Conveying campus sexual misconduct policy information to college and university students: Results from a 7-campus study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of different methods (ie, in-class policy reading; in-class policy reading and discussion; no reading or discussion) to deliver campus sexual misconduct policy information to students on 7 campuses. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,195 participants at 7 colleges and universities participated in the study from August to October 2014. Participants were randomly assigned at the class level and completed pretest and posttest surveys assessing knowledge of campus policy and resources and confidence to seek help for sexual assault. RESULTS: Students exposed to a larger dosage of material (in-class policy reading plus discussion) showed greater positive changes in attitudes and knowledge than students who did not receive information or were only read the policy. However, on some indices, students who were only read the policy showed positive outcomes compared with students receiving no intervention. CONCLUSION: Colleges and universities must use engaging methods to disseminate campus sexual misconduct policies to students.

Influence of alcohols, temperature, and region on the mobility of lipids in neuronal membrane.

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to examine lipid diffusibility in different regions of Aplysia neurons. Differences in diffusion of 1-acyl-2-(6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4- yl)]aminohexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine (NBD-C6-PC) in the cell body, axon hillock, and axon were not apparent. Lipid diffusibility during temperature variations and exposure to alcohols was also examined by photobleaching techniques. For these studies, all measurements were made on the cell body. Alcohols were found to be selective in their effects upon the diffusibility of lipid probes. Neither ethanol nor butanol affected the diffusibility of NBD-PC. However, at the same concentrations, both of these alcohols caused a significant increase in the diffusion coefficient (D) for rhodamine-phosphatidylethanolamine (Rho-PE). The diffusion coefficient for NBD-PC in the cell body plasma membrane did not increase with warming, between 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The fraction of lipid probe free to diffuse (per cent recovery; %R) however, increased as temperature increased, within this range. The nonconventional relationship between temperature and D was even more pronounced for Rho-PE. As temperature increased, D became smaller for this probe, concurrent with an increase in %R. These results suggest that immobile viscous lipid is recruited into a mobile fraction as temperature increases, resulting in the maintenance of constant diffusibility. The effects of temperature on D and %R, and the selective effects of alcohols on lipid diffusibility suggest that the membrane is heterogeneously organized, on a submicroscopic scale, into domains. The implications of this organization for nerve function and responses of nervous systems to temperature and anesthetics are discussed.

Chilling-Induced Heat Evolution in Plants.

Increases in respiration, particularly via the alternative pathway, are observed in response to chilling. These increases result in increased heat evolution. We have measured increases in heat evolution in response to chilling in a number of plant species using a microcalorimeter. After 8 h of exposure to 8[deg]C, heat evolution in a variety of chilling-sensitive species increased 47 to 98%. No increase in heat evolution was seen with the extremely chilling-sensitive ornamental Episcia cupreata Hook. Heat evolution increased only 7 to 22% in the chilling-resistant species. Increases in heat evolution were observed when plants were chilled in constant light or in the dark, but not when plants were chilled at high humidity. Increased capacity to produce respiratory heat after exposure to chilling temperatures may contribute to the cold-acclimation process.

Lymphomatous polyposis. A neoplasm of either follicular mantle or germinal center cell origin.

Lymphomatous polyposis (LP) is generally thought to be an expression of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of follicular mantle cell (MC) origin. We report nine patients with LP from more than 3,500 cases of NHL studied by the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group. Our patients differed from those reported previously in that LP represented a follicular center cell (FCC) NHL in two of the nine cases, with the remainder consisting of MC NHL. Three patients developed LP during a relapse of previously diagnosed and treated extraintestinal MC NHL (parotid gland, tonsil, and inguinal lymph node, respectively), whereas the other six patients presented with primary LP. In seven of the nine LP cases, a large mass predominated among a myriad of small polyps. The FCC cases were confined to the small intestine, whereas the MC cases were either pan-intestinal or colonic on their localization. Two MC cases studied by Southern blotting exhibited rearrangement of the bcl-1 locus. Bcl-2 rearrangement was not detected in any of the nine cases when studied by either a polymerase chain reaction-based assay (seven cases) or by Southern blotting (two cases). To date, four patients (three MC, one FCC) have experienced recurrent NHL in gastrointestinal sites. With follow-up ranging from 13 to 147 months, the entire group had a median survival of 41 months (primary MC LP:13, 13, 41, and 77 months; primary FCC LP:45 and 147 months; secondary MC LP:17, 41 and 76 months), and only one patient has died. We conclude that LP is a rare manifestation of NHL of either follicular MC or germinal center cell origin.

Loss of an X chromosome in aggressive angiomyxoma of female soft parts: a case report.

Cytogenetic analysis of an aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulvar region of a 16-year-old female revealed loss of one X chromosome (45,X,-X) in eight of 20 metaphase cells analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) performed on disaggregated cells from paraffin embedded lesional tissue confirmed loss of an X chromosome in 31% of cells. Cytogenetic analysis performed on peripheral blood showed a normal chromosomal complement (46,XX). Thus, loss of one X chromosome appears to be confined to the neoplasm. This anomaly has not been previously described in aggressive angiomyxoma.

The effect of Aviation Officer Candidate's School on aerobic and anaerobic fitness.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Aviation Officer's Candidate School (AOCS) on the aerobic and anaerobic fitness of the candidates. Thirty candidates were tested prior to and post-AOCS. Anaerobic measures included vertical jump and seated shot-put throw. A 1.5-mile run was used as an aerobic measure. Timed push-ups and sit-ups were used as overall strength and endurance measures. Body fat was assessed by OPNAV 6110.1 standards. Statistically significant increases were achieved in all areas, except for body fat and push-ups, which produced no significant changes.

Assessing the educational needs of post-myocardial infarction patients.

Nurses involved in cardiac rehabilitation have a responsibility and an opportunity to promote positive changes in lifestyle through patient education programs. Assessing patients' needs and setting goals with the patient are essential for attainment of the maximum benefit from the educational program. The problem of dwindling resources and pressures to control health care costs have complicated the delivery of this care in some institutions. The educational strategy chosen by the nurse will depend on the resources available. Nevertheless, whichever strategy is chosen, the nurse, by virtue of his or her role in the health care delivery system and specialized knowledge, can still significantly impact on the successful goal attainment of goals for increasing numbers of post-myocardial infarction patients.

Effectiveness of one-to-one health education in the home.

HEALTH education conventionally takes one of two forms, a mass campaign to the whole population using the media, or an approach to members of chosen at-risk groups, through individual or small group sessions. The following study explores the efficacy of one-to-one education of the whole adult population, at risk or not, by visiting a random sample of them in their homes and giving them information on one of four relevant topics, adapting the style and content to the individual's needs and interests. The survey therefore tests the technique of a flexible, person-orientated approach to health education.

Knowledge of health information and services in a random sample of the population of Glasgow.

A RANDOM sample of adults in Glasgow was surveyed by trained interviewers to determine public knowledge on four topics chosen specifically for each of four age groups. The topics were: Welfare rights and services; Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and individual action that can reduce risk; The dangers of smoking in pregnancy; and fluoride and its functions and the connections between good health and habitual behaviour.

Transition-state-guided drug design for treatment of parasitic neglected tropical diseases.

Many of the deadliest neglected tropical diseases are caused by protozoan and helminthic parasites. These organisms have evolved several enzymes to exploit their host's metabolic resources and evade immune responses. Because these essential proteins are absent in humans, they are targets for antiparasitic drug development. Despite decades of investigation, no therapy has been successful in the eradication of these diseases, so new approaches are desired. Chemically stable analogues of the transition states of enzymatic reactions are often potent inhibitors, and several examples of clinically effective compounds are known for other diseases. The design of transition-state analogues is aided by structural models of the transition state, which are obtained by complementing experimental measurement of kinetic isotope effects with theoretical calculations. Such transition-state-guided inhibitor design has been demonstrated for human, bovine, malarial, and trypanosomal enzymes of the purine salvage pathway, including purine nucleoside phosphorylase, nucleoside hydrolases, and adenosine deaminase. Cysteine proteases, trans-sialidase, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, and trypanothione synthetase are presented as additional candidates for application of transition-state analysis with the goal of identifying new leads for the treatment of parasitic neglected tropical diseases.

Law enforcement and drug trafficking money: recent developments in Australian law and procedure.

The generation and movement of money is an essential element of illicit drug trafficking. Indeed, the interest of those who are often the most influential in this criminal activity is money. Society is increasingly regulated, and this regulation and the enormous sums of money illegal drug activities generate provide an opportunity to identify and follow monies forming part of the illegal drug trade. This will require the development of new investigative resources and laws. Such activities must be integrated and directed where most effective. As money and the accumulation of money, resources and assets underpin the groups of criminals who are engaged in the illegal drug trade, the most effective action against them will be achieved by destroying the financial basis of their activities.

The monitoring of antigen levels during inactivated poliovirus vaccine production: evaluation of filtration techniques.

The use of ELISA to estimate poliovirus antigen concentration has permitted an evaluation of the methodology used in vaccine production and allowed exploration of less wasteful filtration-techniques. The replacement of Seitz-EKS-1B filtration with either Seitz-Supra-EKS or Pall-filtration in the preparation of the vaccine could make a large saving in the total antigen yield, but the results in the safety test excluded their possible use in our process as it stands at the moment.

Antigenic potency of inactivated poliovirus vaccines.

The potency of inactivated poliovirus vaccines have been determined in vitro using ELISA and the values compared with the in vivo potency as expressed in antibody titres and antigenic extinction limits, revealing three possible expressions of vaccine quality.

Visual communication with non-literates: a review of current knowledge including research in northern India.

In this article previous research on the perception of visual aids by non-literates in Kenya, Zambia, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, as well as among immigrant groups in London and Paris, in Nepal and, by the authors in northern India, is reviewed. Recognition of pictures is affected by the particular culture of each group. In Africa, photos are better understood and liked: in the Indian subcontinent, line drawings are well recognized and appreciated. Recognition can be reduced by inaccurate detail, stylization and perspective. The authors found that overall size could be kept small if the pictures were simple. Complicated pictures, or a group of interrelated pictures, are not usually well recognized. Familiarity, realism and simplicity seem the most important components for a successful picture. Ways of attaching value ("good" or "bad", for example) have not in the past been very successful, but the authors found that a "vocabulary" of fourteen signs were, once explained, well understood. The values of colours in the culture must be understood and utilized. To be successful, visual materials for non-literates must start from the local culture and not come untested from behind a desk in the capital city.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of poliovirus antigen and antibody.

A sensitive method is described to detect poliovirus antigen in diluted samples of semi-processed and processed Salk vaccine material using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The introduction of a simple conjugate-blocking step permits confirmation of antigen specificity and allows evaluation of neutralising antibody concentration in the sera employed as soon as four hours after sample addition.

Neonatal resuscitation in the isolated setting.

This review attempts a practical guide to unscheduled resuscitation of the newborn in the isolated setting, where high-risk cases have been screened for, identified and referred for delivery in the tertiary care. Regarding airway management in this emergency, there is for the most part consensus in Australia, but this is less so for cardiovascular aspects. Material from the 'Advanced Paediatric Life Support' course, which offers definitive instruction in necessary techniques, has been used as a framework, with added material based on the Australian experience. Internationally, specific aspects of resuscitation are under review.

Kinetics of adenosinediphosphoribosylation of elongation factor 2 in cells exposed to diphtheria toxin.

When susceptible cells are exposed to diphtheria toxin (Mr, 62,000) the N-terminal 21,150-dalton A fragment of toxin reaches the cytoplasm, where it catalyzes the transfer of adenosinediphosphoribose from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2 (EF2). Adenosinediphosphoribose-EF2 is inactive, so that protein synthesis is blocked. Using a simple, rapid assay for the amount of adenosinediphosphoribosylatable EF2 in unfractionated lysates of cultured cells we have followed the kinetics of inactivation of EF2 in CV-1 and BHK cells exposed to diphtheria toxin. With both cell lines a lag was observed between the addition of toxin to the cells and the adenosinediphosphoribosylation of EF2. The lag decreased with increasing toxin concentration until a limiting value of about 12 min was reached. The rate of adenosinediphosphoribosylation of EF2 after the lag was 10 to 20 times more rapid in CV-1 cells than in BHK cells exposed to the same toxin concentration. The concentration of fragment A active in the cytoplasm of toxin-treated cells was estimated from the rate of adenosinediphosphoribosylation observed. Comparison of these estimates with data from studies of binding of 125I-toxin to cells suggests that the fragment A of only a minor fraction of toxin molecules bound to cell surface receptors reaches the cytoplasm and participates in the inactivation of EF2. A model summarizing our current views on the process by which fragment A enters cells is presented.

Toxicity of diphtheria toxin-related proteins produced by suppression of nonsense mutations.

The Mr = 62,000 diphtheria toxin-related proteins produced from the suppression of nonsense mutations within the tox gene of corynephage beta were purified by affinity chromatography. Except for the toxin 111-sup2-62, the Mr = 62,000 polypeptides were found to have the same specific toxicity as does wild type toxin. 111-sup2-62 was found to have a prolonged lag period prior to the onset of inhibition of protein synthesis and ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2. 111-sup2-62 differs from wild type toxin by an amino acid substitution at a site approximatley 47,000 daltons from the NH2 terminus. The data presented provide genetic support for the Boquet-Pappenheimer model (Boquet, P., and Pappenheimer, A. M. Jr (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5770-5778) of fragment A translocation into the eukaryotic cell cytosol.