Anticlusterin treatment of breast cancer cells increases the sensitivities of chemotherapy and tamoxifen and counteracts the inhibitory action of dexamethasone on chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity.

INTRODUCTION: Overexpression of the apoptosis-related protein clusterin is associated with breast cancer development and tumor progression. We describe the use of clusterin-specific antisense oligonucleotides and antibodies to sensitize breast carcinoma cells to anticancer drugs routinely used in breast cancer therapy. METHODS: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with the oligonucleotide or antibody, chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin or paclitaxel), tamoxifen, or with combinations of these. RESULTS: Treatments that include antisense clusterin oligonucleotide or antibody to clusterin have been shown to reduce the number of viable cells more effectively than treatment with the drugs alone. We also demonstrate that dexamethasone pretreatment of breast cancer cell lines inhibits chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity and is associated with the transcriptional induction of clusterin. However, anticlusterin treatment increases chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, even in the presence of glucocorticoids, suggesting a possible role for these proteins in glucocorticoid-mediated survival. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that combined treatment with antibodies to clusterin or antisense clusterin oligodeoxynucleotides and paclitaxel, doxorubicin, or tamoxifen could be a novel and attractive strategy to inhibit the progression of breast carcinoma by regulation of the clusterin function. Moreover, glucocorticoid activation in breast cancer cells regulates survival signaling by the direct transactivation of genes like clusterin which encode proteins that decrease susceptibility to apoptosis. Given the widespread clinical administration of dexamethasone before chemotherapy, understanding glucocorticoid-induced survival mechanisms is essential for achieving optimal therapeutic responses.

[Stability of NT-ProBNP in patients with systolic heart failure]. / Estabilidad de NT-proBNP en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca sistólica.

Natriuretic peptides are extremely useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with heart failure. However, it is not clear whether their values are stable. We carried out a prospective study of 30 consecutive ambulatory patients (mean age, 62.6 [12.2] years) with stable systolic heart failure, as determined by the 6-minute walk test, who were in New York Heart Association class II or III and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (mean ejection fraction, 24.2% [6.68%]). At baseline, the mean N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level and the mean distance walked in 6 minutes were 2237.3 pg/mL and 348.26 m, respectively. At 3-month follow-up, the corresponding values were 2096.2 pg/mL and 372.05 m, respectively. No significant difference was observed in NT-proBNP level or in distance walked in 6 minutes between baseline and 3 months (P=.8). Overall, there was a good correlation (r=0.94; P< .001) between the plasma NT-proBNP level at baseline and at 3 months in patients with stable chronic heart failure due to systolic dysfunction in New York Heart Association class II or III.

[Collagen synthesis and heart failure]. / Síntesis de colágeno e insuficiencia cardíaca.

Little is known about collagen metabolism in heart failure, with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction. We studied serum concentrations of the carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIP), a marker of collagen type-I synthesis, and of the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (ICTP), a marker of collagen type-I degradation, in 70 patients admitted for heart failure (35 with depressed left ventricular systolic function and 35 with preserved left ventricular systolic function) and in 30 control subjects. Patients with kidney failure, liver disease, metabolic bone disease, rheumatic disease, recent (within 3 months) major trauma or surgery, or serious wounds were excluded. The concentration of the collagen synthesis marker, PIP, was higher in heart failure patients than control subjects, at 140+/-56.38 mg/L vs 113.66+/-36.6 microg/L, respectively (P=.01). However, there was no difference in the concentration of the collagen degradation marker, ICTP, between heart failure patients and control subjects, at 2.89+/-2.37 mg/L vs 2.26+/-1.7 microg/l, respectively. In heart failure patients, left ventricular systolic function had nonsignificant effect on the PIP or ICTP concentration.

Major histocompatibility complex status in breast carcinogenesis and relationship to apoptosis.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are of central importance in regulating the immune response against tumors. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to study human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II antigen expression in normal breast tissues and benign, preneoplastic, primary, and metastatic breast lesions using antibodies against beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-m), heavy-chain, and HLA-DR antigens. Whereas all normal tissues and benign lesions were positive for beta2-m and HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens, total loss of HLA class I antigens was found in 37% (11 of 30) of in situ carcinomas, in 43% (56 of 131) of the primary tumors, and in 70% (31 of 45) of the lymph node metastases. HLA-DR was also underexpressed in breast cancer cells; thus 20% (6 of 30) of in situ carcinomas, 15% of invasive carcinomas (20 of 131), and only 1 metastatic case were positive for this antigen. Both HLA class I and II antigen expression were more frequently down-regulated in metastatic lesions than in primary breast lesions (P <0.05), and a tendency toward a simultaneous defective expression of HLA class I and II antigens was observed in primary carcinomas (P = 0.07). However, no correlation was found between the expression of any of the aforementioned molecules and pathological parameters or survival. Interestingly, HLA class I expression was expressed more frequently in tissues with high apoptotic activity and was significantly associated with the expression of the proapoptotic bax gene (P = 0.02), and was inversely associated with expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 gene (P = 0.03). We conclude that alterations in HLA class I and II antigen expression are early events in breast carcinogenesis and play significant roles in metastatic progression. In addition, their expression is correlated with apoptosis-regulating proteins, which may influence the cytotoxicity of T cells against HLA class I-specific tumor antigens.

[Comparative study of the impact of diet versus pravastatin on color vision in Brodman area 19 detected by computerized chromatic analysis (CARDIOCOLOUR Study)]. / Estudio comparativo del impacto de la dieta frente a pravastatina en los centros de análisis cromático del área 19 de Brodman, mediante el análisis computarizado cromático (Estudio CARDIOCOLOUR).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hypercholesterolemia causes important neurodegenerative changes in the cerebral cortex, which are manifested by defects in the color perception by the neurons of Brodman area 19. Extensive interventional epidemiological data from both primary and secondary-prevention clinical trials indicate that cardiac ischemic events decrease when total cholesterol or LDL-C is reduced. Our goal was to elucidate the effects of diet compared with a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (pravastatin) on color perception using computerized chromatic analysis (CCA) and plasma cholesterol levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 191 normotensive patients (133 men and 58 women) with pre-study plasma cholesterol levels in excess of 200 mg/dl. Seventy of these patients were treated with the American Heart Association Step II diet for six months. The remaining 121 were treated with pravastatin, 61 patients with 10 mg and 60 patients with 40 mg. They were examined by CCA after excluding any general or ophthalmological pathology. RESULTS: Chromatic vision recovered by 23% with diet, 38% with pravastatin 10 mg and 92% with pravastatin 40 mg. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed a strong association between therapeutic intervention with either diet or pravastatin and improved color vision.

Valor ético de la incorporación del estudiante de Medicina al sistema de garantía de la calidad hospitalaria / Ethical value of incorporating medical student system of hospital quality assurance

Se realizó una propuesta metodológica en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Doctor Octavio de la Concepción y la Pedraja de Camagüey durante el año 2014 con el objetivo de argumentar el valor ético que tiene para el estudiante de Medicina ser insertado al sistema de garantía de la calidad hospitalaria. Se emplearon métodos de nivel teórico como análisis y síntesis, histórico-lógico, inducción-deducción. La vinculación del estudiante universitario al sistema de garantía de calidad en un centro asistencial docente permite elevar la utilización correcta del método clínico y provee al discente de conocimiento para que al egresar desempeñe un servicio de excelencia y alcance a reducir los errores e insatisfacciones de la población y con ello los costos innecesarios.

In order to increase the ethical value integrating medical students into a hospital quality guarantee system has, a methodological proposal was put forward in the Doctor Octavio de la Concepcion y la Pedraja Teaching Clinical-Surgical Military Hospital of Camaguey during 2014. Theoretical methods such as analysis and synthesis, historical-logical methods and induction-deduction were used. Linking college students to the quality guarantee system allows increasing the proper use of the clinician and it provides the learner with the knowledge he needs to carry out an excellent service and to reduce errors making and people dissatisfactions, therefore cutting on unnecessary costs.

Subjective Sleep Quality and hormonal modulation in long-term yoga practitioners.

Yoga represents a fascinating mind-body approach, wherein body movements (asana), breathing exercises (pranayama) and meditation are integrated into a single multidimensional practice. Numerous beneficial mental and physical effects have been classically ascribed to this holistic ancient method. The purpose of the present study has been to examine the effects of long-term yoga practice on Subjective Sleep Quality (SSQ) and on several hormonal parameters of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Twenty-six subjects (16 experimental and 10 controls) were recruited to be part of the study. Experimental subjects were regular yoga practitioners with a minimum of 3 years of practice. Blood samples for the quantification of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) were drawn from all subjects. Likewise, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was employed to assess SSQ. As statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U-test was performed. The yoga group displayed lower PSQI scores and higher blood cortisol levels than control subjects. Therefore, it can be concluded that long-term yoga practice is associated with significant psycho-biological differences, including better sleep quality as well as a modulatory action on the levels of cortisol. These preliminary results suggest interesting clinical implications which should be further researched.

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with visual field alterations detectable with computerized perimetry.

Computerized perimetry analysis of the visual field enables the capacity of the visual cortex to process the electric impulse received from the eyeball to be detected. Considering that hypercholesterolemia can cause cognitive worsening by altering the functioning of the cerebral cortex, we attempted to determine whether it can affect the cortical processing of the visual stimuli, as detected by computerized perimetry. We undertook computerized perimetry analysis of 208 male and female patients (mean age, 48.5 years) with plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations above 3.36 mmol/L and compared the results with the same number of matched controls with LDL cholesterol concentrations below 3.36 mmol/L. No subject had any neuro-ophthalmological disease that could have affected the results. A Humphrey 745 computerized perimetry device was used to measure the mean deviation, the pattern standard deviation, the corrected pattern standard deviation, short-term fluctuations and the foveal threshold. Compared with the control subjects, the patients with hypercholesterolemia showed worsening in all the perimetry variables analyzed. Moreover, we also found a direct association between plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations and the perimetry alterations, and an inverse association between these alterations and the figures for HDL cholesterol. Our data show that computerized perimetry can detect alterations in the visual field of persons with hypercholesterolemia, suggesting that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol may have a negative influence on the visual neuron cells.

Biochemical changes after a qigong program: lipids, serum enzymes, urea, and creatinine in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of a qigong training program on blood biochemical parameters. MATERIAL/METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy subjects participated in the study of whom 16 were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 13 to the control. The experimental subjects underwent daily qigong training for one month. Blood samples for the quantification of biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, phospholipids, GOT, GPT, GGT, urea, creatinine) were taken before and after the training program. As statistical analysis, ANCOVA was performed. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found showing that the experimental group had lower serum levels of GOT (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase), and urea and that there was a trend towards significance in GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that after practicing qigong for the short period of one month, noteworthy changes in several blood biochemical parameters were induced. While it is tempting to speculate on the relevance and implications of these biochemical variations, further investigation is needed to elucidate the scope of these findings.

Expression of the antiapoptotic proteins clusterin and bcl-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Bcl-2 and clusterin genes have been related to the inhibition of apoptosis, an event that plays a key role in malignant transformation and in invasive disease. In this work, we determine the significance of clusterin and bcl-2 expression in a large series of laryngeal carcinomas. We used immunohistochemical methods and in situ hybridization to examine the expression of these proteins. Nontumoral epithelial laryngeal tissues did not express clusterin and bcl-2 proteins. However, 9% (14 out of 154) and 25% of these tumors (39 of 154) had positive clusterin and bcl-2 staining, respectively. Clusterin expression was significantly related to the degree of local invasion and higher bcl-2 expression was found in these clusterin-positive tumors (p < 0.05). Bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with supraglottic localization, nodal metastases, invasion in depth, and poorly differentiated tumors. However, by multivariate analysis, bcl-2 was shown to be an independent predictor of good prognosis in these tumors (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.91). These findings indicate that clusterin and bcl-2 are upregulated in laryngeal carcinomas and their expression is related to the invasiveness of these tumors.

Intervención educativa sobre lactancia materna / Educational intervention on breast-feeding

Fundamento: la lactancia materna constituye el alimento natural de la especie humana, por ello debemos agotar todos nuestros esfuerzos en garantizar que el niño sea alimentado exclusivamente a pecho al menos hasta los primeros seis meses después de nacido. Objetivo: demostrar la eficacia de un programa sobre lactancia materna en un grupo de madres. Método: se realizó un estudio de intervención educativa para demostrar la eficacia de un programa sobre lactancia materna en un grupo de madres de diez consultorios del Policlínico Este, Municipio Camagüey desde enero de 2007 a mayo de 2008. Constituyeron el universo cincuenta y cinco madres con fechas probables de parto entre el primero de junio y el treinta y uno de agosto de 2007, a las que se les aplicó un formulario con diferentes variables y una encuesta de conocimientos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: predominó el grupo de treinta a treinta y cuatro años. El 83,3 por ciento de las encuestadas no conocían adecuadamente de lactancia materna, y sólo el 9,72 por ciento la alcanzó en forma exclusiva hasta más de seis meses. Conclusiones: los niños que no recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el sexto mes se enfermaron con mayor frecuencia, la intervención resultó satisfactoria pues se elevó el nivel de conocimientos de las participantes y se logró que un mayor número de mujeres lactara hasta después del sexto mes.

Background: breast-feeding constitutes the natural food of human species, that is why we should exhaust all our efforts in guaranteeing the boy is exclusively fed at least to breast until the first six months after born. Objective: to demonstrate the effectiveness of a breast-feeding program in a group of mothers. Method: an educational intervention study to demonstrate the effectiveness of a breast-feeding program in a group of mothers of ten doctor's offices of the East Polyclinic, Camagüey Municipality was performed from January 2007 to May 2008. The universe was constituted by 55 mothers with probable childbirth dates among June 1st and August 31 2007, to those were applied a form with different variables and a knowledge survey before and after the intervention. Results: the group from 30 to 34 years prevailed. The 83,3 percent of those interviewed didn't know appropriately of breast-feeding, and 9,72 percent only reached it in exclusive way until more than six months. Conclusions: children didn't receive exclusive breast-feeding until the sixth month got sick with more frequency, the intervention was satisfactory because the level of the participants' knowledge rose and it was achieved a bigger number of women suckled until after the sixth month.

Assessment of immunological parameters following a qigong training program.

BACKGROUND: Qigong is a type of Chinese psychosomatic exercise that integrates meditation, slow physical movements, and breathing, and to which numerous physical as well as mental benefits have been classically ascribed. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of a qigong program on various immunological parameters. MATERIAL/METHODS: 29 naive subjects participated in the study, of whom 16 were allocated to the experimental group and the rest to the control group. The experimental subjects underwent a qigong training program, conducted by a qualified instructor, consisting of half an hour of daily practice for one month. The day before the experiment commenced and the day after it finished, blood samples were drawn from all subjects for the quantification of immunological parameters (leukocytes, immunoglobulins, and complement). As statistical analysis, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups, with the experimental group showing lower numbers of total leukocytes and eosinophils, number and percentage of monocytes, as well as complement C3 concentration. In addition, a similar result with a trend towards significance was observed in the number of eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that after one month of practicing qigong, significant immunological changes occurred between the experimental and control groups, with a consistently lower and broadly significant profile of these measures within the qigong practitioner group.

Estabilidad de NT-proBNP en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca sistólica / Stability of NT-ProBNP in patients with systolic heart failure

Los péptidos natriuréticos tienen un alto valor diagnóstico y pronóstico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, pero desconocemos la estabilidad de sus valores. Determinamos en 2 visitas ambulatorias los valores de N terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) de 30 pacientes consecutivos con insuficiencia cardiaca estable [New York Heart Association (NYHA) II-III] (test 6 min) por disfunción sistólica [función ventricular izquierda deprimida (FEVI) < 30%] separadas entre sí 3 meses. Tenían una edad media de 62,6 ± 12,2 años y una fracción de eyección del 24,2 ± 6,68%. No encontramos diferencias significativas entre los valores basales del NT-proBNP como test de los 6 min (2.237,3 pg/ml y 348,26 m) y a los 3 meses (2.096,2 pg/ml y 372,05 m). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase entre los valores basales y a los 3 meses de NT-proBNP fue de 0,94 (p < 0,001). Existe una buena correlación entre los valores basales y a los 3 meses de las concentraciones plasmáticas de NT-proBNP en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca crónica estable (NYHA II-III) por disfunción sistólica

Natriuretic peptides are extremely useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with heart failure. However, it is not clear whether their values are stable. We carried out a prospective study of 30 consecutive ambulatory patients (mean age, 62.6 [12.2] years) with stable systolic heart failure, as determined by the 6-minute walk test, who were in New York Heart Association class II or III and who had a left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (mean ejection fraction, 24.2% [6.68%]). At baseline, the mean N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level and the mean distance walked in 6 minutes were 2237.3 pg/mL and 348.26 m, respectively. At 3-month follow-up, the corresponding values were 2096.2 pg/mL and 372.05 m, respectively. No significant difference was observed in NT-proBNP level or in distance walked in 6 minutes between baseline and 3 months (P=.8). Overall, there was a good correlation (r=0.94; P<.001) between the plasma NT-proBNP level at baseline and at 3 months in patients with stable chronic heart failure due to systolic dysfunction in New York Heart Association class II or III

Síntesis de colágeno e insuficiencia cardíaca / Collagen synthesis and heart failure

Se desconoce el metabolismo del colágeno en la insuficiencia cardíaca con y sin disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda. Estudiamos las concentraciones de los marcadores de síntesis de colágeno tipo I (péptido C-terminal del procolágeno tipo I [PIP]) y de degradación (telopéptido del colágeno tipo I [CITP]) en un grupo de 70 pacientes tras un ingreso por insuficiencia cardíaca (35 con función ventricular izquierda deprimida y 35 con función ventricular conservada), así como en 30 individuos sanos. Excluimos a los pacientes con insuficiencia renal, enfermedad hepática, enfermedad autoinmunitaria o del metabolismo óseo, traumatismo mayor y cirugía reciente (< 3 meses) y heridas extensas. Encontramos mayores concentraciones del marcador de síntesis colágena (PIP)en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca respecto al grupo control (140 ±56,38 frente a 113,66 ±36,6 µg/l; p= 0,01), sin que se apreciaran diferencias en el marcador de degradación (CITP) (2,89 ± 2,37 frente a 2,26 ± 1,7µg/l). No observamos diferencias significativas entre los valores medios de PIP y CITP en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con función sistólica conservada frente adeprimida

Little is known about collagen metabolism in heart failure, with or without left ventricular systolic dysfunction. We studied serum concentrations of the carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIP), a marker of collagentype-I synthesis, and of the carboxy-terminal telopeptideof collagen type I (ICTP), a marker of collagen type-I degradation, in 70 patients admitted for heart failure (35 with depressed left ventricular systolic function and 35 with preserved left ventricular systolic function) and in 30 control subjects. Patients with kidney failure, liver disease, metabolic bone disease, rheumatic disease, recent (within 3 months) major trauma or surgery, or serious wounds were excluded. The concentration of the collagen synthesis marker, PIP, was higher in heart failure patients thancontrol subjects, at 140±56.38 mg/L vs 113.66±36.6 µg/L, respectively (P=.01). However, there was no difference in the concentration of the collagen degradation marker, ICTP, between heart failure patients and control subjects, at 2.89±2.37 mg/L vs 2.26±1.7 µg/l, respectively. In heart failure patients, left ventricular systolic function had nosignificant effect on the PIP or ICTP concentration

Estudio comparativo del impacto de la dieta frente a pravastatina en los centros de análisis cromático del área 19 de Brodman, mediante el análisis computarizado cromático. (Estudio CARDIOCOLOUR) / Comparative study of the impact of diet versus pravastatin on color vision in brodman area 19 detected by computerized chromatic analysis. (CARDIOCOLOUR Study)

Introducción y objetivos. La hipercolesterolemia origina importantes cambios neurodegenerativos en el córtex cerebral, lo que se traduce en un fallo en la visión cromática, en las neuronas del área 19 de Brodman. Numerosos estudios de intervención terapéutica para la prevención primaria y secundaria de la enfermedad coronaria apoyan una reducción de los acontecimientos cardíacos con la reducción en el colesterol total o el cLDL. Nuestro objetivo fue elucidar los efectos de la dieta y un inhibidor de la HMG-CoA (pravastatina) sobre la visión de los colores, pero también sobre las cifras plasmáticas de colesterol, y correlacionar ambos efectos, mediante el análisis computarizado cromático (ACC).Pacientes y métodos. Estudiamos a 191 pacientes normotensos (133 varones y 58 mujeres), con valores de colesterol total plasmático por encima de 200 mg/dl. Un total de 70 de estos pacientes fue tratado con la dieta paso II de la American Heart Associaton durante 6 meses. Los restantes 121 fueron tratados con pravastatina, 61 a dosis de 10 mg y los otros 60 con 40 mg. Fueron examinados mediante ACC, descartando previamente cualquier enfermedad sistémica u oftalmológica. Resultados. Se logró una recuperación de la visión cromática de hasta el 23 por ciento con dieta, del 38 por ciento con 10 mg/día de pravastatina y del 92 por ciento con 40 mg/día de pravastatina (p < 0,001).Conclusiones. El estudio determina una fuerte asociación entre la intervención terapéutica, con dieta o con pravastatina y la mejoría de la visión cromática (AU)

El análisis computarizado cromático es un predictor precoz de riesgo cardiovascular asociado a hipercolesterolemia / Chromatic computerized analysis is an early predictor of cardiovascular risk associated to hypercholesterolemia

Introducción y objetivos. La detección precoz de la enfermedad cardiovascular es el mayor objetivo de la medicina contemporánea para la prevención de la enfermedad coronaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar un número de cambios que pudieran ser detectados en las neuronas del área 19 de Brodman, por medio del análisis computarizado cromático (ACC), como consecuencia de una disfunción neurobiológica, que tradujera un fallo en la percepción del color y que ese fallo, cuantificado numéricamente, expresara la existencia de una hipercolesterolemia y, por ende, de riesgo cardiovascular. Pacientes y método. Estudiamos a 208 pacientes (grupo 1) (153 varones y 55 mujeres) con valores de colesterol total por encima de 200 mg/dl. El grupo control (grupo 2) estaba formado por 208 sujetos (153 varones y 55 mujeres), pero con concentraciones de colesterol total por debajo de 200 mg/dl. Todos los pacientes fueron examinados mediante ACC, descartando antes cualquier enfermedad sistémica u oftalmológica. Resultados. Todos los índices de la prueba fueron altamente significativos en ambos grupos. La relación directa entre la concentración de colesterol y el área 19 alcanzó una correlación canónica de 0,825, con una sensibilidad del 90 por ciento y una especificidad del 93 por ciento. Los resultados de la regresión múltiple con el colesterol total, como variable dependiente, y el más significativo parámetro de ACC, como variable independiente, fueron de R = 0,89 (p < 0,001), una variabilidad del test del 81 por ciento. Conclusiones. El estudio determina una fuerte asociación entre la hipercolesterolemia y las áreas visuales de la corteza cerebral (AU)