ChIP-Seq-Based Approach in Mouse Enteric Precursor Cells Reveals New Potential Genes with a Role in Enteric Nervous System Development and Hirschsprung Disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurocristopathy characterized by intestinal aganglionosis which is attributed to a failure in neural crest cell (NCC) development during the embryonic stage. The colonization of the intestine by NCCs is a process finely controlled by a wide and complex gene regulatory system. Several genes have been associated with HSCR, but many aspects still remain poorly understood. The present study is focused on deciphering the PAX6 interaction network during enteric nervous system (ENS) formation. A combined experimental and computational approach was performed to identify PAX6 direct targets, as well as gene networks shared among such targets as potential susceptibility factors for HSCR. As a result, genes related to PAX6 either directly (RABGGTB and BRD3) or indirectly (TGFB1, HRAS, and GRB2) were identified as putative genes associated with HSCR. Interestingly, GRB2 is involved in the RET/GDNF/GFRA1 signaling pathway, one of the main pathways implicated in the disease. Our findings represent a new contribution to advance in the knowledge of the genetic basis of HSCR. The investigation of the role of these genes could help to elucidate their implication in HSCR onset.

Identification of New Potential LncRNA Biomarkers in Hirschsprung Disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurocristopathy defined by intestinal aganglionosis due to alterations during the development of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). A wide spectrum of molecules involved in different signaling pathways and mechanisms have been described in HSCR onset. Among them, epigenetic mechanisms are gaining increasing relevance. In an effort to better understand the epigenetic basis of HSCR, we have performed an analysis for the identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) by qRT-PCR in enteric precursor cells (EPCs) from controls and HSCR patients. We aimed to test the presence of a set lncRNAs among 84 lncRNAs in human EPCs, which were previously related with crucial cellular processes for ENS development, as well as to identify the possible differences between HSCR patients and controls. As a result, we have determined a set of lncRNAs with positive expression in human EPCs that were screened for mutations using the exome data from our cohort of HSCR patients to identify possible variants related to this pathology. Interestingly, we identified three lncRNAs with different levels of their transcripts (SOCS2-AS, MEG3 and NEAT1) between HSCR patients and controls. We propose such lncRNAs as possible regulatory elements implicated in the onset of HSCR as well as potential biomarkers of this pathology.

Involvement of DNMT3B in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease and its possible role as a regulator of neurogenesis in the human enteric nervous system.

PURPOSE: Hirschsprung disease (OMIM 142623) is a neurocristopathy attributed to a failure of cell proliferation or migration and/or failure of the enteric precursors along the gut to differentiate during embryonic development. Although some genes involved in this pathology are well characterized, many aspects remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify novel genes implicated in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. METHODS: We compared the expression patterns of genes involved in human stem cell pluripotency between enteric precursors from controls and Hirschsprung disease patients. We further evaluated the role of DNMT3B in the context of Hirschsprung disease by inmunocytochemistry, global DNA methylation assays, and mutational screening. RESULTS: Seven differentially expressed genes were identified. We focused on DNMT3B, which encodes a DNA methyltransferase that performs de novo DNA methylation during embryonic development. DNMT3B mutational analysis in our Hirschsprung disease series revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic mutations (p.Gly25Arg, p.Arg190Cys, and p.Gly198Trp). CONCLUSION: DNMT3B may be regulating enteric nervous system development through DNA methylation in the neural crest cells, suggesting that aberrant methylation patterns could have a relevant role in Hirschsprung disease. Moreover, the synergistic effect of mutations in both DNMT3B and other Hirschsprung disease-related genes may be contributing to a more severe phenotype in our Hirschsprung disease patients.

Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in Hirschsprung enteric precursor cells: unraveling the epigenetic landscape of enteric nervous system development.

BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, OMIM 142623) is a rare congenital disorder that results from a failure to fully colonize the gut by enteric precursor cells (EPCs) derived from the neural crest. Such incomplete gut colonization is due to alterations in EPCs proliferation, survival, migration and/or differentiation during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. This complex process is regulated by a network of signaling pathways that is orchestrated by genetic and epigenetic factors, and therefore alterations at these levels can lead to the onset of neurocristopathies such as HSCR. The goal of this study is to broaden our knowledge of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the disease context, specifically in DNA methylation. Therefore, with this aim, a Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing assay has been performed using EPCs from HSCR patients and human controls. RESULTS: This is the first study to present a whole genome DNA methylation profile in HSCR and reveal a decrease of global DNA methylation in CpG context in HSCR patients compared with controls, which correlates with a greater hypomethylation of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified. These results agree with the de novo Methyltransferase 3b downregulation in EPCs from HSCR patients compared to controls, and with the decrease in the global DNA methylation level previously described by our group. Through the comparative analysis of DMRs between HSCR patients and controls, a set of new genes has been identified as potential susceptibility genes for HSCR at an epigenetic level. Moreover, previous differentially methylated genes related to HSCR have been found, which validates our approach. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the relevance of an adequate methylation pattern for a proper ENS development. This is a research area that provides a novel approach to deepen our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of HSCR.

Dnmt3b knock-down in enteric precursors reveals a possible mechanism by which this de novo methyltransferase is involved in the enteric nervous system development and the onset of Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, OMIM 142623) is a pathology that shows a lack of enteric ganglia along of the distal gastrointestinal tract. This aganglionosis is attributed to an abnormal proliferation, migration, differentiation and/or survival of enteric precursor cells (EPCs) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs) during the enteric nervous system (ENS) embryogenesis. DNMT3b de novo methyltransferase is associated with NCCs development and has been shown to be implicated in ENS formation as well as in HSCR. In this study we have aimed to elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the DNMT3b role in such processes. We have performed the knockdown of Dnmt3b expression (Dnmt3b-KD) in enteric precursor cells (EPCs) to clarify its role on these cells in vitro. Moreover, we have analyzed several signaling pathways to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effect caused by Dnmt3b-KD in EPCs. Our results seem to support that Dnmt3b-KD promotes an increase EPCs proliferation that may be mediated by P53 and P21 activity, since both proteins were observed to be down-regulated in our Dnmt3b-KD cultures. Moreover, we observed a down-regulation of P53 and P21 in HSCR patients. These results lead us to propose that DNMT3b could be involved in HSCR through P53 and P21 activity.

Overexpression of DNMT3b target genes during Enteric Nervous System development contribute to the onset of Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is attributed to a failure of neural crest cells (NCCs) to migrate, proliferate, differentiate and/or survive in the bowel wall during embryonic Enteric Nervous System (ENS) development. ENS formation is the result from a specific gene expression pattern regulated by epigenetic events, such DNA methylation by the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), among other mechanisms. Specifically, DNMT3b de novo methyltransferase is associated with NCCs development and has been shown to be implicated in ENS formation and in HSCR. Aiming to elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the DNMT3b role in such processes, we have performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with massively parallel sequencing analysis to identify the DNMT3B target genes in enteric precursor cells (EPCs) from mice. Moreover, the expression patterns of those target genes have been analyzed in human EPCs from HSCR patients in comparison with controls. Additionally, we have carried out a search of rare variants in those genes in a HSCR series. Through this approach we found 9 genes showing a significantly different expression level in both groups. Therefore, those genes may have a role in the proper human ENS formation and a failure in their expression pattern might contribute to this pathology.

Identification of different mechanisms leading to PAX6 down-regulation as potential events contributing to the onset of Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is attributed to a failure of neural crest derived cells to migrate, proliferate, differentiate or survive in the bowel wall during embryonic Enteric Nervous System (ENS) development. This process requires a wide and complex variety of molecules and signaling pathways which are activated by transcription factors. In an effort to better understand the etiology of HSCR, we have designed a study to identify new transcription factors participating in different stages of the colonization process. A differential expression study has been performed on a set of transcription factors using Neurosphere-like bodies from both HSCR and control patients. Differential expression levels were found for CDYL, MEIS1, STAT3 and PAX6. A significantly lower expression level for PAX6 in HSCR patients, would suit with the finding of an over-representation of the larger tandem (AC)m(AG)n repeats within the PAX6 promoter in HSCR patients, with the subsequent loss of protein P300 binding. Alternatively, PAX6 is a target for DNMT3B-dependant methylation, a process already proposed as a mechanism with a role in HSCR. Such decrease in PAX6 expression may influence in the proper function of signaling pathways involved in ENS with the confluence of additional genetic factors to the manifestation of HSCR phenotype.

Lipomas intraescrotales en niños, un hallazgo casual excepcional / Intrascrotal lipomas in children-an exceptional unexpected finding

Los tumores paratesticulares en niños son poco frecuentes, y son diagnosticados de forma incidental al realizar una ecografía en el contexto de un escroto agudo o un traumatismo. Su exéresis debe realizarse vía inguinal, ante la posibilidad de su malignidad. Se presentan dos casos de tumor paratesticular hallados incidentalmente, cuyo diagnóstico histopatológico confirmó que se trataba de lipomas intraescrotales.

Paratesticular tumors are rare in children and are diagnosed by chance on echography of an acute scrotum or a trauma. It should be excised by the inguinal route to prevent any possibility of malignancy. Here are two cases of paratesticular tumors which were randomly found. The final histopathological diagnosis confirmed that they were intrascrotal lipomas.