Radiographic determination of the tracheal indices at caudal cervical, thoracic-inlet, and intra-thoracic trachea in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds without evidence of cardiorespiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Congenital tracheal hypoplasia is a component of airway syndrome affecting a wide variety of brachycephalic dog breeds. Several radiographic procedures were utilized to assess vertical tracheal diameter (VTD) in dogs. The objective of this study was to calculate the tracheal indices at the caudal cervical, thoracic-inlet, and intra-thoracic tracheal regions on the right lateral thoracic radiograph to further establish a screening protocol for diagnosis of tracheal hypoplasia in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds. Dogs without clinical or radiographic evidence of tracheal, respiratory, or cardiovascular abnormalities were investigated. The absolute and average VTDs were normalized by manubrium length (ML), thoracic-inlet distance (Ti-D), and proximal 3rd rib width (PR3-W). Manubrium-tracheal index (M-TI), thoracic inlet-tracheal index (Ti-TI), and proximal R3-tracheal score (PR3-TS) were calculated. Correlations between averaged VTD and each of the normalizing parameters (ML, Ti-D, and PR3-W), and between M-TI and each of the previously established procedures (Ti-TI and PR3-TS) were determined. RESULTS: Eighty healthy subjects met the inclusion criteria for the study. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.0001) among the means of absolute and normalized VTDs at the 3 tracheal levels. The smallest VTD was identified at the thoracic inlet. The average tracheal diameter showed a better correlation with ML (rs=0.81, P < 0.0001) compared to Ti-D and PR3-W. There was a strong correlation (rs=0.83, P < 0.0001) between the averaged M-TI and Ti-TI. CONCLUSION: Radiographic M-TI could be an alternative to traditional procedures to assess the tracheal lumen in non-bulldog brachycephalic dogs. M-TI < 0.39, < 0.30, or < 0.34 at caudal cervical, thoracic inlet, or intrathoracic trachea, respectively, may indicate tracheal hypoplasia in non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds. Screening of tracheal diameter using M-TI should be recommended. However, further investigation of non-bulldog brachycephalic breeds with cardiac and/or respiratory disease is indicated.

Radiographic vertical tracheal diameter assessment at different levels along the trachea as an alternative method for the evaluation of the tracheal diameter in non-brachycephalic small breed dogs.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal narrowing due to congenital tracheal hypoplasia, acquired tracheal stenosis and tracheal collapse can lead to life-threatening respiratory distress. Tracheal hypoplasia has been identified in brachycephalic dog breeds, predominantly English Bulldogs, by measuring the tracheal diameter compared to the diameter of the thoracic inlet and creating a ratio. However, reference ranges for tracheal diameter have not been established for non-brachycephalic small breed dogs. It would be advantageous to have established tracheal diameters for non-brachycephalic small breed dogs, as these are the dogs most at risk of tracheal collapse. The main objective, of this study was to radiographically evaluate vertical tracheal diameter (VTD) at three standardized locations along the trachea of non-brachycephalic small breed dogs, in an attempt to further establish a screening diagnostic protocol for canine tracheal hypoplasia. Medical records and thoracic radiographs of non-brachycephalic small breed dogs without respiratory disease were reviewed. Right lateral radiographs were reviewed. The absolute and average VTDs at three locations (location A: caudal cervical VTD; location B thoracic inlet VTD; location C: intrathoracic VTD) were standardized by manubrium length (ML), as well as by the previously utilized thoracic inlet distance (Ti-D) and proximal 3rd rib width (PR3-W) to calculate manubrium-tracheal index (M-TI), thoracic inlet-tracheal index (Ti-TI), and proximal R3-tracheal score (PR3-TS), respectively. Correlations between averaged tracheal diameter and each of the ML, Ti-D, and PR3-W, and between M-TI and each of Ti-TI and PR3-TS were calculated. RESULTS: Eighty-one healthy dogs met the criteria for inclusion. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were identified among the mean values of the absolute and standardized VTDs at levels A, B, and C. The smallest tracheal diameter was identified at the level of the thoracic inlet (Level B). The average VTD correlated better with ML (rs = 0.82, P < 0.0001) compared to Ti-D and PR3-W. A relatively strong correlation (rs = 0.77, P < 0.0001) was identified between the averaged manubrium tracheal index (M-TI) and thoracic inlet tracheal index (Ti-TI). CONCLUSION: M-TI is an appropriate alternative to Ti-TI and PR3-TS to radiographically evaluate VTD in dogs. M-TI < 0.43, < 0.34, or < 0.38 at level A, B, or C, respectively, may indicate tracheal hypoplasia in non-brachycephalic small breed dogs. Screening of canine VTD could be achieved using M-TI.

Radiographic, computed tomographic, and arthroscopic diagnosis of radioulnar incongruence in dogs with medial coronoid disease.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize radioulnar incongruence (RUI) in large dogs with medial coronoid disease (MCD) and determine the agreement between radiography, computed tomography (CT), and arthroscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational case series. ANIMALS: Twenty-four large-breed dogs under 3 years of age with confirmed MCD. METHODS: MCD and incongruence were evaluated by radiographs and CT. RUI was measured along the ulnar commissure, mid-body, and apex of the medial coronoid process (MCP) by CT and arthroscopy. Joints with RUI ≥ 2 mm were considered incongruent. Variables recorded during arthroscopic treatment included type of MCD, RUI, and modified Outerbridge score. Agreement between the 3 diagnostic imaging techniques was evaluated, and the association between RUI and cartilage damage was analyzed. RESULTS: Single fragmentation was the most common MCD according to CT and arthroscopy. RUI was associated with degenerative joint disease according to CT and with cartilage damage according to arthroscopy. RUI was diagnosed in 26% of elbows by radiography, in 35% of elbows by CT, in 78% of elbows according to CT measurements of RUI ≥ 2 mm, and in 57% of joints by arthroscopy. RUI was most commonly detected at the ulnar commissure with CT and at the apex of the MCP with arthroscopy. Imaging modalities were in poor to fair agreement with arthroscopy when evaluating RUI. CONCLUSION: CT and arthroscopy provided similar detection of MCD and cartilage disease but disagreed in the assessment and localization of RUI. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: CT does not reliably predict arthroscopic assessment of RUI and associated treatment decisions for MCD.

Influence of radiographic techniques on the measurement of femoral anteversion angles and a conformation score of pelvic limbs in Labrador retrievers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine repeatability of and correlation between 2 radiographic measurements of femoral anteversion angles (FAA) and to determine their influence on a score derived from tibial plateau angle (TPA) and FAA to predict the risk of cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Forty-eight Labrador retrievers with or without CCLD. METHODS: FAA and CCLD scores were calculated for each limb from extended pelvic radiographs (t-FAA) or angled (a-FAA) projections of the femur by 3 investigators. One investigator repeated measurements twice. Data were analyzed for repeatability, correlation between t-FAA and a-FAA, and their influence on CCLD scores. RESULTS: FAA correlated most strongly with the distance between the femoral head and the femoral axis on mediolateral radiographs, a measurement with excellent repeatability. t-FAA and a-FAA correlated with each other (r > 0.79, P < .0001), although t-FAA were about 1° greater than a-FAA (P = .01). Intrainvestigator and interinvestigator repeatability of the CCLD score was fair when derived from t-FAA and good to excellent when derived from a-FAA. CCLD scores differed between radiographic techniques but led to different predictions in only 9 (10%) limbs, all with lower TPA and CCLD scores than the rest of the population. CONCLUSION: a-FAA correlated strongly with t-FAA and improved the repeatability of CCLD scores within and between investigators. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A craniocaudal angled beam projection of the femur is a suitable alternative to a ventrodorsal pelvic radiograph when measuring FAA and may improve the repeatability and positive predictive value of CCLD scores.

Factors contributing to the variability of a predictive score for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in Labrador Retrievers.

BACKGROUND: We recently reported that a conformation score derived from the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the femoral anteversion angle (FAA), best discriminates limbs predisposed to, or affected by cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD), from those that are at low risk for CCLD. The specificity and sensitivity of this score were high enough to support further investigations toward its use for large-scale screening of dogs by veterinarians. The next step, which is the objective of the current study, is to determine inter-observer variability of that CCLD score in a large population of Labrador Retrievers. A total of 167 Labradors were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Limbs of normal dogs over 6 years of age with no history of CCLD were considered at low risk for CCLD. Limbs of dogs with CCLD were considered at high risk for CCLD. Tibial plateau and femoral anteversion angles were measured independently by two investigators to calculate a CCLD score for each limb. Kappa statistics were used to determine the extent of agreement between investigators. Pearson's correlation and intraclass coefficients were calculated to evaluate the correlation between investigators and the relative contribution of each measurement to the variability of the CCLD score. RESULTS: The correlation between CCLD scores calculated by investigators was good (correlation coefficient = 0.68 p < 0.0001). However, interobserver agreement with regards to the predicted status of limbs was fair (kappa value = 0.28), with 37% of limbs being assigned divergent classifications. Variations in CCLD scores correlated best with those of TPA, which was the least consistent parameter between investigators. Absolute interobserver differences were two times greater for FAAs (4.19° ± 3.15) than TPAs (2.23° ± 1.91). CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of the CCLD score between investigators is fair, justifying caution when interpreting individual scores. Future studies should focus on improving the reproducibility of TPA and FAA measurements, as strategies to improve the agreement between CCLD scores.

Radiographic evaluation of early periprosthetic acetabular bone contrast and prosthetic head acetabular coverage after uncemented and cemented total hip prosthesis in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Coxofemoral osteoarthritis is a chronic, disabling condition affecting people and dogs, with THA providing an excellent return to function in severely affected joints. The principal role of THA is to restore an adequate range of motion to the hip joint while transferring load from the acetabulum in order to improve the survival of the implant and enhance the limb function in the short and long terms. The objectives of the study reported here were, therefore, to radiographically evaluate periprosthetic acetabular bone GV and to assess prosthetic head acetabular coverage after 4 months of uncemented and cemented THA in dogs. Means periprosthetic acetabular GV for each and combined 3 regions of interest (zones 1, 2 and 3) were calculated immediately and 4 months after THA. Prosthetic head Norberg (PHN) angle was also measured to assess the degree of prosthetic head acetabular coverage after 4 months of surgery. RESULTS: Zones 2 and 3 showed a significant increase in the mean bone GV after 4 months of uncemented THA. No differences in zones 1-3 after 4 months of cemented THA. Combined zones showed a significant increase in overall mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THA; whereas, no changes were identified after 4 months of cemented THA. The PHN angles did not change after 4 months of uncemented and cemented THA and did not differ significantly between the 2 designs of hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Regional periprosthetic acetabular bone GV varies with the design of THA. None of the designs showed periprosthetic acetabular bone lucency. No differences identified in the degree of prosthetic head acetabular coverage in both designs, indicating proper implant stability after 4 months of surgery. Further longer-term investigation on larger population is however still warranted.

Radiographic evaluation of femoral torsion and correlation with computed tomographic techniques in labrador retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) develop a technique to determine the anteversion angle (AA) of the femur on a single radiograph; (2) determine the correlation between this technique and other published radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) methods; and (3) compare the diagnostic outcome of these methods in determining the level at which femoral torsion occurred in Labrador Retrievers with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical study. ANIMALS: Mature pure-bred Labrador Retrievers (n = 30). METHODS: Pelvic limbs (n = 28) of 14 dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as control, whereas limbs of 16 dogs (18 limbs) with CCL deficiency were considered as diseased. Femoral torsion was evaluated using radiography and CT and variables were compared among limb groups by use of a mixed-model ANOVA, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: There was a significant association between biplanar and lateral plane AAs but neither correlated with CT assessment of femoral torsion. On CT, a significant correlation was identified between overall AA and each of the distal, proximal, and femoral head trochanteric angles. Biplanar and lateral plane AAs did not differ between normal and CCL deficient limbs. On CT, overall and distal AAs were increased in CCL deficient limbs compared to control. CONCLUSION: Biplanar determination of femoral torsion can be estimated based on a single lateral radiograph but the results will be inaccurate as only CT identified and localized the site of femoral torsion.

Lens-related ocular emergencies (LROE) in dogs: treatment and visual outcome after late presentation of 90 eyes.

BACKGROUND: Lens-related emergencies need immediate medical intervention to reduce complications, minimize pain, and improve the chances of retaining vision. The present study aimed to demonstrate the common lens-related ocular emergencies in dogs and evaluate the short-term outcomes after the treatment of these cases. Sixty dogs (90 eyes) of different breeds were presented with unilateral (30 eyes, OD = 18, OS = 12) and bilateral (60 eyes) ocular abnormalities related to crystalline lens injury. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory examinations were achieved. Different treatment protocols were conducted after a complete ophthalmic examination and the associated clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) age of dogs at initial evaluation was 3.65 (± 2.4) years (range, 1-12 years). Lens luxation and subluxation were diagnosed in 45 eyes (25 with anterior lens luxation, 15 with subluxation, and 5 with posterior lens luxation). Lens-induced anterior uveitis without ocular hypertension (n = 25 eyes), lens-induced uveitis with secondary glaucoma (uveitic glaucoma) (n = 15 eyes), and lens capsule disruption (n = 5 eyes) were also diagnosed. The vision was lost in all 5 eyes with posterior lens luxation and secondary glaucoma (100%), 18/25 eyes with anterior lens luxation (72%), and 5/15 eyes with lens subluxation (33.3%). Vision impairment was also identified in 10/25 eyes (40%) with unresponsive lens-induced anterior uveitis and in 5/5 eyes (100%) with traumatic rupture of the anterior lens capsule. CONCLUSION: Crystalline lens pathology can cause a wide variety of ocular emergencies that may result in blindness. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for handling lens-related emergencies in dogs.

Radiographic quantification of the normal and near-normal coxofemoral conformation in Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a multifactorial disease affecting large breed dogs with associated joint laxity and incongruity that predisposes them to osteoarthritis. The purpose of the study is to objectively compare the conformation of normal and near-normal coxofemoral joints (CFJS) in Labrador Retrievers versus German Shepherds on the extended ventrodorsal radiograph. Investigated groups were categorized as normal and near-normal CFJS according to the morphometric criteria established by the FCI scoring system. Center-edge (CE) angle, Norberg angle (NA), indices of dorsal AFH coverage width and area, acetabular slope (AS) angle, and inclination angle were determined for each group. CE angle and AS angle were modified from previously described human techniques. The width and area of dorsal AFH coverage were standardized by the corresponding femoral head diameter and area. Variables were compared between groups using an unpaired, two-tailed t-test. A Spearman correlation coefficient determined the relationship between selected variables. RESULTS: In Labradors, CE angle (lateral coverage) and dorsal AFH coverage area index (dorsal coverage) were greater in normal versus near-normal CFJS. In German Shepherds, lateral AFH coverage (CE angle and NA) was greater in normal versus near-normal hip joints; whereas, dorsal AFH coverage did not differ between the two groups. Lateral AFH coverage was greater in normal versus near-normal CFJS of both breeds. In Labradors, the inclination angle was greater in near-normal versus normal CFJS. Normal CFJS of Labradors revealed greater lateral and dorsal AFH coverages compared to German Shepherds. Near-normal joints of Labradors showed greater lateral AFH coverage compared to those of German Shepherds; whereas, dorsal AFH coverage did not differ between the two breeds. A steeper acetabular slope angle was noted in normal and near-normal CFJS of German Shepherds compared to Labrador Retrievers. The inclination angle of near-normal joints was greater in Labrador Retrievers compared to German Shepherds. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, normal and near-normal CFJS of German Shepherds had lesser AFH coverage and steeper acetabular slope angle compared to Labrador Retrievers. Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds with CE-angles < 27° and < 21.8°, dorsal AFH coverage width indices < 51 and < 49%, and/or dorsal AFH coverage area indices < 53 and < 50%, respectively, may be consistent with CHD. Thus, the authors would recommend excluding subjects with lower values from breeding. Validating the reported measurements is still warranted.

Quantitative assessment of hip morphology to enhance the identification of hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To develop quantitative measures that, when combined with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) score, would potentially enhance the accuracy of the scoring process. ANIMALS: 153 client-owned purebred German Shepherd Dogs with normal and near normal (71 dogs) and dysplastic coxofemoral joint (82 dogs). PROCEDURES: Center edge (CE) angle, Norberg angle (NA), indexes of dorsal acetabular femoral head (AFH) coverage width and area, acetabular index angle, and inclination angle were determined. We also investigated the correlation between selected variables. Coxofemoral joints were classified into normal, near normal, and mildly, moderately, and severely dysplastic joints based on the morphometric criteria previously established by the conventional FCI scoring. Variables were compared among the 5 groups using ANOVA. Linear relationships were determined using Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: All radiographic measurements differed significantly (P < .0001) among the 5 assigned groups (normal, near normal, mildly dysplastic, moderately dysplastic, and severely dysplastic hip joints). NA was the only measure that differed significantly (P ≤ .03) between the 5 assigned groups. Positive correlations were identified between Norberg and CE angles (rs = 0.93), between width and area indexes of dorsal AFH coverage (rs = 0.92), and between the measurement techniques utilized to assess lateral versus dorsal AFH coverage (rs ≥ 0.65). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of lateral and dorsal AFH coverage may help to refine the scoring system used to select German Shepherd Dogs for breeding. German Shepherd Dogs with NA < 103°, CE angle < 20.8°, dorsal AFH coverage width index ≤ 49%, and/or dorsal AFH coverage area index ≤ 51% should be considered to have mild, moderate, or severe hip dysplasia and are therefore not good candidates for breeding. Borderline values between near normal and mildly dysplastic joints should be reevaluated.

Validation of a novel 3D printed positioning device and dynamic radiographic technique to quantify rotational laxity of the stifle in dogs.

Cranial cruciate ligament deficiency (CCLD) results in internal rotational instability of the stifle (RLS). By contrast, tibial torsion (TT) is an anatomical feature of the tibia along its longitudinal axis. The objective of this study was to validate a dynamic radiographic technique to measure internal rotational laxity of the stifle and differentiate it from TT. Models included transection of the CCL for RLS and an osteotomy for TT. One limb within eight pairs of canine cadaveric hind limbs was randomly assigned to CCLD. The contralateral limb underwent TT, followed by CCLD. Neutral and stress radiographs were taken with the limb in a custom rotating 3-D printed positioning device before and after each modification. The position of the calcaneus on neutral views and the magnitude of its displacement under standardized torque were compared within limbs and between groups. Transection of the CCL increased the magnitude of displacement of the calcaneus by 1.6 mm (0.3-3.1 mm, p < 0.05) within limbs. The lateral calcaneal displacement (dS-dN) tended to be greater when CCLD limbs were compared to limbs with intact CCL. A magnitude of calcaneal displacement of 3.45 mm differentiated limbs with RLS from intact limbs with 87.5% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. The calcaneus was displaced further laterally by about 3 mm on neutral radiographs (dN) when limbs with experimental TT were compared to those without TT (p < 0.05). A calcaneus located at least 3.25 mm from the sulcus differentiated limbs with TT from intact limbs with 87.5% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity. The technique reported here allowed detection of RLS, especially within limbs. A calcaneus located at least 3.25 mm on neutral radiographs of large dogs should prompt a presumptive diagnosis of TT.

Radiographic evaluation of early periprosthetic femoral bone contrast and prosthetic stem alignment after uncemented and cemented total hip replacement in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To radiographically evaluate periprosthetic femoral bone contrast and assess alignment of the prosthetic stem after uncemented and cemented total hip replacement (THR). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 15). METHODS: Dogs were classified into uncemented (n = 8) and cemented (n = 7) THR groups. Radiographs were analyzed using image processing software to evaluate femoral bone contrast (gray scale value, GV) for each and combined modified Gruen zone(s) immediately and 4 months after THR. Modified Gruen zones were classified into 5 zones to analyze retrospectively the regional radiographic GV of the femur around uncemented and cemented prosthetic stem. Alignment of prosthetic stem was assessed immediately and 4 months postoperatively. Variables were compared by use of 2-tailed t-test, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: Zone 1 showed significant decrease in the mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THR. No differences in zones 1-5 after 4 months of cemented THR. Combined zones showed significant decrease in overall mean bone GV 4 months after uncemented THR. No changes were observed 4 months after cemented THR. Number of limbs with varus-aligned femoral stem markedly increased after 4 months of uncemented THR. CONCLUSIONS: Regional bone contrast and prosthetic stem alignment vary with the design of THR.

Modified FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) Scoring of the Coxofemoral Joint in Labrador Retrievers Without and With Hip Dysplasia.

The objective is to propose a modified FCI scoring protocol of the canine hip joint via: (1) providing morphometric criteria of each score; (2) quantifying the extent of lateral and dorsal acetabular femoral head (AFH) coverage; (3) evaluating the steepness of cranial acetabular edge (acetabular index angle) and inclination angle (IA) in normal and dysplastic coxofemoral joints of Labrador Retrievers. The long-term goal is to achieve a selective breeding protocol using parental phenotypically healthy coxofemoral joints based on the standard extended-leg VD radiograph to help reduce the prevalence of CHD among offspring. Investigated populations were classified into normal (grade A) and dysplastic coxofemoral joints (grades B to E) based on the morphometric criteria previously established by the conventional FCI scoring system. Center-edge (CE) angle, Norberg angle (NA), indices of dorsal AFH coverage width and area, acetabular index angle, and inclination angle were determined for each group. Variables were compared between groups using ANOVA. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the linear relationship between selected variables. Overall, all radiographic measurements differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among the five tested groups using ANOVA test. Dorsal AFH coverage area index was the only measure that differed significantly (P ≤ 0.007) between every two consecutive groups using Tukey's test. Significant correlations were identified between the Norberg and CE angles (r s = 0.95, P < 0.0001), the width and area of dorsal AFH coverage (r s = 0.96, P < 0.0001), and the radiographic techniques utilized to assess lateral vs. dorsal AFH coverage (r s ≥ 0.80, P < 0.0001). Evaluation of CE-angle, dorsal AFH coverage area index and acetabular index angle is recommended during selective breeding to include parents with radiographically healthy joints and reduce the incidence of hip dysplasia among offspring. Dogs with CE-angle <27°, dorsal AFH coverage area index <53%, and/or acetabular index angle >9° may be consistent with hip dysplasia and are recommended to be excluded from potential breeding groups. Re-evaluation of coxofemoral joints with borderline values located between near-normal and mildly dysplastic coxofemoral joints is strongly recommended to be performed after 6 months.

Multivariate analysis of morphometric characteristics to evaluate risk factors for cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in Labrador retrievers.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the combination of conformation characteristics of the pelvic limbs of Labrador Retrievers that best discriminates between limb at risk to develop cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease and limbs at low risk using radiographs, computerized tomography (CT) images, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical study. ANIMALS: Twelve clinically normal and 9 unilaterally CCL-deficient Labrador Retrievers. METHODS: The pelvic limbs of normal dogs were considered as non-predisposed to CCL disease and the contralateral limbs of CCL-deficient dogs as predisposed. Conformation variables, obtained from femur and tibial radiographs, pelvic limb CT images and DEXA studies, of predisposed pelvic limbs were compared with the conformation variables from pelvic limbs of the low-risk group. An ROC curve analysis was used to assess the discriminating properties of conformation variables for several combinations. RESULTS: We determined that a combination of tibial plateau angle (TPA) and femoral anteversion angle (FAA) measured on radiographs was optimal for discriminating predisposed and non-predisposed limbs for CCL disease in Labrador Retrievers. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing predisposition to CCL disease with a combination of conformational measurements is better than using univariate parameters. In the future, TPA and FAA may be used to screen dogs suspected of being susceptible to CCL disease.

Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To identify morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature associated with the development of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency in Labrador Retrievers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical study. ANIMALS: Pure-bred female (n=18) and male (n=12) Labrador Retrievers with (n=16) and without (n=14) CCL deficiency. METHODS: Muscle conformation of pelvic limbs was evaluated by physical examination, radiography (widths of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, lean contents of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other). Pelvic limbs of dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as normal (n=28 limbs), whereas those with CCL deficiency were considered diseased (n=18 limbs) or sound contralateral to CCL deficiency (n=10 limbs). Variables were compared between groups using mixed models analysis of variance, with P<.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The ratios of quadriceps width to tibial length (P=.008), hamstring width (P=.013), and gastrocnemius width (P=.005) on lateral radiographs were lower in diseased limbs than controls. The mass of hamstring muscles in CCL deficient limbs was similar to that of normal limbs. The ratio of the lean content of gastrocnemius to hamstring muscles was greater in diseased (P=.007) and sound contralateral (P=.013) limbs than in normal limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Atrophy associated with CCL deficiency may predominantly affect the quadriceps muscle. Dominance of the gastrocnemius muscle over active restraints to the cranial tibial thrust may be associated with predisposition to CCL deficiency in Labrador Retrievers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: If confirmed, this dynamic imbalance between muscle groups of the rear limbs could serve as a basis for screening programs and preventive rehabilitation.

Inverse dynamics analysis of the pelvic limbs in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify net joint moments, joint powers, and joint reaction forces (JRF) across the hock, stifle, and hip joints in Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. To investigate differences in joint mechanics between normal, CCL deficient, and contralateral pelvic limbs. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional clinical study. ANIMALS: Clinically normal (n=14) and CCL-deficient (n=9) Labrador Retrievers. METHODS: Each limb was analyzed separately and classified as normal, CCL-deficient or sound contralateral limb. Kinematic, ground reaction force (GRF), and morphometric data were combined in an inverse dynamic approach to compute hock, stifle and hip net moments, powers and JRF, while trotting. RESULTS: Vertical and braking GRF and JRF were significantly decreased in CCL-deficient limbs. In affected limbs, extensor moments at the hock and hip, flexor moment at the stifle and power in all 3 joints were less than normal. Kinetics also identified a greater joint moment and power of the contralateral limbs compared with normal, particularly of the stifle extensor muscles group. CONCLUSION: Lameness resulting from CCL disease affected predominantly reaction forces during the braking phase and the extension during push-off. A greater contribution of the contralateral limbs to propel the dog forward was identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reductions in joint motion, loads, and muscle contraction were interpreted as modifications adopted to reduce or avoid painful mobilization of the injured stifle joint. The increased joint moment and power of the contralateral compensating side may correlate with the lameness observed, but also with the predisposition of contralateral limbs to CCL deficiency in dogs.

Use of cardiac sphericity index and manubrium heart scores to assess radiographic cardiac silhouettes in large-and small-breed dogs with and without cardiac disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of manubrium heart scores (MHSs) in distinguishing between dogs with and without cardiac disease. ANIMALS: 184 client-owned dogs with (n = 64) and without (120) cardiac disease. PROCEDURES: Medical records, including thoracic radiographic images, of dogs that either had echocardiographically confirmed moderate to severe cardiac disease with cardiomegaly (case dogs) or were healthy and without evidence of cardiac disease (control dogs) were retrospectively reviewed. From right lateral thoracic radiographic images, the lengths of the cardiac short and long axes and the manubrium were measured and cardiac sphericity indices (CSIs), MHSs, and vertebral heart scores were determined. Dogs were grouped on the basis of whether they did or did not have cardiac disease (case dogs vs control dogs), breed size (large-breed dogs vs small-breed dogs), and whether cardiac disease affected the right side of the heart (right-sided cardiac disease) or the left side of heart (left-sided cardiac disease). Results were compared across groups. RESULTS: The mean CSI was greatest in case dogs with right-sided cardiac disease, compared with other groups. In dogs of the present study, a combination of high short-, long-, and overall-MHSs was more suggestive of left-sided cardiac disease, whereas a high short-MHS without high long- and overall-MHSs was more suggestive of right-sided cardiac disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that MHSs could be useful, objective values to help assess dogs for potential heart disease, and we recommend that MHSs be added to the diagnostic tools used by veterinarians when screening for heart disease in dogs.

Morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limbs of Labrador Retrievers with and without cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

OBJECTIVE-To evaluate skeletal characteristics of pelvic limbs with and without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency in Labrador Retrievers. ANIMALS-30 adult purebred Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURES-Pelvic limbs (n = 28) of 14 dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as control limbs, whereas the limbs of 16 dogs with CCL deficiency were considered affected by (18 limbs) or predisposed to (10 contralateral limbs of dogs with 1 affected limb) CCL deficiency. Skeletal characteristics were evaluated via physical examination, radiography, and computed tomography. Radiographic and computed tomographic variables were compared among limb groups by use of a mixed-model ANOVA. RESULTS-The tibial plateau slope was steeper in CCL-deficient limbs but not in predisposed limbs, compared with the slope in control limbs. The angle between diaphyseal and proximal tibial axes was increased in both CCL-deficient and predisposed limbs. The relative width of the proximal portion of the tibia and the inclination of the patellar ligament did not differ among limb groups. The overall and distal femoral anteversion angles were greater in CCL-deficient and predisposed limbs, whereas the femoral condyle trochanteric angle was decreased in those limb groups, compared with findings in control limbs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Cranial angulation of the proximal portion of the tibia, excessive steepness of the tibial plateau, and distal femoral torsion appeared more likely to be associated with CCL deficiency than femoral angulation, tibial torsion, intercondylar notch stenosis, and increased inclination of the patellar ligament.

Radiographic determination of humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar subluxation indices to quantify elbow incongruence in dogs confirmed to have medial coronoid disease.

Medial coronoid disease and elbow incongruence are common orthopedic problems causing forelimb lameness in large breed dogs. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective clinical study is to radiographically quantify the incongruity of humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar joints in dogs with confirmed medial coronoid disease compared to controls. Sixty-six (93 elbows) control and 73 (113 elbows) diseased Labrador and Golden Retrievers were enrolled. Our objective was achieved by measuring the central humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar distances and calculating the corresponding subluxation index of each joint on the extended mediolateral elbow radiograph. The traditional radioulnar step was also measured on the same mediolateral projection. Variables were compared between control and diseased groups, and the significance level was P < .05. The central humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar distances and corresponding subluxation indices increased significantly (P ≤ .007) in elbows with confirmed medial coronoid disease compared to controls. Radioulnar step increased significantly (P < .0001) in diseased elbows. Elbow incongruence, manifested by increased humeroradial, humeroulnar, and radioulnar subluxation indices, appeared to be consistent with medial coronoid disease in Labrador and Golden Retrievers. An elbow with a humeroradial, humeroulnar, or radioulnar subluxation index >0.15, 0.10, or 0.14, respectively, or radioulnar step >1.4 mm, is more likely to be incongruent and may have a concomitant coronoid disease. However, future validation of the reported measurements is still warranted.

Clinical findings of traumatic proptosis in small-breed dogs and complications associated with globe replacement surgery.

Background: Proptosis is a serious traumatic disease commonly affecting small breed dogs and possibly causing loss of vision, with globe replacement surgery (GRS) being essential in most of the cases after stabilizing the patient's condition. Aim: To determine the common dog breeds and clinical findings associated with traumatic proptosis and demonstrate the short-term complications following GRS. Methods: The study was performed on 15 client-owned small-breed dogs presented with unilateral traumatic proptosis. Dogs were examined at initial presentation to determine the concurrent abnormalities associated with globe prolapse. The globe was replaced within the orbit and avulsed extraocular muscles were identified and sutured. Endoscopic examination of the ocular fundus was achieved 1 and 3 weeks after GRS in one Pekingese diagnosed with glaucoma. Complications following GRS were recorded. Results: Pekingese (53.3%) and Griffon (26.7%) were the most affected dogs with proptosis in Egypt. Bruised, hyperemic and swollen conjunctiva and periorbital tissue, lateral globe retraction, cloudy cornea, and miosis were common clinical findings associated with proptosis. Exposure keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and exotropia were identified in all 15 patients at presentation. Complications following GRS included phthisis bulbi (53.3%), strabismus (26.7%), and lateral exotropia (20%). Intraocular pressure was reduced to 22 mmHg 3 weeks after GRS in the only patient diagnosed with glaucoma, and endoscopic evidence of optic nerve cupping was identified. Conclusion: Clinical findings associated with proptosis at initial presentation may have influenced the outcome of GRS. Favorable prognosis may be given to patients with relatively high potential for vision at initial presentation and ≤2 extraocular muscle avulsions. Immediate surgical intervention following the occurrence of proptosis should be advised to achieve favorable disease prognosis.