Multi-part quality evaluation of a customized mobile application for monitoring elderly patients with functional loss and helping caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The challenges faced by caregivers of the elderly with chronic diseases are always complex. In this context, mobile technologies have been used with promising results, but often have restricted functionality, or are either difficult to use or do not provide the necessary support to the caregiver - which leads to declining usage over time. Therefore, we developed the Mobile System for Elderly Monitoring, SMAI. The purpose of SMAI is to monitor patients with functional loss and to improve the support to caregivers' communication with the health team professionals, informing them the data related to the patients' daily lives, while providing the health team better tools. METHOD: SMAI is composed of mobile applications developed for the caregivers and health team, and a web portal that supports management activities. Caregivers use an Android application to send information and receive care advice and feedback from the health team. The system was constructed using a refinement stage approach. Each stage involved caregivers and the health team in prototype release-test-assessment-refinement cycles. SMAI was evaluated during 18 months. We studied which features were being used the most, and their use pattern throughout the week. We also studied the users' qualitative perceptions. Finally, the caregiver application was also evaluated for usability. RESULTS: SMAI functionalities showed to be very useful or useful to caregivers and health professionals. The Focus Group interviews reveled that among caregivers the use of the application gave them the sensation of being connected to the health team. The usability evaluation identified that the interface design and associated tasks were easy to use and the System Usability Scale, SUS, presented very good results. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the use of SMAI represented a positive change for the family caregivers and for the NAI health team. The overall qualitative results indicate that the approach used to construct the system was appropriate to achieve the objectives.

Effectiveness of intervention programs in primary care for the robust elderly.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to search the literature for intervention programs in primary care with a multiprofes-sional character, specifically directed at the robust elderly, and with viable and cost-effective interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search strategies were applied in Cochrane, Lilacs, Pubmed, Scopus, WHOLIS, Embase, Medcarib, SciELO, Web of Science, and PAHO databases. RESULTS: 3 665 articles were found and 32 remained for analysis, grouped into four categories: care management; multidisciplinary intervention; interventions on the basis of risk; and educational interventions with health professionals. CONCLUSION: Strategies such as domestic interventions can promote health and functionality of elderlies, as well as reduce mortality, use of the health system and costs. Besides that, the use of hard and light-hard technologies are important for risk prevention and care management for the elderly.There is a need to create programs for risk prevention and effective management of elderly care at the primary level.

Integrating medical and health multiprofessional residency programs: the experience in building an interprofessional curriculum for health professionals in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The aging of the population demands a development of the skills of different health professionals working in teams due to the complexity of the problems arising from this population. This article discusses the integration of two residency programs: medical and multiprofessional. The challenge was to construct a curriculum with practical and theoretical activities that develop competencies within the scope of interprofessional education, ensuring the necessary depth and detail of study in all the professional areas involved in the development of specific skills. METHODS: The curricular integration was accomplished by conducting workshops with the participation of coordinators from both programs and service areas, preceptors of medicine, nursing, nutrition, psychology, physiotherapy, and social services. In these workshops, we agreed upon the goals, general and specific competencies, the standard weekly schedule, practice scenarios, evaluation, and selection. RESULTS: The interprofessional program has 26 residents, of which 6 are physicians 4 each from the other areas, with 25 preceptors from the 6 areas that comprise the program. The residents develop their training in six practical scenarios distributed between the first and second years with increasing complexity. DISCUSSION: The program is based on guidelines, physical conditions and human resources that allow for the overcoming of barriers to the development of interprofessional education and collaborative practice.

Value-based medicine and palliative care: how do they converge?

Introduction: Sick persons need doctors who understand their pathology, know how to treat their problem, and accompany them through their illness. This study aimed to synthesize the state of knowledge regarding the concept of value-based medicine (VBM) through an integrative literature review, and establish how VBM can be applied in palliative care. Areas covered: An integrative review was conducted with the keywords 'value-based medicine,' 'patient-centered care,' and 'medicina baseada em valor' (Portuguese for VBM) in PubMed and Virtual Health Library, identifying 17,189 articles in total. Of these, 10 articles met the eligibility criteria. VBM combines the highest level of technical-scientific data with patients' values. It is defined as the combination of evidence-based medicine, patient-centered care, and cost-effectiveness. Patients' values are a set of preferences, concerns, and expectations that contribute toward accommodating their needs in the treatment clinic. Expert opinion: Like VBM, palliative care focuses on patients' values and quality of life, respecting natural limits. The early development of a care plan with active participation of the patient in the face of life-threatening diseases should be encouraged and can bring peace and comfort in a person's final moments.

Identifying the loss of functional independence of older people residing in the community: Validation of the PRISMA-7 instrument in Brazil.

The identification of the older people who are functionally dependant is essential for planning interventions with emphasis on secondary and tertiary prevention. Therefore, a simplified tool, able to identify these individuals for a more comprehensive evaluation, is required. However, the use of a measuring tool in a different socio-cultural context requires prior adaptation. This article aims to verify the psychometric properties of the PRISMA-7 in Brazilian context. This instrument was previously shown as able to identify older persons living in the community who have risk of functional loss in a Canadian study. In a sample of 1748 older persons, the internal consistency assessed by Cronbach's alpha showed a borderline value credited to the reduced number of questionnaire items. Factor analysis identified two well correlated factors, except for items 2 and 6. For criterion validity the SMAF scale (French acronym, Functional Autonomy Measurement System) was used as the gold standard. The analysis of the ROC curve indicated a sensitivity of 74.4% and specificity of 87.4% for the cut-off point of 4, while the Canadian version had a cut-off point of 3 for disability detection. Inter and intra-observer reliability, investigated by the Kappa Cohen were high and statistically significant. In conclusion, the results suggest that the validation process was adequate, and recommend the Brazilian version of PRISMA-7, to track older people with functional loss in the community.

Influence of low frequency PSEN1 variants on familial Alzheimer's disease risk in Brazil.

About 30-70% of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are related to mutations in presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1). Although the role of mutations and common variants in AD had been extensively investigated, the contribution of rare or low frequency PSEN1 variants on AD risk remains unclear. In the current study, we performed a mutational screening of PSEN1 coding exons and flanking intronic sequences among 53 index cases with familial history of AD from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Two missense variants (rs63750592; rs17125721), one rare and a low frequency variant, and two intronic variants (rs3025786; rs165932) were identified. In silico tools were used to predict the functional impact of the variants, revealing no changes in protein functionality by exonic variants. Otherwise, all variants were predicted to alter splicing signals. Prediction results, together with previous reports, suggest a correlation between rs17125721 and AD. So, a subsequent case-control study to evaluate the role of rs1712572 on AD risk was performed in an additional sample of 120 AD sporadic cases and in 149 elderly healthy controls by TaqMan Genotyping Assay. Our data indicates a risk association for rs17125721 in familial AD cases (OR=6.0; IC95%=1.06-33.79; p=0.042). In addition, we tested the multiplicative interaction between allele ε4 of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and rs17125721 and no statistical association was found. Taken together, our findings provide new insight about the genetic relevance of low frequency PSEN1 variants for familial AD development.

rs3851179 Polymorphism at 5' to the PICALM Gene is Associated with Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases in Brazilian Population.

Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) share clinical and pathological features, suggesting that they could have common pathogenic mechanisms, as well as overlapping genetic modifiers. Here, we performed a case-control study in a Brazilian population to clarify whether the risk of AD and PD might be influenced by shared polymorphisms at PICALM (rs3851179), CR1 (rs6656401) and CLU (rs11136000) genes, which were previously identified as AD risk factors by genome-wide association studies. For this purpose, 174 late-onset AD patients, 166 PD patients and 176 matched controls were genotyped using TaqMan® assays. The results revealed that there were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies for the SNP PICALM rs3851179 between AD/PD cases and controls, but none for CR1 rs6656401 and CLU rs11136000 intronic polymorphisms. After stratification by APOE ε4 status, the protective effect of the PICALM rs3851179 A allele in AD cases remains evident only in APOE ε4 (-) carriers, suggesting that the APOE ε4 risky allele weakens its protective effect in the APOE ε4 (+) subgroup. More genetic studies using large-sized and well-defined matched samples of AD and PD patients from mixed populations as well as functional correlation analysis are urgently needed to clarify the role of rs3851179 in the AD/PD risk. An understanding of the contribution of rs3851179 to the development of AD and PD could provide new targets for the development of novel therapies.

[Cross-cultural adaptation of the PRISMA-7 instrument for use in Brazil: evaluation of conceptual, item, and semantic equivalences]. / Adaptação transcultural para o Brasil do instrumento PRISMA-7: avaliação das equivalências conceitual, de item e semântica.

Screening with a simplified instrument is effective for identifying elderly at risk of functional decline, for more comprehensive subsequent evaluation. However, use of a measurement tool in a different sociocultural context from the original requires prior adaptation. The current article aims to describe the initial stages of a cross-cultural adaptation of PRISMA-7, a questionnaire developed to identify community-dwelling elderly at risk of functional decline. Evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences showed pertinence to the Brazilian context. Semantic equivalence covered the correspondence in referential (denotative) and connotative meaning. The pretest showed that the instrument's synthesis version has good acceptability. The results suggest the use of PRISMA-7 in the Brazilian context as a screening tool for identifying risk of functional decline in the elderly.

Rodízio de Opioides: uma Análise Descritiva / Opioid Switching: a Descriptive Analysis / Rotación de Opioides: un Análisis Descriptivo

Introdução: O uso de opioides deve ser individualizado e a troca por outro opioide pode ser necessária (rodízio de opioide). Objetivo: Identificar como foi realizado o rodízio de opioide e se o efeito desejado foi atingido em pacientes internados em uma unidade especializada em cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: Análise post hoc do estudo de perfil de pacientes internados em um hospital público de cuidados paliativos oncológicos no Rio de Janeiro, entre setembro e novembro de 2016. As internações foram acompanhadas longitudinalmente por revisão de prontuário com coleta diária da escala verbal numérica (EVN). A dor foi considerada controlada quando EVN = 0. Doses, via de administração e rodízio (fármaco e motivo) dos opioides foram observados. O tempo para controle da dor foi calculado quando este foi o motivo. Resultados: Foram observados 104 rodízios de opioides em 90 internações (22,5%), sendo 49% entre opioides fortes e 43% de fraco para forte. Principais motivos foram dor (40%) e dispneia (36%). O tempo para EVN = 0 foi 1,6 dias (+/-1,8; IC95% 1,0-2,1), sendo mais demorado na troca por metadona (média 2,7 dias +/-2,5; IC95% 1,0-4,4). Comparando a dose de morfina oral por equipotência analgésica, houve aumento de 10% na dose do opioide de destino, sendo esse aumento maior quando no rodízio por dispneia (38%). Conclusão: Embora o controle de dor tenha sido superior ao descrito por outros trabalhos, o aumento da dose equipotente do opioide não é corroborado por protocolos. Maior vigilância e outros estudos são recomendados na unidade.

Introduction: The use of opioids must be individualized and changing for another opioid may be necessary (opioid switching). Objective: Identify how the opioid switching was performed and whether the desired effect was achieved in patients admitted at a public palliative oncologic care specialized hospital. Method: Post hoc analysis of the profile study of patients admitted to a public oncologic palliative care hospital in Rio de Janeiro between September and November 2016. Hospitalizations were followed longitudinally by reviewing the charts with daily collection of the numeric rating scale (NRS). Pain was considered controlled when NRS = 0. Doses, route of administration, switch (drugs and motif ) of the opioids were observed. The time for pain control was calculated when this was the reason. Results: 104 opioid switching were observed in 90 hospitalizations (22.5%), 49% of which were strong opioids and 43%, from mild to strong. Main reasons were pain (40%) and dyspnea (36%). The time to NRS = 0 was 1.6 days (+/-1.8; 95% CI 1.0-2.1), taking longer to switch to methadone (mean 2.7 days +/-2.5; 95% CI 1.0-4.4). Comparing the dose of oral morphine by analgesic equipotency, a 10% increase in the target opioid dose occurred, and when rotating due to dyspnea (38%), the increase was greater. Conclusion: Although pain control was higher than described in other studies, the increase in the equipotent dose of opioid is not corroborated by protocols. Extensive surveillance and other studies are recommended in the unit.

Introducción: El uso de opioides debe ser individualizado y puede ser necesario cambiarlo por otro opioide (rotación de opioides). Objetivo: Identificar cómo se realizó la rotación de opioides y si el efecto deseado se logró en pacientes ingresados en una unidad especializada en cuidados oncológicos paliativos. Método: Análisis post hoc del estudio de perfil de pacientes ingresados en un hospital público de cuidados paliativos de oncología en Río de Janeiro, entre septiembre y noviembre de 2016. Las hospitalizaciones fueron seguidas longitudinalmente mediante la revisión de los registros médicos con la recopilación diaria de la Escala Numérica Verbal (ENV). El dolor se consideró controlado cuando ENV = 0. Se observaron dosis, vía de administración, rotación (fármacos y motivo) de los opioides. El tiempo para el control del dolor se calculó cuando esta fue la razón. Resultados: Se observaron 104 ruedas de opioides en 90 hospitalizaciones (22,5%), con 49% entre opioides fuertes y 43% de débiles a fuertes. Las razones principales fueron dolor (40%) y disnea (36%). El tiempo para ENV = 0 fue de 1,6 días (+/-1,8; IC del 95%: 1,0-2,1), y tomó más tiempo cambiar a metadona (promedio 2,7 días +/-2,5; IC 95% 1,0-4,4). Comparando la dosis de morfina oral para la equipotencia analgésica, hubo un aumento del 10% en la dosis de opioides objetivos, este aumento fue mayor al rotar debido a la disnea (38%). Conclusión: Aunque el control del dolor fue superior al descrito por otros estudios, el aumento en la dosis equipotente de opioide no es compatible con los protocolos. Se recomienda mayor vigilancia y otros estudios en la unidad.

Mobile Care System for Older Adults: perceptions about its use in caring for people with dementia / Sistema Móvel de Assistência ao Idoso (SMAI): percepções sobre o uso no cuidado de pessoas com demência

Abstract Objective: To analyze the perceptions of caregivers and health professionals about a mobile application used for the caring and social support of people with dementia. Method: A qualitative study was performed on the experience of implementing a Mobile Care System for Older Adults (Sistema Móvel de Assistência ao Idoso, SMAI) in the routine of caregivers of people with dementia, treated at an outpatient clinic for cognitive disorders. Data were obtained through the application of questionnaires about the characteristics of caregivers and the Zarit scale to assess the level of burden. An Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ) was applied for functional evaluation. The perception of caregivers and professionals were collected through the audio recording of focus groups and analyzed according to the thematic-categorical analysis technique. Results: Twenty caregivers and five health professionals participated in the focus groups. Categories that emerged from the study revealed themes related to users' experiences, communication, medication management, feelings of caregivers, patient management strategies, impact of dementia on caregivers' lives, illness of caregivers and application evaluation. Conclusion: Interventions using mobile applications can help improve communication and social support in the care of dementia. The experience with the SMAI and its applications represented an innovative opportunity for both family caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar as percepções de cuidadores e profissionais de saúde sobre o uso de um aplicativo móvel no cuidado e suporte social de pessoas com demência. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a experiência de implantação do Sistema Móvel de Assistência ao Idoso (SMAI) na rotina de cuidadores de pessoas com demência acompanhadas por um ambulatório de geriatria. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da aplicação de questionários sobre as características dos cuidadores e escala Zarit de avaliação do nível de sobrecarga. Para a avaliação funcional dos pacientes foi aplicado o questionário Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ). As percepções dos cuidadores e profissionais foram coletadas através da gravação do áudio dos grupos focais e analisadas de acordo com a técnica de análise temática-categorial. Resultados: Vinte cuidadores participaram dos grupos focais nos três encontros e cinco profissionais de saúde. As categorias que emergiram do estudo apresentaram temas relacionados às experiências dos usuários, comunicação, gerenciamento de medicamentos, sentimento do cuidador, estratégias de manejo do paciente, impacto da demência na vida dos cuidadores, adoecimento do cuidador e avaliação do aplicativo. Conclusão: Intervenções utilizando aplicativos móveis podem ajudar a melhorar a comunicação e o suporte social no cuidado de pessoas com demência. A experiência com o SMAI e suas aplicações representou uma oportunidade inovadora tanto para os familiares cuidadores quanto para os profissionais do ambulatório.

Medicamentos e Controle de dor: Experiência de um Centro de Referência em Cuidados Paliativos no Brasil / Medication and Pain Control: Experience of a Brazilian Palliative Care Referral Center / Medicamentos y Control del Dolor: Experiencia de un Centro de Referencia en Cuidados Paliativos en Brasil

Introdução: A dor é um dos sintomas mais prevalentes em pacientes com câncer, especialmente no último ano de vida, sendo frequente o controle inadequado. Objetivo: Delinear o perfil de medicamentos utilizados para controle de dor em uma unidade hospitalar de cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: Estudo transversal com acompanhamento longitudinal de todos os pacientes internados entre setembro e novembro de 2016. Escala Verbal Numérica (EVN), funcionalidade e medicamentos com potencial analgésico utilizados foram coletados por revisão de prontuário. Resultados: Os 399 pacientes internados compuseram 461 episódios de internação, sendo 429 (93%) com o sintoma dor (controlada ou não). A idade média foi 62 anos, oito dias em média de internação, motivada por dor em 18% dos casos; e, em 35%, o sintoma dor não estava controlado. Destes, a EVN foi quantificada como zero após dois dias em média. Segundo a escada analgésica, 29% estavam no primeiro degrau, 11% no segundo e 82% no terceiro. O uso do analgésico comum e de adjuvante foi verificado em mais de 80% dos episódios. A dose média equivalente de morfina oral foi 117 mg/dia. Discussão: O controle de dor observado foi superior e mais precoce se comparado com outros trabalhos semelhantes. A dose média de opioide (equipotência analgésica) foi semelhante à observada em outros estudos. Entretanto, o uso de opioide forte e de adjuvantes foi mais frequente do que o notado em outros serviços. Essa diferença pode justificar o melhor controle álgico. Conclusão: A ação da equipe especializada proporciona melhor controle de sintomas.

Introduction: Pain is one of the most prevalent symptoms in cancer patients, especially in the last year of life, and its inadequate control is frequent. Objective: Outline the profile of drugs used for pain control in an exclusive oncology palliative care hospital unit. Method: A cross-sectional study with longitudinal follow-up of all hospitalized patients between September and November 2016. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), functionality and drugs with analgesic potential used were collected through medical chart review. Results: The 399 hospitalized patients presented 461 hospitalization episodes, of which 429 (93%) were patients with pain symptom (controlled or not). The mean age was 62 years, with an average of 8 days of hospitalization motivated by pain in 18% of the cases and in 35%, the pain symptom was not controlled. Of these, NRS was quantified as zero after 2 days in average. According to the Analgesic Ladder, 29% were in the 1st step, 11% in the second and 82% in the third. The use of common analgesic and of adjuvant was verified in more than 80% of the episodes. The mean equivalent dose of oral morphine was 117 mg/day. Discussion: Pain control observed was higher and earlier when compared to other similar works. The mean opioid dose (analgesic equipotent) was analogous to the observed in other studies. However, the use of strong opioids and adjuvants was more frequent than what was noticed in other services. This difference may justify the better pain control. Conclusion: The action of skilled team grants better symptom control.

Introducción: El dolor es uno de los síntomas más frecuentes en pacientes con cáncer, especialmente en el último año de vida, y el control inadecuado es frecuente. Objetivo: Delinear el perfil de los medicamentos utilizados para el control del dolor en una unidad hospitalaria de cuidados paliativos para el cáncer. Método: Estudio transversal con seguimiento longitudinal de todos los pacientes hospitalizados entre septiembre y noviembre de 2016. La Escala Numérica Verbal (EVN), la funcionalidad y los medicamentos con potencial analgésico utilizados se recogieron mediante revisión de registros médicos. Resultados: Los 399 pacientes hospitalizados constituyeron 461 episodios de hospitalización, de los cuales 429 (93%) tuvieron dolor de síntomas (controlado o no). La edad promedio fue de 62 años, 8 días en promedio. La hospitalización fue motivada por dolor en el 18% de los casos y en 35% el síntoma de dolor no fue controlado. De estos, EVN se cuantificó como cero después de 2 días en promedio. Según la Escalera Analgésica, el 29% estaba en el primer paso, el 11% en el segundo y el 82% en el tercero. El uso de analgésicos y adyuvantes comunes se observó en más del 80% de los episodios. La dosis equivalente promedio de morfina oral fue de 117 mg/día. Discusión: El control del dolor observado fue superior y anterior en comparación con otros trabajos similares. La dosis promedio de opioide (equipamiento analgésico) fue similar a la observada en otros estudios. Sin embargo, el uso de opioides y adyuvantes fuertes fue más frecuente que en otros servicios. Esta diferencia puede justificar el mejor control del dolor observado. Conclusión: La acción del equipo de expertos proporciona un mejor control de los síntomas.

Integration and continuity of Care in health care network models for frail older adults.

A detailed review was conducted of the literature on models evaluating the effectiveness of integrated and coordinated care networks for the older population. The search made use of the following bibliographic databases: Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO. Twelve articles on five different models were included for discussion. Analysis of the literature showed that the services provided were based on primary care, including services within the home. Service users relied on the integration of primary and hospital care, day centers and in-home and social services. Care plans and case management were key elements in care continuity. This approach was shown to be effective in the studies, reducing the need for hospital care, which resulted in savings for the system. There was reduced prevalence of functional loss and improved satisfaction and quality of life on the part of service users and their families. The analysis reinforced the need for change in the approach to health care for older adults and the integration and coordination of services is an efficient way of initiating this change.

Development of an app as a tool to support research and the prevention of osteoporosis / Desenvolvimento de aplicativo como ferramenta de apoio à investigação e prevenção de osteoporose

Abstract Objective: to develop an app for the investigation and prevention of osteoporosis for use by health professionals. Method: the development of the app was performed in six steps: definition of the target audience; survey of validated osteoporosis risk assessment tools in Brazil; programming of the app through the progressive web; selection of data for the preparation of sections of the evaluation form and clinical recommendations; automated auditing and evaluation of the app by health professionals. Results: three screens were prepared for the app. These were based on the data extracted using the Osteorisk, Sapori and Frax tools for sociodemographic data (age, gender, weight, height and ethnicity), health (use of glucocorticoids, hormone replacement therapy, arthritis rheumatoid arthritis, secondary osteoporosis, previous low impact fractures, parents with a history of hip fractures) and health related behaviors (physical activity, alcohol intake and smoking). The appl followed the design pattern and functionalities of the osteoporosis adviser tool (OPAD). Regarding guidelines relating to clinical recommendations, the guidelines on osteoporosis and fall prevention in the elderly of the Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology, respectively, were taken as a basis. Conclusion: the app allows the early identification of patients presenting risk factors for osteoporosis and, based on these results, provides guidance on the preventive measures to be adopted, aiming at reducing complications resulting from fractures, hospitalizations, disabilities and deaths. AU

Resumo Objetivo: desenvolver um aplicativo para a investigação e prevenção de osteoporose para profissionais de saúde. Método: o desenvolvimento do aplicativo foi realizado em seis etapas: definição do público-alvo; levantamento das ferramentas de avaliação de risco para osteoporose validadas no Brasil; programação do aplicativo por meio do web progressivo; seleção de dados para elaboração das seções do formulário de avaliação e das recomendações clínicas; auditoria automatizada e avaliação do aplicativo pelos profissionais de saúde. Resultados: foram elaboradas três telas para o aplicativo. Essas telas foram criadas com base nos dados extraídos por meio das ferramentas Osteorisk, Sapori e Frax no que se referem aos dados sociodemográficos (idade, sexo, peso, estatura e raça), de saúde (uso de glicocorticoides, terapia de reposição hormonal, artrite reumatoide, osteoporose secundária, fratura prévia por baixo impacto, pais com história de fratura do quadril) e de comportamentos relacionados à saúde (prática de atividade física, ingestão de bebida alcoólica e tabagismo). O aplicativo seguiu o padrão de design e funcionalidades da ferramenta osteoporosis adviser (OPAD). Com relação às orientações pertinentes às recomendações clínicas, tomaram-se por base as diretrizes sobre osteoporose e prevenção de quedas em idosos do Ministério da Saúde e da Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, respectivamente. Conclusão: o aplicativo possibilita a identificação precoce de pacientes que apresentam fatores de risco à osteoporose e, com base nestes resultados, fornece a orientação sobre as medidas preventivas a serem adotadas, visando à diminuição de complicações decorrentes de fraturas, reduzindo internações, incapacidades e mortes. AU

Rede de atenção ao idoso: fatores facilitadores e barreiras para implementação / Elderly care network: facilitating factors and barriers to implementation

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivos identificar e discutir os fatores que favorecem e os que dificultam a implementação de uma Rede de Atenção ao Idoso em um município com 100% de cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, com a realização de dez grupos focais e entrevista semiestruturada com o gestor de saúde do município. Os resultados foram contrastados com dados da estrutura do sistema de saúde local. O estudo revela que lógica atual do processo de trabalho da ESF não diferencia a assistência ao idoso à do adulto. Apesar da consolidação da atenção primária como porta de entrada e da forte atuação dos agentes comunitários de saúde no município estudado, a fragmentação do sistema de saúde e a ausência de um modelo de atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa ainda são grandes limitadores da assistência a essa população. Esse contexto é agravado pela deficiência dos recursos humanos e pelo cenário de desvalorização social da velhice. Espera-se que os conhecimentos gerados possam se transformar em subsídios para a implementação de um modelo de atenção à saúde do idoso adequado à realidade local.

Abstract This article aimed to identify and discuss the factors that favor and hinder the implementation of an Integrated Delivery Network Service for the Elderly in a municipality with 100% coverage by the Family Health Strategy. Using a qualitative method, ten focus groups were conducted, a semi-structured interview with the municipal health manager was performed, and the results were compare with the structure of the local health system. The results revealed that the current logic of the work process in primary health care does not differentiate the care delivered to the elderly from the one provided to adults. Despite the consolidation of primary health care as an entry point and the strong presence of community health agents in the studied city, fragmentation of the health system and the absence of a model of health care for the elderly are still limiting factors for comprehensive care. Lack of human resources training and devaluation of old age aggravate this scenario. It is expected that the knowledge generated by this study can be turned into subsidies for the implementation of a model for elderly care suitable to local conditions.

Evaluation in distance learning: a case report of the UNASUS/UERJ postgraduate course in elderly health / Avaliação em EaD: estudo de caso do curso de especialização em saúde da pessoa idosa da UnASUS/UERJ

Objective: this analytical case study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the UNA-SUS/UERJ Specialization Course in Elderly Health. Method: a mixed-approach evaluation was used, employing the four levels of the Kirkpatrick evaluation model as a reference. Results: the UNA-SUS/UERJ Elderly Health Specialization course presented indicators of success in the three proposed levels of the Kirkpatrick evaluation. The variables identified in the study may be related to a change in the practices of health professionals. Conclusion: the evaluation of distance learning activities in Brazil is still a developing area, a finding that is of increasing importance as large-scale distance learning specialization courses are established and require financial resources whilst lacking a proposed approach to evaluation. It is believed that the present study can contribute to the development of new evaluation projects in distance learning, especially those that impact the elderly population in Primary Health Care, supporting new distance learning projects in the area of ​​aging and correcting the direction of current initiatives.

Objetivo: este estudo de caso analítico teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UERJ. Método: utilizou-se uma avaliação com abordagem mista tendo como referencial teórico os quatro níveis de avaliação de Kirkpatrick. Resultado: o curso de especialização em saúde da pessoa idosa da UNA-SUS/UERJ apresentou indicadores de sucesso relativos aos três níveis de avaliação de Kirkpatrick. As variáveis identificadas no estudo podem estar relacionadas a uma mudança na prática do profissional de saúde. Conclusão: a avaliação de atividades de EaD no Brasil ainda é uma área em desenvolvimento e tal fato ganha relevância à medida que são desenvolvidas especializações a distância em larga escala, demandando recursos financeiros sem uma proposta de abordagem avaliativa. Acredita-se que este trabalho contribua com o desenvolvimento de novos projetos de avaliação em EaD especialmente nos que demonstrem impacto para a população idosa na Atenção Primária à Saúde, subsidiando novos projetos na EaD na área do envelhecimento.

[Screening the risk for functional loss: a basic strategy for organizing the elderly health care network]. / Rastreamento do risco de perda funcional: uma estratégia fundamental para a organização da Rede de Atenção ao Idoso.

From a critical analysis of experiments in the use of screening tools for functional loss in the elderly, it was observed that the main motivation to develop and implement a screening instrument is to improve health care for the frail elderly or those at risk of functional loss and repeated hospital admissions. The instruments are preferably short questionnaires with no more than 16 self-reported questions. The main intervention performed after screening was monitoring the elderly by a specialized nursing service that, when necessary, referring them to the medical service. The results of this approach included the reduction of functional loss, hospital admissions, deaths, lower health expenses and greater consumer satisfaction.

Competência Cultural na Graduação de Medicina e de Enfermagem / Cultural Competence in Undergraduate Medical and Nursing Training

RESUMO Introdução A competência cultural é necessária para que os futuros profissionais saibam trabalhar em contextos diversos. Material e métodos Uma coorte prospectiva com alunos de Enfermagem e Medicina avaliou, por meio de um questionário na fase pré-estágio e de um portfólio reflexivo após quatro meses, o nível de conhecimento das políticas públicas para a população indígena, as reflexões e as impressões sobre o ensino e as práticas de saúde a ela destinadas. Resultados Menos de 67% dos alunos tinham conhecimento das políticas públicas de atenção à saúde indígena; todos indicaram a necessidade de o currículo dar maior atenção aos aspectos culturais na prática. O portfólio revelou desafios no atendimento, com desarticulação das políticas públicas e falha de comunicação, que supera a barreira linguística. Conclusão Há uma demanda real para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de treinamento para os profissionais de saúde que atuarão na rede. Daí a necessidade de adequar o currículo dos cursos da área da saúde, contribuindo para a integração, a interdisciplinaridade e assistência com diálogo intercultural, como preconizam as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014.

ABSTRACT Introduction Cultural competence is needed for future professionals to know how to work in different settings. Methods A prospective cohort study, with a group of nursing and medicine students, assessed by means of a pre-internship questionnaire and reflective portfolio after four months of the internship, the students’ level of knowledge of public policies related to the indigenous population and their opinions on education and health practices aimed at indigenous people. Results Less than 67% of the students were aware of the indigenous health care policy; all of them indicated the need for the curriculum to give greater attention to cultural aspects in practice. The portfolio revealed challenges in treatment, with the deterioration of public policies and failures in communication to overcome the language barrier. Conclusion There is a real requirement for the development of training strategies for health care professionals who will work in the health system, involving a need to adapt course curricula in the health area, and contributing to the integration, interdisciplinarity and assistance with an intercultural dialogue, as advocated in the National Curriculum Guidelines of 2014.

[The Family Health Strategy and healthcare for the elderly: experiences in three Brazilian cities]. / Estratégia Saúde da Família e a atenção ao idoso: experiências em três municípios brasileiros.

This study focuses on healthcare for the elderly under the Family Health Strategy in three municipalities (counties) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, specifically analyzing the organization of the healthcare network and the knowledge of six health teams, using interviews and focus groups. The study emphasized the central role of work by community health agents, the prioritization of program activities as compared to management of problems in the community covered by the strategy, a work overload in the health teams, disorganization of the healthcare networks, and lack of systemic approaches based on the basic contents of Geriatrics and Gerontology. The article concludes that there is a need for a healthcare network for the elderly consisting of hierarchically organized services and levels of care that provide support for the healthcare teams' work. The teams could also benefit from continuing education programs. The undergraduate medical curriculum should also include more course content in geriatrics and gerontology.

Adaptação transcultural para o Brasil do instrumento PRISMA-7: avaliação das equivalências conceitual, de item e semântica / Cross-cultural adaptation of the PRISMA-7 instrument for use in Brazil: evaluation of conceptual, item, and semantic equivalences / Adaptación transcultural para Brasil del instrumento PRISMA-7: evaluación de las equivalencias conceptuales, de ítems y semánticas

Resumo: O rastreamento é uma maneira eficaz de captar idosos em risco de declínio funcional. Para tanto, é necessário um instrumento simplificado, capaz de identificar esses indivíduos para uma avaliação posterior mais abrangente. Entretanto, a utilização de um instrumento de medida em um contexto sociocultural diferente daquele para o qual foi desenvolvido, requer adaptação prévia. Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever as primeiras etapas do processo de adaptação transcultural do PRISMA-7, questionário desenvolvido para identificar idosos que vivem na comunidade e se encontram em risco de perda funcional. As avaliações das equivalências, conceitual e de itens mostraram pertinência no contexto brasileiro. A equivalência semântica contemplou a correspondência do significado referencial (denotativo) e do significado conotativo. O pré-teste demonstrou que a versão-síntese do instrumento tem boa aceitabilidade. Os resultados apoiam a utilização, no contexto brasileiro, do questionário PRISMA-7 como um instrumento de triagem para identificar risco de declínio funcional no idoso.

Abstract: Screening with a simplified instrument is effective for identifying elderly at risk of functional decline, for more comprehensive subsequent evaluation. However, use of a measurement tool in a different sociocultural context from the original requires prior adaptation. The current article aims to describe the initial stages of a cross-cultural adaptation of PRISMA-7, a questionnaire developed to identify community-dwelling elderly at risk of functional decline. Evaluation of conceptual and item equivalences showed pertinence to the Brazilian context. Semantic equivalence covered the correspondence in referential (denotative) and connotative meaning. The pretest showed that the instrument's synthesis version has good acceptability. The results suggest the use of PRISMA-7 in the Brazilian context as a screening tool for identifying risk of functional decline in the elderly.

Resumen: El rastreo es una manera eficaz de localizar ancianos en riesgo de declive funcional. Con este fin, es necesario un instrumento simplificado, capaz de identificar a estos individuos para una evaluación posterior más amplia. No obstante, la utilización de un instrumento de medida en un contexto sociocultural diferente de aquel para el que fue desarrollado, requiere una adaptación previa. Este artículo tiene por objetivo describir las primeras etapas del proceso de adaptación transcultural del PRISMA-7, cuestionario desarrollado para identificar ancianos que viven en la comunidad y se encuentran en riesgo de pérdida funcional. Las evaluaciones de las equivalencias, conceptuales y de ítems mostraron pertinencia en el contexto brasileño. La equivalencia semántica contempló la correspondencia del significado referencial (denotativo) y del significado connotativo. El pre-test demostró que la versión-síntesis del instrumento tiene una buena aceptabilidad. Los resultados apoyan la utilización, en el contexto brasileño, del cuestionario PRISMA-7 con un instrumento de cribado para identificar riesgo de declive funcional en el anciano.

Atendimento de emergência e suas interfaces: o cuidado de curta duração a idosos / Emergency care and its interfaces: the short-term care for the elderly

Introdução: O departamento de emergência é o serviço de assistência à saúde mais utilizado pelos idosos em caso de adoecimento agudo desafiando a gestão desse recurso diante do aumento da expectativade vida. Objetivo: Identificar "onde" e "como" ocorre o atendimento de emergência ao idoso. Métodos: Revisão da literatura sobre modelos de serviços de saúde de curta duração destinados aos idosos que requisitaram atendimento de emergência decorrente de trauma, infecção, infarto, exacerbação de doença respiratória crônica, cuidado paliativo. As principais medidas de desfecho utilizadas foram: (a) redução do tempo de internação; (b) redução de hospitalização; (c) redução de custos. Foram examinadas as seguintes bases bibliográficas: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Science Direct, abrangendo o período de Janeiro de 2000 a Março de 2014. Resultados: Foi delineado um panorama mundial sobre os serviços que contemplam o domicílio do indivíduo e os hospitais como provável local de intervenção, conduzida por profissionais habilitados em garantir cuidado continuado. Inicia-se uma nova oportunidade de aprimorar os serviços existentes com o Geriatric Emergency Department Guideline. Conclusão: Os serviços da atenção primária são primordiais para prevenir as admissões hospitalares e acompanhar os idosos após a internação, prevenindo assim as readmissões

Introduction: The emergency department is the health care service most used by the elderly in case of acute illness challenging the management of this resource before the increase in life expectancy. Objective: To identify "where" and "how" emergency care to the elderly occurs. Methods: literaturereview of models of health services of short- term for the elderly who requested emergency care due to trauma, infection, infarction, exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease, palliative care. The main outcome measures were reductions in: (a) length of stay; (b) hospitalization; (c) costs. Thefollowing databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct, covering the period from January 2000 to March 2014. Results: was outlined an overview of services that address the domicile of the individual and hospitals as probable sites of intervention, conducted byqualified professionals to ensure continuity of care. There is a new opportunity to enhance existing services with the Geriatric Emergency Department Guideline. Conclusion: Primary care services are paramount to prevent hospital admissions and follow the elderly after hospitalization, thereby preventing re-admissions