Direct synthesis of multi-contrast brain MR images from MR multitasking spatial factors using deep learning.

PURPOSE: To develop a deep learning method to synthesize conventional contrast-weighted images in the brain from MR multitasking spatial factors. METHODS: Eighteen subjects were imaged using a whole-brain quantitative T1 -T2 -T1ρ MR multitasking sequence. Conventional contrast-weighted images consisting of T1 MPRAGE, T1 gradient echo, and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery were acquired as target images. A 2D U-Net-based neural network was trained to synthesize conventional weighted images from MR multitasking spatial factors. Quantitative assessment and image quality rating by two radiologists were performed to evaluate the quality of deep-learning-based synthesis, in comparison with Bloch-equation-based synthesis from MR multitasking quantitative maps. RESULTS: The deep-learning synthetic images showed comparable contrasts of brain tissues with the reference images from true acquisitions and were substantially better than the Bloch-equation-based synthesis results. Averaging on the three contrasts, the deep learning synthesis achieved normalized root mean square error = 0.184 ± 0.075, peak SNR = 28.14 ± 2.51, and structural-similarity index = 0.918 ± 0.034, which were significantly better than Bloch-equation-based synthesis (p < 0.05). Radiologists' rating results show that compared with true acquisitions, deep learning synthesis had no notable quality degradation and was better than Bloch-equation-based synthesis. CONCLUSION: A deep learning technique was developed to synthesize conventional weighted images from MR multitasking spatial factors in the brain, enabling the simultaneous acquisition of multiparametric quantitative maps and clinical contrast-weighted images in a single scan.

Multiparametric mapping in the brain from conventional contrast-weighted images using deep learning.

PURPOSE: To develop a deep-learning-based method to quantify multiple parameters in the brain from conventional contrast-weighted images. METHODS: Eighteen subjects were imaged using an MR Multitasking sequence to generate reference T1 and T2 maps in the brain. Conventional contrast-weighted images consisting of T1 MPRAGE, T1 GRE, and T2 FLAIR were acquired as input images. A U-Net-based neural network was trained to estimate T1 and T2 maps simultaneously from the contrast-weighted images. Six-fold cross-validation was performed to compare the network outputs with the MR Multitasking references. RESULTS: The deep-learning T1 /T2 maps were comparable with the references, and brain tissue structures and image contrasts were well preserved. A peak signal-to-noise ratio >32 dB and a structural similarity index >0.97 were achieved for both parameter maps. Calculated on brain parenchyma (excluding CSF), the mean absolute errors (and mean percentage errors) for T1 and T2 maps were 52.7 ms (5.1%) and 5.4 ms (7.1%), respectively. ROI measurements on four tissue compartments (cortical gray matter, white matter, putamen, and thalamus) showed that T1 and T2 values provided by the network outputs were in agreement with the MR Multitasking reference maps. The mean differences were smaller than ± 1%, and limits of agreement were within ± 5% for T1 and within ± 10% for T2 after taking the mean differences into account. CONCLUSION: A deep-learning-based technique was developed to estimate T1 and T2 maps from conventional contrast-weighted images in the brain, enabling simultaneous qualitative and quantitative MRI without modifying clinical protocols.

Incidence of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a community: Beverly Hills, California, 2006-2020.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is diagnosed with an increasing frequency, but epidemiologic data are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a defined population. METHODS: Using a prospectively maintained registry, all patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension residing in Beverly Hills, California, evaluated at our Medical Center between 2006 and 2020 were identified in this population-based incidence study. Our Medical Center is a quaternary referral center for spontaneous intracranial hypotension and is located within 1.5 miles from downtown Beverly Hills. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension were identified. There were 12 women and seven men with a mean age of 54.5 years (range, 28 to 88 years). The average annual incidence rate for all ages was 3.7 per 100,000 population (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 5.3), 4.3 per 100,000 for women (95% CI, 1.9 to 6.7) and 2.9 per 100,000 population for men (95% CI, 0.8 to 5.1). CONCLUSION: This study, for the first time, provides incidence rates for spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a defined population.

Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas in patients with orthostatic headaches and normal conventional brain and spine imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-venous fistulas, a type of spinal CSF leak that cannot be detected with routine computerized tomography myelography, among patients with orthostatic headaches but normal brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging. BACKGROUND: Spontaneous spinal CSF leaks cause orthostatic headaches but their detection may require sophisticated spinal imaging techniques. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of patients with orthostatic headaches and normal brain and conventional spine imaging who underwent digital subtraction myelography (DSM) to look for CSF-venous fistulas, between May 2018 and May 2020, at a quaternary referral center for spontaneous intracranial hypotension. RESULTS: The mean age of the 60 consecutive patients (46 women and 14 men) was 46 years (range, 13-83 years), who had been suffering from orthostatic headaches between 1 and 180 months (mean, 43 months). DSM demonstrated a spinal CSF-venous fistula in 6 (10.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-20.5%) of the 60 patients. The mean age of these five women and one man was 50 years (range, 41-59 years). Spinal CSF-venous fistulas were identified in 6 (19.4%; 95% CI: 7.5-37.5%) of 31 patients with spinal meningeal diverticula but in none (0%; 95% CI: 0-11.9%) of the 29 patients without spinal meningeal diverticula (p = 0.024). All CSF-venous fistulas were located in the thoracic spine. All patients underwent uneventful surgical ligation of the fistula. Complete and sustained resolution of symptoms was obtained in five patients, while in one patient, partial recurrence of symptoms was noted 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Concerns about a spinal CSF leak should not be dismissed in patients suffering from orthostatic headaches when conventional imaging turns out to be normal, even though the yield of identifying a CSF-venous fistula is low.

Three-dimensional simultaneous brain T1 , T2 , and ADC mapping with MR Multitasking.

PURPOSE: To develop a simultaneous T1 , T2 , and ADC mapping method that provides co-registered, distortion-free images and enables multiparametric quantification of 3D brain coverage in a clinically feasible scan time with the MR Multitasking framework. METHODS: The T1 /T2 /diffusion weighting was generated by a series of T2 preparations and diffusion preparations. The underlying multidimensional image containing 3 spatial dimensions, 1 T1 weighting dimension, 1 T2 -preparation duration dimension, 1 b-value dimension, and 1 diffusion direction dimension was modeled as a 5-way low-rank tensor. A separate real-time low-rank model incorporating time-resolved phase correction was also used to compensate for both inter-shot and intra-shot phase inconsistency induced by physiological motion. The proposed method was validated on both phantom and 16 healthy subjects. The quantification of T1 /T2 /ADC was evaluated for each case. Three post-surgery brain tumor patients were scanned for demonstration of clinical feasibility. RESULTS: Multitasking T1 /T2 /ADC maps were perfectly co-registered and free from image distortion. Phantom studies showed substantial quantitative agreement ( R2=0.999 ) with reference protocols for T1 /T2 /ADC. In vivo studies showed nonsignificant T1 (P = .248), T2 (P = .97), ADC (P = .328) differences among the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions. Although Multitasking showed significant differences of T1 (P = .03), T2 (P < .001), and ADC (P = .001) biases against the references, the mean bias estimates were small (ΔT1 % < 5%, ΔT2 % < 7%, ΔADC% < 5%), with all intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.82 indicating "excellent" agreement. Patient studies showed that Multitasking T1 /T2 /ADC maps were consistent with the clinical qualitative images. CONCLUSION: The Multitasking approach simultaneously quantifies T1 /T2 /ADC with substantial agreement with the references and is promising for clinical applications.

Differentiation of solitary brain metastasis from glioblastoma multiforme: a predictive multiparametric approach using combined MR diffusion and perfusion.

INTRODUCTION: Solitary brain metastasis (MET) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) can appear similar on conventional MRI. The purpose of this study was to identify magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion and diffusion-weighted biomarkers that can differentiate MET from GBM. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients were included if they met the following criteria: underwent resection of a solitary enhancing brain tumor and had preoperative 3.0 T MRI encompassing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion. Using co-registered images, voxel-based fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), K(trans), and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) values were obtained in the enhancing tumor and non-enhancing peritumoral T2 hyperintense region (NET2). Data were analyzed by logistic regression and analysis of variance. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the optimal parameter/s and threshold for predicting of GBM vs. MET. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (14 M, age 32-78 years old) met our inclusion criteria. Pathology revealed 13 GBMs and 10 METs. In the enhancing tumor, rCBV, K(trans), and FA were higher in GBM, whereas MD was lower, neither without statistical significance. In the NET2, rCBV was significantly higher (p = 0.05) in GBM, but MD was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in GBM. FA and K(trans) were higher in GBM, though not reaching significance. The best discriminative power was obtained in NET2 from a combination of rCBV, FA, and MD, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98. CONCLUSION: The combination of MR diffusion and perfusion matrices in NET2 can help differentiate GBM over solitary MET with diagnostic accuracy of 98%.

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in childhood and adolescence.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and radiographic manifestations of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, a rarely diagnosed cause of headache in children. STUDY DESIGN: This study included patients 19 years of age or younger evaluated between January 1, 2001, and June 30, 2012, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension. RESULTS: We evaluated 24 children (18 girls and 6 boys) with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (age at onset of symptoms: 2-19 years, mean 14.3 years). Twenty-three patients presented with orthostatic headaches and 1 presented with a nonpositional headache. A generalized connective tissue disorder was diagnosed in 54% of patients. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the typical changes of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in most patients (79%). Spinal imaging demonstrated a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak with or without an associated meningeal diverticulum in 12 patients (50%) and with dural ectasia or meningeal diverticula in 10 patients (42%), and it was normal in 2 patients (8%). Twenty-three patients initially underwent epidural blood patching, but 8 patients also were treated with percutaneous injections of fibrin glue and 11 patients eventually required surgical correction of the underlying CSF leak. There was no morbidity or mortality associated with any of the treatments, but 5 patients required acetazolamide for rebound high intracranial pressure headache. Overall, outcome was good in 22 patients (92%) and poor in 2 patients (8%). CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension in childhood is rare. Most patients can be treated effectively using a combination of epidural blood patching and percutaneous injections of fibrin glue or surgical CSF leak repair in refractory cases.

Opportunistic CT Screening-Machine Learning Algorithm Identifies Majority of Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Cohort Study.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCF) are common in patients older than 50 years but are often undiagnosed. Zebra Medical Imaging developed a VCF detection algorithm, with machine learning, to detect VCFs from CT images of the chest and/or abdomen/pelvis. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the algorithm in identifying VCF. We conducted a blinded validation study to estimate the operating characteristics of the algorithm in identifying VCFs using previously completed CT scans from 1200 women and men aged 50 years and older at a tertiary-care center. Each scan was independently evaluated by two of three neuroradiologists to identify and grade VCF. Disagreements were resolved by a senior neuroradiologist. The algorithm evaluated the CT scans in a separate workstream. The VCF algorithm was not able to evaluate CT scans for 113 participants. Of the remaining 1087 study participants, 588 (54%) were women. Median age was 73 years (range 51-102 years; interquartile range 66-81). For the 1087 algorithm-evaluated participants, the sensitivity and specificity of the VCF algorithm in diagnosing any VCF were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.72) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.88-0.92), respectively, and for diagnosing moderate/severe VCF were 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.85) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.85-0.89), respectively. Implementing this VCF algorithm within radiology systems may help to identify patients at increased fracture risk and could support the diagnosis of osteoporosis and facilitate appropriate therapy. © 2023 Amgen, Inc. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Framed and Reframed! The Art of Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques to Combat Burnout.

The incidence of burnout among radiologists has been increasing exponentially, largely attributed to increased work volumes, expectations for more rapid turn-around times and decreasing interpersonal interactions. While personal wellness activities have been described in the literature, there is little information on the role of cognitive behavioral therapy strategies to mitigate burnout. This manuscript will describe the value of naming automatic negative emotions which can lead to burnout and will provide an overview of strategies that can be used to combat them, using cognitive behavioral therapy techniques.

Postoperative Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid-Venous Fistulas Associated With Dural Tears in Patients With Intracranial Hypotension or Superficial Siderosis-A Digital Subtraction Myelography Study.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are common but rarely cause extensive CSF collections that require specialized imaging to detect the site of the dural breach. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of digital subtraction myelography (DSM) for patients with extensive extradural CSF collections after spine surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify a consecutive group of patients with extensive postoperative spinal CSF leaks who underwent DSM. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (9 men and 12 women) were identified. The mean age was 46.7 years (range, 17-75 years). The mean duration of the postoperative CSF leak was 3.3 years (range, 3 months to 21 years). MRI showed superficial siderosis in 6 patients. DSM showed the exact location of the CSF leak in 19 (90%) of the 21 patients. These 19 patients all underwent surgery to repair the CSF leak, and the location of the CSF leak could be confirmed intraoperatively in all 19 patients. In 4 (19%) of the 21 patients, DSM also showed a CSF-venous fistula at the same location as the postoperative dural tear. CONCLUSION: In this study, DSM had a 90% detection rate of visualizing the exact site of the dural breach in patients with extensive postoperative spinal CSF leaks. The coexistence of a CSF-venous fistula in addition to the primary dural tear was present in about one-fifth of patients. The presence of a CSF-venous fistula should be considered if CSF leak symptoms persist in spite of successful repair of a durotomy.

The reversible impairment of behavioral variant frontotemporal brain sagging syndrome: Challenges and opportunities.

Introduction: Due to loss of brain buoyancy, spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks cause orthostatic headaches but also can cause symptoms indistinguishable from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) due to severe brain sagging (including the frontal and temporal lobes), as visualized on brain magnetic resonance imaging. However, the detection of these CSF leaks may require specialized spinal imaging techniques, such as digital subtraction myelography (DSM). Methods: We performed DSM in the lateral decubitus position under general anesthesia in 21 consecutive patients with frontotemporal dementia brain sagging syndrome (4 women and 17 men; mean age 56.2 years [range: 31-70 years]). Results: Nine patients (42.8%) were found to have a CSF-venous fistula, a recently discovered type of CSF leak that cannot be detected on conventional spinal imaging. All nine patients underwent uneventful surgical ligation of the fistula. Complete or near-complete and sustained resolution of bvFTD symptoms was obtained by all nine patients, accompanied by reversal of brain sagging, but in only three (25.0%) of the twelve patients in whom no CSF-venous fistula could be detected (P = 0.0011), and who were treated with non-targeted therapies. Discussion: Concerns about a spinal CSF leak should not be dismissed in patients with frontotemporal brain sagging syndrome, even when conventional spinal imaging is normal. However, even with this specialized imaging the source of the loss of spinal CSF remains elusive in more than half of patients.

Automated workflow for volumetric assessment of signal intensity ratio on T1-weighted MR images after multiple gadolinium administrations.

Purpose: Repeated injections of linear gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) have shown correlations with increased signal intensities (SI) on unenhanced T1-weighted (T1w) images. Assessment is usually performed manually on a single slice and the SI as an average of a freehand region-of-interest is reported. We aim to develop a fully automated software that segments and computes SI ratio of dentate nucleus (DN) to pons (DN/P) and globus pallidus (GP) to thalamus (GP/T) for the assessment of gadolinium presence in the brain after a serial GBCA administrations. Approach: All patients ( N = 113 ) underwent at least eight GBCA enhanced scans. The modal SI in the DN, GP, pons, and thalamus were measured volumetrically on unenhanced T1w images and corrected based on the reference protocol (measurement 1) and compared to the SI-uncorrected-modal-volume (measurement 2), SI-corrected-mean-volume (measurement 3), as well as SI-corrected-modal-single slice (measurement 4) approaches. Results: Automatic processing worked on all 2119 studies (1150 at 1.5 T and 969 at 3 T). DN/P were 1.085 ± 0.048 (1.5 T) and 0.979 ± 0.061 (3 T). GP/T were 1.084 ± 0.039 (1.5 T) and 1.069 ± 0.042 (3 T). Modal DN/P ratios from volumetric assessment at 1.5 T failed to show a statistical difference with or without SI corrections ( p = 0.71 ). All other t -tests demonstrated significant differences (measurement 2, 3, 4 compared to 1, p < 0.001 ). Conclusion: The fully automatic method is an effective powerful tool to streamline the analysis of SI ratios in the deep brain tissues. Divergent SI ratios using different approaches reinforces the need to standardize the measurement for the research in this field.

False localizing signs of spinal CSF-venous fistulas in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: report of 2 cases.

A spinal CSF-venous fistula is one of three specific types of spinal CSF leak that can be seen in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). They are best demonstrated on specialized imaging, such as digital subtraction myelography (DSM) or dynamic myelography, but often they are diagnosed on the basis of increased contrast density in the draining veins (the so-called hyperdense paraspinal vein sign) on early postmyelography CT scans. The authors report on 2 patients who underwent directed treatment (surgery in one patient and glue injection in the other) based on the hyperdense paraspinal vein sign, in whom the actual site of the fistula did not correspond to the level or laterality of the hyperdense paraspinal vein sign. The authors suggest consideration of DSM or dynamic myelography prior to undertaking treatment directed at these fistulas.

Cauda Equina Syndrome in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Challenges in Diagnosis, Management, and Pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare neurologic complication of longstanding ankylosing spondylitis (AS). It is unclear what causes CES, and no proven or effective therapy has been reported to date. We have encountered 6 patients with longstanding AS diagnosed with CES. We set about to study their features, review the literature, and generate hypotheses regarding pathophysiology, as well as to speculate on the possibilities of early recognition and prevention. METHODS: We obtained permission from 6 patients with longstanding AS and CES to access their medical records and imaging studies for research purposes related to this paper. We collected and reviewed each patient's medical history, imaging studies, disease duration, past therapies especially those that relate to AS, laboratory data, as well as any treatment they received for CES and followup results of each case to the present time. RESULTS: The 6 cases of CES with AS have remarkable similarity to each other in that several decades of the disease had passed before neurologic symptoms and later signs appeared. All cases have fused spines and facet joints without spinal fractures, spinal stenosis, or disc herniation. CONCLUSION: CES is a rare yet debilitating neurologic complication of longstanding AS. The pathophysiology and treatments are far from clear. We postulate that chronic enthesitis of the vertebral column initiates the process that results in dural stiffening and formation of ectasias, causing downstream nerve root damage.

Lateral decubitus digital subtraction myelography to identify spinal CSF-venous fistulas in spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous spinal CSF-venous fistulas are a distinct type of spinal CSF leak recently described in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Using digital subtraction myelography (DSM) with the patient in the prone position, the authors have been able to demonstrate such fistulas in about one-fifth of patients with SIH in whom conventional spinal imaging (MRI or CT myelography) showed no evidence for a CSF leak (i.e., the presence of extradural CSF). The authors compared findings of DSM with patients in the lateral decubitus position versus the prone position and now report a significantly increased yield of identifying spinal CSF-venous fistulas with this modification of their imaging protocol. METHODS: The population consisted of 23 patients with SIH who underwent DSM in the lateral decubitus position and 26 patients with SIH who underwent DSM in the prone position. None of the patients had evidence of a CSF leak on conventional spinal imaging. RESULTS: A CSF-venous fistula was demonstrated in 17 (74%) of the 23 patients who underwent DSM in the lateral decubitus position compared to 4 (15%) of the 26 patients who underwent DSM in the prone position (p < 0.0001). The mean age of these 16 women and 5 men was 52.5 years (range 36-66 years). CONCLUSIONS: Among SIH patients in whom conventional spinal imaging showed no evidence of a CSF leak, DSM in the lateral decubitus position demonstrated a CSF-venous fistula in about three-fourths of patients compared to only 15% of patients when the DSM was performed in the prone position, an approximately five-fold increase in the detection rate. Spinal CSF-venous fistulas are not rare among patients with SIH.

Rebound high-pressure headache after treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: MRV study.

BACKGROUND: Rebound high-pressure headaches may complicate treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), but no comprehensive study of such patients has been reported and little is known about its frequency and risk factors. We therefore studied patients undergoing treatment for SIH and performed magnetic resonance venography (MRV) to assess for cerebral venous sinus stenosis, a risk factor for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. METHODS: We studied a consecutive group of patients who underwent treatment for SIH. Rebound high-pressure headache was defined as a reverse orthostatic headache responsive to acetazolamide. MRV was obtained in all patients and lateral sinus stenosis was scored according to the system published by Higgins et al., with 0 being normal and 4 signifying bilateral signal gaps. RESULTS: The mean age of the 46 men and 67 women was 45.9 years (range 13-71 years) at the time of onset of SIH. Rebound high-pressure headache was diagnosed in 31 patients (27.4%); 14% of patients with an MRV score of 0, 24% with a score of 1, and 46% with a score of 2 or 3 (p = 0.0092). Also, compared to SIH patients who did not develop rebound high-pressure headaches (n = 82), those with rebound high-pressure headaches were younger, more often female, and more often had an extradural CSF collection on spinal imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Rebound high-pressure headache occurs in about one-fourth of patients following treatment of SIH and is more common in those with restriction of cerebral venous outflow.

Intracranial Hypotension and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak.

Review of the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and management of headache secondary to intracranial hypotension.

Spontaneous spinal CSF-venous fistulas associated with venous/venolymphatic vascular malformations: report of 3 cases.

Spontaneous CSF-venous fistulas may be present in up to one-fourth of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. This is a recently discovered type of CSF leak, and much remains unknown about these fistulas. Spinal CSF-venous fistulas are usually seen in coexistence with a spinal meningeal diverticulum, suggesting the presence of an underlying structural dural weakness at the proximal portion of the fistula. The authors now report the presence of soft-tissue venous/venolymphatic malformations associated with spontaneous spinal CSF-venous fistulas in 2 patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension, suggesting a role for distal venous pathology. In a third patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension and a venolymphatic malformation, such a CSF-venous fistula is strongly suspected.

Coma: A serious complication of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and coma because, although disorders of consciousness may complicate SIH, no comprehensive study of such patients has been reported. METHODS: Using a prospectively maintained registry, we identified all patients with SIH in whom coma developed. Patients or their caregivers/families were contacted for follow-up. Patients were compared to a cohort of patients with SIH without coma. RESULTS: The mean age of the 12 men and 3 women with SIH was 56.2 years (range 34-72 years) at the time of onset of coma. In one-third of patients, coma developed after craniotomy for subdural hematomas or for an unrelated intracranial pathology. Imaging showed brain sagging, including bilateral temporal lobe herniation, in all 15 patients and brainstem edema in 8 patients (53%). Overall, coma was reversible in 7 of 15 patients treated with epidural blood patches, in 2 of 4 treated with percutaneous glue injections, and in 6 of 6 treated surgically. Only 1 patient had residual neurologic deficit related to coma (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4 [moderate disability]). Compared to patients with SIH without coma (n = 568), those with coma were older, more often were male, and more often underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Coma in SIH is rare, reversible, and invariably associated with brain sagging. Coma due to SIH may be refractory to the usual percutaneous procedures, and surgical closure of the CSF leak may be required to regain consciousness.

Translating New Imaging Technologies to Clinical Practice.

Radiology continues to benefit from constant innovation and technological advances. However, for promising new imaging technologies to reach widespread clinical practice, several milestones must be met. These include regulatory approval, early clinical evaluation, payer reimbursement, and broader marketplace adoption. Successful implementation of new imaging tests into clinical practice requires active stakeholder engagement and a focus on demonstrating clinical value during each phase of translation.