protein (SP)-B, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, epithelial amiloride-sensitive Na-channel subunits α and γ, and sodium-potassium-adenosine-triphosphatase pump subunits α1 (α1-Na,K-ATPase) and ß1 (ß1-Na,K-ATPase). Additional ARDSp and ARDSexp animals (n = 6 per group) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental but not mechanically ventilated (NV) to serve as controls. Separately, to identify how sevoflurane and isoflurane act on type II epithelial cells, A549 human lung epithelial cells were stimulated with LPS (20 µg/mL) for 24 hours, and SP-B expression was quantified after further exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane (1 minimal alveolar concentration ) for 60 minutes. RESULTS: In ARDSp, sevoflurane reduced IL-6 expression to a greater degree than isoflurane (P = .04). Static lung elastance (P = .0049) and alveolar collapse (P = .033) were lower in sevoflurane than isoflurane, whereas Nrf2 (P = .036), SP-B (P = .042), and ß1-Na,K-ATPase (P = .038) expressions were higher in sevoflurane. In ARDSexp, no significant differences were observed in lung mechanics, alveolar collapse, or molecular parameters between sevoflurane and isoflurane. In vitro, SP-B expression was higher in sevoflurane than isoflurane (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with isoflurane, sevoflurane did not affect lung inflammation in ARDSexp, but it did reduce lung inflammation in ARDSp.

Combination of Correctors Rescue ΔF508-CFTR by Reducing Its Association with Hsp40 and Hsp27.

Correcting the processing of ΔF508-CFTR, the most common mutation in cystic fibrosis, is the major goal in the development of new therapies for this disease. Here, we determined whether ΔF508 could be rescued by a combination of small-molecule correctors, and identified the mechanism by which correctors rescue the trafficking mutant of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We transfected COS-7 cells with ΔF508, created HEK-293 stably expressing ΔF508, and utilized CFBE41o(-) cell lines stably transduced with ΔF508. As shown previously, ΔF508 expressed less protein, was unstable at physiological temperature, and rapidly degraded. When the cells were treated with the combination C18 + C4 the mature C-band was expressed at the cell surface. After treatment with C18 + C4, we saw a lower rate of protein disappearance after translation was stopped with cycloheximide. To understand how this rescue occurs, we evaluated the change in the binding of proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, such as Hsp27 (HspB1) and Hsp40 (DnaJ). We saw a dramatic reduction in binding to heat shock proteins 27 and 40 following combined corrector therapy. siRNA experiments confirmed that a reduction in Hsp27 or Hsp40 rescued CFTR in the ΔF508 mutant, but the rescue was not additive or synergistic with C4 + 18 treatment, indicating these correctors shared a common pathway for rescue involving a network of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation proteins.

Regulation of CFTR Expression and Arginine Vasopressin Activity Are Dependent on Polycystin-1 in Kidney-Derived Cells.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the development of multiple, progressive, fluid-filled renal cysts that distort the renal parenchyma, leading to end-stage renal failure, mainly after the fifth decade of life. ADPKD is caused by a mutation in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes that encode polycystin-1 (PC-1) and polycystin-2 (PC-2), respectively. PC-1 is an important regulator of several signaling pathways and PC-2 is a nonselective calcium channel. The CFTR chloride channel is responsible for driving net fluid secretion into the cysts, promoting cyst growth. Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP), in turn, is capable of increasing cystic intracellular cAMP, contributing to cell proliferation, transepithelial fluid secretion, and therefore to disease progression. The aim of this study was to assess if AVP can modulate CFTR and whether PC-1 plays a role in this potential modulation. METHODS: M1 cells, derived from mouse cortical collecting duct, were used in the current work. The cells were treated with 10-7 M AVP hormone and divided into two main groups: transfected cells superexpressing PC-1 (Transf) and cells not transfected (Ctrl). CFTR expression was assessed by immunodetection, CFTR mRNA levels were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and CFTR net ion transport was measured using the Ussing chamber technique. RESULTS: AVP treatment increased the levels of CFTR protein and mRNA. CFTR short-circuit currents were also increased. However, when PC-1 was overexpressed in M1 cells, no increase in any of these parameters was detected. CONCLUSIONS: CFTR chloride channel expression is increased by AVP in M1 cells and PC-1 is capable of regulating this modulation.

Tyrosine Mutation in AAV9 Capsid Improves Gene Transfer to the Mouse Lung.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are being increasingly used as the vector of choice for in vivo gene delivery and gene therapy for many pulmonary diseases. Recently, it was shown that phosphorylation of surface-exposed tyrosine residues from AAV capsid targets the viral particles for ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, and mutations of these tyrosine residues lead to highly efficient vector transduction in vitro and in vivo in different organs. In this study, we evaluated the pulmonary transgene expression efficacy of AAV9 vectors containing point mutations in surface-exposed capsid tyrosine residues. METHODS: Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into three groups: (1) a control group (CTRL) animals underwent intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of saline, (2) the wild-type AAV9 group (WT-AAV9, 1010 vg), and (3) the tyrosine-mutant Y731F AAV9 group (M-AAV9, 1010 vg), which received (i.t.) self-complementary AAV9 vectors containing the DNA sequence of enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP). Four weeks after instillation, lung mechanics, morphometry, tissue cellularity, gene expression, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factor expression were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in lung mechanics and morphometry among the experimental groups. However, the number of polymorphonuclear cells was higher in the WT-AAV9 group than in the CTRL and M-AAV9 groups, suggesting that the administration of tyrosine-mutant AAV9 vectors was better tolerated. Tyrosine-mutant AAV9 vectors significantly improved transgene delivery to the lung (30%) compared with their wild-type counterparts, without eliciting an inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: Our results provide the impetus for further studies to exploit the use of AAV9 vectors as a tool for pulmonary gene therapy.

Correctors Rescue CFTR Mutations in Nucleotide-Binding Domain 1 (NBD1) by Modulating Proteostasis.

We evaluated whether small molecule correctors could rescue four nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene (A455E, S492F, ΔI507, and R560T). We first transfected Cos-7 cells (green monkey kidney cells) with A455E, S492F, ΔI507, or R560T and created HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney cells) cell lines stably expressing these CFTR mutations. The mutants showed lowered protein expression, instability at physiological temperature, and rapid degradation. After treatment with correctors CFFT-002, CFFT-003, C3, C4, and/or C18, the combination of C18+C4 showed the most correction and resulted in increased CFTR residing in the plasma membrane. We found a profound decrease in binding of CFTR to histone deacetylases (HDAC) 6 and 7 and heat shock proteins (Hsps) 27 and 40. Silencing Hsp27 or 40 rescued the mutants, but no additional amount of CFTR was rescued when both proteins were knocked down simultaneously. Thus, CFTR mutations in NBD1 can be rescued by a combination of correctors, and the treatment alters the interaction between mutated CFTR and the endoplasmic reticulum machinery.

Variable ventilation improves pulmonary function and reduces lung damage without increasing bacterial translocation in a rat model of experimental pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Variable ventilation has been shown to improve pulmonary function and reduce lung damage in different models of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nevertheless, variable ventilation has not been tested during pneumonia. Theoretically, periodic increases in tidal volume (VT) and airway pressures might worsen the impairment of alveolar barrier function usually seen in pneumonia and could increase bacterial translocation into the bloodstream. We investigated the impact of variable ventilation on lung function and histologic damage, as well as markers of lung inflammation, epithelial and endothelial cell damage, and alveolar stress, and bacterial translocation in experimental pneumonia. METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive intratracheal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) or saline (SAL) (n = 16/group). After 24-h, animals were anesthetized and ventilated for 2 h with either conventional volume-controlled (VCV) or variable volume-controlled ventilation (VV), with mean VT = 6 mL/kg, PEEP = 5cmH2O, and FiO2 = 0.4. During VV, tidal volume varied randomly with a coefficient of variation of 30% and a Gaussian distribution. Additional animals assigned to receive either PA or SAL (n = 8/group) were not ventilated (NV) to serve as controls. RESULTS: In both SAL and PA, VV improved oxygenation and lung elastance compared to VCV. In SAL, VV decreased interleukin (IL)-6 expression compared to VCV (median [interquartile range]: 1.3 [0.3-2.3] vs. 5.3 [3.6-7.0]; p = 0.02) and increased surfactant protein-D expression compared to NV (2.5 [1.9-3.5] vs. 1.2 [0.8-1.2]; p = 0.0005). In PA, compared to VCV, VV reduced perivascular edema (2.5 [2.0-3.75] vs. 6.0 [4.5-6.0]; p < 0.0001), septum neutrophils (2.0 [1.0-4.0] vs. 5.0 [3.3-6.0]; p = 0.0008), necrotizing vasculitis (3.0 [2.0-5.5] vs. 6.0 [6.0-6.0]; p = 0.0003), and ultrastructural lung damage scores (16 [14-17] vs. 24 [14-27], p < 0.0001). Blood colony-forming-unit (CFU) counts were comparable (7 [0-28] vs. 6 [0-26], p = 0.77). Compared to NV, VCV, but not VV, increased expression amphiregulin, IL-6, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 (2.1 [1.6-2.5] vs. 0.9 [0.7-1.2], p = 0.025; 12.3 [7.9-22.0] vs. 0.8 [0.6-1.9], p = 0.006; and 4.4 [2.9-5.6] vs. 0.9 [0.8-1.4], p = 0.003, respectively). Angiopoietin-2 expression was lower in VV compared to NV animals (0.5 [0.3-0.8] vs. 1.3 [1.0-1.5], p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this rat model of pneumonia, VV improved pulmonary function and reduced lung damage as compared to VCV, without increasing bacterial translocation.

Fast Versus Slow Recruitment Maneuver at Different Degrees of Acute Lung Inflammation Induced by Experimental Sepsis.

BACKGROUND: Large tidal volume (VT) breaths or "recruitment maneuvers" (RMs) are used commonly to open collapsed lungs, but their effectiveness may depend on how the RM is delivered. We hypothesized that a stepped approach to RM delivery ("slow" RM) compared with a nonstepped ("fast" RM), when followed by decremental positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration to lowest dynamic elastance, would (1) yield a more homogeneous inflation of the lungs, thus reducing the PEEP obtained during post-RM titration; (2) produce less lung morphofunctional injury, regardless of the severity of sepsis-induced acute lung inflammation; and (3) result in less biological damage in severe, but not in moderate, acute lung inflammation. METHODS: Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture surgery in 51 Wistar rats. After 48 hours, animals were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated (VT = 6 mL/kg), and stratified by PO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio into moderate (≥300) and severe (<300) acute lung inflammation groups. Each group was then subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups: (1) nonrecruited; (2) RM with continuous positive airway pressure (30 cm H2O for 30 seconds; CPAPRM or fast RM); and (3) RM with stepwise airway pressure increase (5 cm H2O/step, 8.5 seconds/step, 6 steps, 51 seconds; STEPRM or slow RM), with a maximum pressure hold for 10 seconds. All animals underwent decremental PEEP titration to determine the level of PEEP required to optimize dynamic compliance after RM and were then ventilated for 60 minutes with VT = 6 mL/kg, respiratory rate = 80 bpm, fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.4, and the newly adjusted PEEP for each animal. Respiratory mechanics, hemodynamics, and arterial blood gases were measured before and at the end of 60-minute mechanical ventilation. Lung histology and biological markers of inflammation and damage inflicted to endothelial cells were evaluated at the end of the 60-minute mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Respiratory system mean airway pressure was lower in STEPRM than that in CPAPRM. The total RM time was greater, and the RM rise angle was lower in STEPRM than that in CPAPRM. In both moderate and severe acute lung inflammation groups, STEPRM reduced total diffuse alveolar damage score compared with the score in nonrecruited rats. In moderate acute lung inflammation, STEPRM rats compared with CPAPRM rats had less endothelial cell damage and angiopoietin (Ang)-2 expression. In severe acute lung inflammation, STEPRM compared with CPAPRM reduced hyperinflation, endothelial cell damage, Ang-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expressions. RM rise angle correlated with Ang-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with CPAPRM, STEPRM reduced biological markers associated with endothelial cell damage and ultrastructural endothelial cell injury in both moderate and severe sepsis-induced acute lung inflammation.

The Effects of Dasatinib in Experimental Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Depend on Dose and Etiology.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Evidence suggests that tyrosine-kinase inhibitors may attenuate lung inflammation and fibrosis in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that dasatinib, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, might act differently depending on the ARDS etiology and the dose. METHODS: C57/BL6 mice were divided to be pre-treated with dasatinib (1mg/kg or 10mg/kg) or vehicle (1% dimethyl-sulfoxide) by oral gavage. Thirty-minutes after pre-treatment, mice were subdivided into control (C) or ARDS groups. ARDS animals received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intratracheally (ARDSp) or intraperitoneally (ARDSexp). A new dose of dasatinib or vehicle was administered at 6 and 24h. RESULTS: Forty-eight hours after ARDS induction, dasatinib 1mg/kg yielded: improved lung morphofunction and reduced cells expressing toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 in lung, independent of ARDS etiology; reduced neutrophil and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß in ARDSp. The higher dose of dasatinib caused no changes in lung mechanics, diffuse alveolar damage, neutrophil, or cells expressing TLR4, but increased IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cells expressing Fas receptor in lung in ARDSp. In ARDSexp, it improved lung morphofunction, increased VEGF, and reduced cells expressing TLR4. Conclusion: Dasatinib may have therapeutic potential in ARDS independent of etiology, but careful dose monitoring is required.

Biological Impact of Transpulmonary Driving Pressure in Experimental Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-induced lung injury has been attributed to the interaction of several factors: tidal volume (VT), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), transpulmonary driving pressure (difference between transpulmonary pressure at end-inspiration and end-expiration, ΔP,L), and respiratory system plateau pressure (Pplat,rs). METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats received Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intratracheally. After 24 h, animals were randomized into combinations of VT and PEEP, yielding three different ΔP,L levels: ΔP,LLOW (VT = 6 ml/kg, PEEP = 3 cm H2O); ΔP,LMEAN (VT = 13 ml/kg, PEEP = 3 cm H2O or VT = 6 ml/kg, PEEP = 9.5 cm H2O); and ΔP,LHIGH (VT = 22 ml/kg, PEEP = 3 cm H2O or VT = 6 ml/kg, PEEP = 11 cm H2O). In other groups, at low VT, PEEP was adjusted to obtain a Pplat,rs similar to that achieved with ΔP,LMEAN and ΔP,LHIGH at high VT. RESULTS: At ΔP,LLOW, expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and amphiregulin were reduced, despite morphometric evidence of alveolar collapse. At ΔP,LHIGH (VT = 6 ml/kg and PEEP = 11 cm H2O), lungs were fully open and IL-6 and RAGE were reduced compared with ΔP,LMEAN (27.4 ± 12.9 vs. 41.6 ± 14.1 and 0.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.3, respectively), despite increased hyperinflation and amphiregulin expression. At ΔP,LMEAN (VT = 6 ml/kg and PEEP = 9.5 cm H2O), when PEEP was not high enough to keep lungs open, IL-6, RAGE, and amphiregulin expression increased compared with ΔP,LLOW (41.6 ± 14.1 vs. 9.0 ± 9.8, 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2, and 6.7 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 1.0, respectively). At Pplat,rs similar to that achieved with ΔP,LMEAN and ΔP,LHIGH, higher VT and lower PEEP reduced IL-6 and RAGE expression. CONCLUSION: In the acute respiratory distress syndrome model used in this experiment, two strategies minimized ventilator-induced lung injury: (1) low VT and PEEP, yielding low ΔP,L and Pplat,rs; and (2) low VT associated with a PEEP level sufficient to keep the lungs open.

Modulation of stress versus time product during mechanical ventilation influences inflammation as well as alveolar epithelial and endothelial response in rats.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation can lead to lung biotrauma when mechanical stress exceeds safety thresholds. The authors investigated whether the duration of mechanical stress, that is, the impact of a stress versus time product (STP), influences biotrauma. The authors hypothesized that higher STP levels are associated with increased inflammation and with alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell injury. METHODS: In 46 rats, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (acute lung inflammation) or saline (control) was administered intratracheally. Both groups were protectively ventilated with inspiratory-to-expiratory ratios 1:2, 1:1, or 2:1 (n = 12 each), corresponding to low, middle, and high STP levels (STPlow, STPmid, and STPhigh, respectively). The remaining 10 animals were not mechanically ventilated. RESULTS: In animals with mild acute lung inflammation, but not in controls: (1) messenger RNA expression of interleukin-6 was higher in STPhigh (28.1 ± 13.6; mean ± SD) and STPlow (28.9 ± 16.0) versus STPmid (7.4 ± 7.5) (P < 0.05); (2) expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products was increased in STPhigh (3.6 ± 1.6) versus STPlow (2.3 ± 1.1) (P < 0.05); (3) alveolar edema was decreased in STPmid (0 [0 to 0]; median, Q1 to Q3) compared with STPhigh (0.8 [0.6 to 1]) (P < 0.05); and (4) expressions of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were higher in STPlow (3.0 ± 1.8) versus STPhigh (1.2 ± 0.5) and STPmid (1.4 ± 0.7) (P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the mild acute lung inflammation model used herein, mechanical ventilation with inspiratory-to-expiratory of 1:1 (STPmid) minimized lung damage, whereas STPhigh increased the gene expression of biological markers associated with inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell injury and STPlow increased markers of endothelial cell damage.