[Health professionals' perception about the socio-educational group intervention with women who present somatic symptoms without organic cause]. / Percepción de profesionales de la salud sobre la intervención grupal socioeducativa con mujeres que presentan síntomas somáticos sin causa orgánica.

OBJECTIVE: To know the perception and opinion of primary care health professionals on the impact of non-medicalizing group educational intervention (GRUSE) with women who present somatic symptoms without organic cause. DESIGN: Qualitative phenomenological study. SETTING: Primary care health centers in Andalusia, during 2017 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS AND/OR CONTEXTS: Twenty-four health professionals, selected according to their level of involvement in the GRUSE strategy (socio-educational groups). METHOD: A qualitative methodology is applied, through the phenomenological method. The technique used to collect the information is the discussion group, and a content analysis is carried out on it. The software Atlas.ti 8.0 is used as a support resource for the analysis. RESULTS: Health professionals highlight group work as a means of achieving change, and point to the importance of intervention as a non-medicalizing strategy. They perceive that the participants obtain some benefits: the improvement of their personal well-being, the increase of their self-esteem and self-determination, and the generation of social networks, benefits that also affect their immediate surroundings. CONCLUSIONS: In the opinion of the professionals, the strategy has positive effects on women and does not mean an increase in resources for the health system. In addition, they express the importance of provide women with tools to cope with daily life problems derivates mostly from gender mandates of a patriarchal society.

[Design of the evaluation of the socio-educational groups for men in primary care]. / Diseño de la evaluación de los grupos socioeducativos para hombres en atención primaria.

The Public Health System of Andalusia develops the Socio-Educational Groups Strategy (GRUSE), focused on promoting the health and emotional well-being of those who present somatic symptoms without organic cause in primary care health centers. This intervention began with groups of women and has been extended to groups of men, after verifying that the unemployment caused by the economic crisis, generated discomfort due to the loss of the "productive role". A mixed methodology research has been designed to measure the effects of GRUSE in male participants. The quantitative design has longitudinal and quasi-experimental section, in which a battery of scales are used as instruments for collecting information. The qualitative design includes semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The objective of this article is to present the design of the research, with which it is expected to collect evidence of the impact of the intervention.

[Impact of primary care socio-educational groups in mental health of women]. / Impacto de los grupos socioeducativos de atención primaria en la salud mental de las mujeres.

OBJECTIVE: To present part of the results of the evaluation of this strategy. METHOD: Longitudinal (pre-post) and quasi-experimental (experimental and control group) design, collecting information from 228 women (114 each group) in four moments (one month before the program; one month after the end of the program; six months and a year and a half). Among the instruments used are the Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. RESULTS: Women in the experimental group reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve their self-esteem after participating in the program, and this improvement is maintained until a year and a half after the end of it. On the contrary, women in the control group do not present pre-post differences in almost none of the variables analyzed (except in anxiety symptoms). CONCLUSION: These results support GRUSE as a non-medical intervention, and it is considered that they can serve as a stimulus to maintain the strategy and even extend it to other population groups that also experience psychosocial discomfort.

Social Distancing and COVID-19: Factors Associated With Compliance With Social Distancing Norms in Spain.

This article describes patterns of compliance with social distancing measures among the Spanish population during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It identifies several factors associated with higher or lower compliance with recommended measures of social distancing. This research is part of a 67-country study, titled the International COVID-19 study on Social & Moral Psychology, in which we use a Spanish dataset. Participants were residents in Spain aged 18 or above. The sample comprises 1,090 respondents, weighted to be representative of the Spanish population. Frequencies, correlations, bivariate analysis, and six models based on hierarchical multiple regressions were applied. The main finding is that most Spaniards are compliant with established guidelines of social distance during the pandemic (State of Alarm, before May 2020). Variables associated more with lower levels of compliance with these standards were explored. Six hierarchical multiple regression models found that compliance with social distance measures has a multifactorial explanation (R 2 between 20.4 and 49.1%). Sociodemographic factors, personal hygiene patterns, and the interaction between personal hygiene patterns and the support for political measures related to the coronavirus brought significant effects on the regression models. Less compliance was also associated with beliefs in some specific conspiracy theories with regard to COVID-19 or general conspiracy mentality (Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, CMQ), consumption patterns of traditional mass media (television, paper newspapers, magazines, and radio) and modern means to get informed (online digital newspapers, blogs, and social networks), political ideology, vote, trust in institutions, and political identification. Among the future lines of action in preventing the possible outbreak of the virus, we suggest measures to reinforce trust in official information, mainly linked to reducing the influence of disinformation and conspiracy theories parallel to the pandemic.

Health advice on alcohol consumption in pregnant women in Seville (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: To analyse to what extent pregnant women remembered having received health advice regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy, what the message they perceived was and whether there is social inequality in this regard. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed with a sample of 426 pregnant women (in their 20th week of pregnancy) receiving care in the outpatient clinics of a university hospital in a southern Spanish city (Seville). The data were collected through face-to-face structured interviews carried out by trained health professionals. RESULTS: 43% of the interviewed women stated that they had not received any health advice in this regard. Only 43.5% of the sample remembered having received the correct message (not to consume any alcohol at all during pregnancy) from their midwife, 25% from their obstetrician and 20.3% from their general practitioner. The women with a low educational level were those who least declared having received health advice on the issue. CONCLUSION: The recommended health advice to avoid alcohol consumption during pregnancy does not effectively reach a large proportion of pregnant women. Developing institutional programmes which help healthcare professionals to carry out effective preventive activities of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder is needed.

Diseño de la evaluación de los grupos socioeducativos para hombres en atención primaria / Design of the evaluation of the socio-educational groups for men in primary care

El Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía desarrolla la Estrategia Grupos Socioeducativos (GRUSE), enfocada a la promoción de la salud y del bienestar emocional de quienes presentan síntomas somáticos sin causa orgánica en los centros de salud de atención primaria. Esta intervención comenzó con grupos de mujeres y se ha ampliado a grupos de hombres, tras comprobar que el desempleo provocado por la crisis económica generaba malestares por la pérdida del «rol productivo». Se ha diseñado una investigación con metodología mixta para medir los efectos de los GRUSE en los hombres participantes. El diseño cuantitativo tiene corte longitudinal y cuasiexperimental, y se usa una batería de escalas como instrumentos de recogida de la información. El diseño cualitativo contempla la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el diseño de la investigación, con la que se espera recoger evidencias del impacto de la intervención. (AU)

The Public Health System of Andalusia develops the Socio-Educational Groups Strategy (GRUSE), focused on promoting the health and emotional well-being of those who present somatic symptoms without organic cause in primary care health centers. This intervention began with groups of women and has been extended to groups of men, after verifying that the unemployment caused by the economic crisis, generated discomfort due to the loss of the “productive role”. A mixed methodology research has been designed to measure the effects of GRUSE in male participants. The quantitative design has longitudinal and quasi-experimental section, in which a battery of scales are used as instruments for collecting information. The qualitative design includes semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The objective of this article is to present the design of the research, with which it is expected to collect evidence of the impact of the intervention. (AU)

[The demedicalisation of women's daily lives: socio-educational groups in the Andalusian Public Health System]. / La desmedicalización de la vida cotidiana de las mujeres: los grupos socioeducativos en el Sistema Sanitario Público Andaluz.

The socio-educational groups (GRUSE) are a health and emotional well-being promotion strategy, from an asset-based positive health approach. They principally target women who attend health centres with signs of discomfort with no organic basis finding. The strategy was evaluated through a quasi-experimental longitudinal design, with a mixed methodology. Information was collected from 228 women with a battery of scales and from an analysis of health system databases. Ten in-depth interviews with women were conducted, and 3 discussion groups with professionals. The aim of this article was to introduce the GRUSE strategy as a non-medical alternative intervention and to present the research design, seeking to identify the evidence of this practice implemented in primary health centres of Andalusia (Spain).

Percepción de profesionales de la salud sobre la intervención grupal socioeducativa con mujeres que presentan síntomas somáticos sin causa orgánica / Health professionals’ perception about the socio-educational group intervention with women who present somatic symptoms without organic cause

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción y opinión de profesionales de la salud de Atención Primaria sobre el impacto de la intervención grupal socioeducativa (GRUSE) no medicalizadora con mujeres que presentan síntomas somáticos sin causa orgánica. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. Emplazamiento: Centros de salud de atención primaria de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, durante los años 2017 y 2018. Participantes o contextos: Se incluyó a 24 profesionales del ámbito de la salud, seleccionados según su nivel de implicación en la estrategia GRUSE (grupos socioeducativos). Método: Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, a través del método fenomenológico. La técnica empleada para recopilar la información es el grupo de discusión, sobre el que se realizó un análisis de contenido. El software Atlas.ti 8.0 se empleó como recurso de apoyo al análisis. Resultados: Los profesionales ponen en valor el trabajo de grupo como medio para provocar cambios y refieren la importancia de la intervención como estrategia no medicalizadora. Perciben que las participantes obtienen una serie de beneficios: mejora de su bienestar personal, aumento de su autoestima y autodeterminación y la generación de redes sociales, beneficios que repercuten igualmente en su entorno más inmediato. Conclusiones: En opinión de los profesionales, la estrategia tiene efectos positivos en las mujeres y no supone un incremento de los recursos para el sistema sanitario. Además, manifiestan la importancia de dotar a las mujeres de herramientas para el afrontamiento de problemas de la vida cotidiana, que derivan, en muchas de las ocasiones, de los mandatos de género predominantes en la sociedad patriarcal.(AU)

Objective: To know the perception and opinion of primary care health professionals on the impact of non-medicalizing group educational intervention (GRUSE) with women who present somatic symptoms without organic cause. Design: Qualitative phenomenological study. Setting: Primary care health centers in Andalusia, during 2017 and 2018. Participants and/or contexts: Twenty-four health professionals, selected according to their level of involvement in the GRUSE strategy (socio-educational groups). Method: A qualitative methodology is applied, through the phenomenological method. The technique used to collect the information is the discussion group, and a content analysis is carried out on it. The software Atlas.ti 8.0 is used as a support resource for the analysis. Results: Health professionals highlight group work as a means of achieving change, and point to the importance of intervention as a non-medicalizing strategy. They perceive that the participants obtain some benefits: the improvement of their personal well-being, the increase of their self-esteem and self-determination, and the generation of social networks, benefits that also affect their immediate surroundings. Conclusions: In the opinion of the professionals, the strategy has positive effects on women and does not mean an increase in resources for the health system. In addition, they express the importance of provide women with tools to cope with daily life problems derivates mostly from gender mandates of a patriarchal society.(AU)

Impacto de los grupos socioeducativos de atención primaria en la salud mental de las mujeres / Impact of primary care socio-educational groups in mental health of women

Objetivo: Presentar parte de los resultados de la evaluación de esta estrategia. Método: Diseño longitudinal (pre-post) y cuasiexperimental (grupo experimental y control), recogiendo información de 228 mujeres (114 en cada grupo) en cuatro momentos (un mes antes del programa, al mes de finalizarlo, a los 6 meses y al año y medio). Entre los instrumentos utilizados se encuentran la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión y la Escala de Autoestima. Resultados: Las mujeres del grupo experimental reducen sus síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, y mejoran su autoestima, tras participar en el programa, y esta mejoría se mantiene hasta un año y medio después de finalizarlo. Por el contrario, las mujeres del grupo control no presentan diferencias pre-post en casi ninguna de las variables analizadas (salvo en los síntomas de ansiedad). Conclusión: Estos resultados apoyan los GRUSE como intervención no medicalizadora, y se considera que pueden servir como estímulo para mantener la estrategia e incluso extenderla a otros grupos de población que también experimenten malestar psicosocial. (AU)

Objective: To present part of the results of the evaluation of this strategy. Method: Longitudinal (pre-post) and quasi-experimental (experimental and control group) design, collecting information from 228 women (114 each group) in four moments (one month before the program; one month after the end of the program; six months and a year and a half). Among the instruments used are the Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results: Women in the experimental group reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety and improve their self-esteem after participating in the program, and this improvement is maintained until a year and a half after the end of it. On the contrary, women in the control group do not present pre-post differences in almost none of the variables analyzed (except in anxiety symptoms). Conclusion: These results support GRUSE as a non-medical intervention, and it is considered that they can serve as a stimulus to maintain the strategy and even extend it to other population groups that also experience psychosocial discomfort. (AU)

Health advice on alcohol consumption in pregnant women in Seville (Spain) / Consejo sanitario sobre el consumo de alcohol en embarazadas de Sevilla (España)

OBJECTIVE: To analyse to what extent pregnant women remembered having received health advice regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy, what the message they perceived was and whether there is social inequality in this regard. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed with a sample of 426 pregnant women (in their 20th week of pregnancy) receiving care in the outpatient clinics of a university hospital in a southern Spanish city (Seville). The data were collected through face-to-face structured interviews carried out by trained health professionals. RESULTS: 43% of the interviewed women stated that they had not received any health advice in this regard. Only 43.5% of the sample remembered having received the correct message (not to consume any alcohol at all during pregnancy) from their midwife, 25% from their obstetrician and 20.3% from their general practitioner. The women with a low educational level were those who least declared having received health advice on the issue. CONCLUSION: The recommended health advice to avoid alcohol consumption during pregnancy does not effectively reach a large proportion of pregnant women. Developing institutional programmes which help healthcare professionals to carry out effective preventive activities of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder is needed

OBJETIVO: Analizar en qué medida las gestantes recuerdan haber recibido asesoramiento sanitario sobre el consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo, cuál es el mensaje percibido y si existe desigualdad social al respecto. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo con 426 mujeres en su semana 20 de embarazo en las consultas externas de un hospital universitario de Sevilla (España). Los datos se recopilaron mediante entrevistas estructuradas cara a cara realizadas por profesionales sanitarias entrenadas. RESULTADOS: El 43% de las entrevistadas afirmaron no haber recibido consejo sanitario alguno al respecto. Solo el 43,5% dijeron que habían recibido el mensaje correcto (no beber absolutamente nada de alcohol durante el embarazo) por parte de la matrona, el 25% por el obstetra y el 20,3% por el médico de atención primaria. Las embarazadas con menor nivel educativo fueron las que menos refirieron haber recibido asesoramiento sanitario sobre el tema. CONCLUSIÓN: El consejo sanitario adecuado (evitar todo consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo) no llega de manera efectiva a una amplia proporción de las gestantes. Es necesario desarrollar programas institucionales que posibiliten que los profesionales sanitarios puedan llevar a cabo con eficacia actividades preventivas de los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal

La desmedicalización de la vida cotidiana de las mujeres: los grupos socioeducativos en el Sistema Sanitario Público Andaluz / The demedicalisation of women's daily lives: socio-educational groups in the Andalusian Public Health System

Los grupos socioeducativos (GRUSE) constituyen una estrategia de promoción de la salud y el bienestar emocional desde un enfoque de salud positiva basada en activos. Mayoritariamente se dirigen a mujeres que acuden a los centros de salud con signos de malestar para los que no se encuentra base orgánica. La estrategia se evalúa mediante un diseño longitudinal y cuasi-experimental, con metodología mixta. Se ha recogido información de 228 mujeres con una batería de escalas y el análisis de bases de datos del sistema sanitario. Se han realizado 10 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres y tres grupos de discusión con profesionales. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la estrategia GRUSE como intervención alternativa no medicalizadora y presentar el diseño de la investigación, con la que se espera identificar las evidencias de esta práctica implantada en los centros de salud de atención primaria de Andalucía

The socio-educational groups (GRUSE) are a health and emotional well-being promotion strategy, from an asset-based positive health approach. They principally target women who attend health centres with signs of discomfort with no organic basis finding. The strategy was evaluated through a quasi-experimental longitudinal design, with a mixed methodology. Information was collected from 228 women with a battery of scales and from an analysis of health system databases. Ten in-depth interviews with women were conducted, and 3 discussion groups with professionals. The aim of this article was to introduce the GRUSE strategy as a non-medical alternative intervention and to present the research design, seeking to identify the evidence of this practice implemented in primary health centres of Andalusia (Spain)

Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: how societies mind the gap.

Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images.