Coexistence of a fluid responsive state and venous congestion signals in critically ill patients: a multicenter observational proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations support guiding fluid resuscitation through the assessment of fluid responsiveness. Recently, the concept of fluid tolerance and the prevention of venous congestion (VC) have emerged as relevant aspects to be considered to avoid potentially deleterious side effects of fluid resuscitation. However, there is paucity of data on the relationship of fluid responsiveness and VC. This study aims to compare the prevalence of venous congestion in fluid responsive and fluid unresponsive critically ill patients after intensive care (ICU) admission. METHODS: Multicenter, prospective cross-sectional observational study conducted in three medical-surgical ICUs in Chile. Consecutive mechanically ventilated patients that required vasopressors and admitted < 24 h to ICU were included between November 2022 and June 2023. Patients were assessed simultaneously for fluid responsiveness and VC at a single timepoint. Fluid responsiveness status, VC signals such as central venous pressure, estimation of left ventricular filling pressures, lung, and abdominal ultrasound congestion indexes and relevant clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Ninety patients were included. Median age was 63 [45-71] years old, and median SOFA score was 9 [7-11]. Thirty-eight percent of the patients were fluid responsive (FR+), while 62% were fluid unresponsive (FR-). The most prevalent diagnosis was sepsis (41%) followed by respiratory failure (22%). The prevalence of at least one VC signal was not significantly different between FR+ and FR- groups (53% vs. 57%, p = 0.69), as well as the proportion of patients with 2 or 3 VC signals (15% vs. 21%, p = 0.4). We found no association between fluid balance, CRT status, or diagnostic group and the presence of VC signals. CONCLUSIONS: Venous congestion signals were prevalent in both fluid responsive and unresponsive critically ill patients. The presence of venous congestion was not associated with fluid balance or diagnostic group. Further studies should assess the clinical relevance of these results and their potential impact on resuscitation and monitoring practices.

Finding Well-Coupled Optical Fiber Locations for Railway Monitoring Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing.

Distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) utilize optical fibers to monitor vibrations across thousands of independent locations. However, the measured acoustic waveforms experience significant variations along the sensing fiber. These differences primarily arise from changes in coupling between the fiber and its surrounding medium as well as acoustic interferences. Here, a correlation-based method is proposed to automatically find the spatial locations of DAS where temporal waveforms are repeatable. Signal repeatability is directly associated with spatial monitoring locations with both good coupling and low acoustic interference. The DAS interrogator employed is connected to an over 30-year-old optical fiber installed alongside a railway track. Thus, the optical fiber exhibits large coupling changes and different installation types along its path. The results indicate that spatial monitoring locations with good temporal waveform repeatability can be automatically discriminated using the proposed method. The correlation between the temporal waveforms acquired at locations selected by the algorithm proved to be very high considering measurements taken for three days, the first two on consecutive days and the third one a month after the first measurement.

Implications of Physical Exercise on Episodic Memory and Anxiety: The Role of the Serotonergic System.

There is a growing interest in investigating the effects of physical exercise on cognitive performance, particularly episodic memory. Similarly, an increasing number of studies in recent decades have studied the effects of physical activity on mood and anxiety disorders. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of regular physical activity for both mental and physical health. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the serotonergic system may play a key role in mediating the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety. In this review, we discuss the impact of physical exercise on both episodic memory and anxiety in human and animal models. In addition, we explore the accumulating evidence that supports a role for the serotonergic system in the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety.

Reducing large errors in frequency-scanned phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometers using phase cross correlation.

The use of phase cross correlation is proposed to estimate the frequency shift of the Rayleigh intensity spectral response in frequency-scanned phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR). Compared with the standard cross correlation, the proposed approach is an amplitude-unbiased technique that evenly weights all spectral samples in the cross correlation, making the frequency-shift estimation less sensitive to high-intensity Rayleigh spectral samples and reducing large estimation errors. Using a 5.63-km sensing fiber with 1-m spatial resolution, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method highly reduces the presence of large errors in the frequency shift estimation, increasing the reliability of the distributed measurements while keeping the frequency uncertainty as low as approximately 1.0 MHz. The technique can be also used to reduce large errors in any distributed Rayleigh sensor that evaluates spectral shifts, such as polarization-resolved φ-OTDR sensors and optical frequency-domain reflectometers.

[Severe metabolic disorder associated with an enterovesical fistula. Report of one case]. / Trastorno grave del medio interno por fístula enterovesical, a propósito de un caso clínico.

Enterovesical fistula (EVF) is a fistulous communication between the intestine and the bladder. It is uncommon and its classic clinical manifestations are the presence of pneumaturia, fecaluria, suprapubic pain and recurrent urinary infections. Surgical repair of EVF leads to rapid correction of both diarrhea and metabolic abnormalities. We report a 73-year-old diabetic woman with a neurogenic bladder secondary to a spine meningioma. She presented with diarrhea, vomiting, impaired consciousness and metabolic acidosis. She developed hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia, which were successfully corrected.

PaFESD: Patterns augmented by Features Epileptic Seizure Detection.

The detection of epileptic seizures can have a significant impact on the patients' quality of life and on their caregivers. In this paper we propose a method for detecting such seizures from electroencephalogram (EEG) data named Patterns augmented by Features Epileptic Seizure Detection (PaFESD). The main novelty of our proposal consists in a detection model that combines EEG signal features with pattern matching. After cleaning the signal and removing artifacts (as eye blinking or muscle movement noise), time-domain and frequency-domain features are extracted to filter out non-seizure regions of the EEG. Jointly, pattern matching based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance is also leveraged to identify the most discriminative patterns of the seizures, even under scarce training data. The proposed model is evaluated on all patients in the CHB-MIT database, and the results show that it is able to detect seizures with an average F1 score of 98.9%. Furthermore, our approach achieves a F1 score of 100% (no false alarms or missed true seizures) for 20 of the patients (out of 24). Additionally, we automatically detect the most seizure/non-seizure discriminative EEG channel so that a wearable with only two electrodes would suffice to warn patients of seizures.

Unique features of ß-cell metabolism are lost in type 2 diabetes.

Pancreatic ß cells play an essential role in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis as they sense blood glucose levels and respond by secreting insulin. Upon stimulating glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues post-prandially, this anabolic hormone restores blood glucose levels to pre-prandial levels. Maintaining physiological glucose levels thus relies on proper ß-cell function. To fulfill this highly specialized nutrient sensor role, ß cells have evolved a unique genetic program that shapes its distinct cellular metabolism. In this review, the unique genetic and metabolic features of ß cells will be outlined, including their alterations in type 2 diabetes (T2D). ß cells selectively express a set of genes in a cell type-specific manner; for instance, the glucose activating hexokinase IV enzyme or Glucokinase (GCK), whereas other genes are selectively "disallowed", including lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). This selective gene program equips ß cells with a unique metabolic apparatus to ensure that nutrient metabolism is coupled to appropriate insulin secretion, thereby avoiding hyperglycemia, as well as life-threatening hypoglycemia. Unlike most cell types, ß cells exhibit specialized bioenergetic features, including supply-driven rather than demand-driven metabolism and a high basal mitochondrial proton leak respiration. The understanding of these unique genetically programmed metabolic features and their alterations that lead to ß-cell dysfunction is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of T2D pathophysiology and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for T2D patients.

Fluid Responsiveness Is Associated with Successful Weaning after Liver Transplant Surgery.

A positive fluid balance may evolve to fluid overload and associate with organ dysfunctions, weaning difficulties, and increased mortality in ICU patients. We explored whether individualized fluid management, assessing fluid responsiveness via a passive leg-raising maneuver (PLR) before a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), is associated with less extubation failure in ventilated patients with a high fluid balance admitted to the ICU after liver transplantation (LT). We recruited 15 LT patients in 2023. Their postoperative fluid balance was +4476 {3697, 5722} mL. PLR maneuvers were conducted upon ICU admission (T1) and pre SBT (T2). Cardiac index (CI) changes were recorded before and after each SBT (T3). Seven patients were fluid-responsive at T1, and twelve were responsive at T2. No significant differences occurred in hemodynamic, respiratory, and perfusion parameters between the fluid-responsive and fluid-unresponsive patients at any time. Fluid-responsive patients at T1 and T2 increased their CI during SBT from 3.1 {2.8, 3.7} to 3.7 {3.4, 4.1} mL/min/m2 (p = 0.045). All fluid-responsive patients at T2 were extubated after the SBTs and consolidated extubation. Two out of three of the fluid-unresponsive patients experienced weaning difficulties. We concluded that fluid-responsive patients post LT may start weaning earlier and achieve successful extubation despite a high postoperative fluid balance. This highlights the profound impact of personalized assessments of cardiovascular state on critical surgical patients.

Daily compliance of the ABCDEF liberation bundle for patients in the intensive care unit: A retrospective descriptive study / Cumplimiento diario del bundle ABCDEF de liberación de los pacientes de cuidados intensivos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo.

Introduction: Implementing the ABCDEF bundle has demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with critical illness. This study aims to describe the daily compliance of the ABCDEF bundle in a Chilean intensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective observational study of electronic clinical records of nursing, physiotherapy, and medical professionals who cared for patients over 18 years of age, admitted to an intensive care unit for at least 24 hours, with or without mechanical ventilation. Daily bundle compliance was determined by considering the daily records for each element: Assess pain (element A), both spontaneous awakening trials (element B1) and spontaneous breathing trials (element B2), choice of sedation (element C), delirium assessment (element D), early mobilization (element E), and family engagement (element F). Results: 4165 registered bundle elements were obtained from nursing (47%), physiotherapy (44%), and physicians (7%), including 1134 patient/days (from 133 patients). Elements E and C showed 67 and 40% compliance, while D, A, and B2 showed 24, 14 and 11%, respectively. For B1 and F, 0% compliance was achieved. Compliance was higher in patients without mechanical ventilation for A and E, while it was similar for D. Conclusions: Early mobilization had the highest compliance, while spontaneous awakening trials and family engagement had absolute non-compliance. Future studies should explore the reasons for the different degrees of compliance per bundle element in clinical practice.

Introducción: La implementación del ABCDEF ha demostrado mejores resultados en los pacientes críticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar el cumplimiento del registro diario del ABCDEF en una unidad de cuidados intensivos chilena. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los registros clínicos electrónicos de profesionales de enfermería, kinesiología y medicina que trataron a pacientes mayores de 18 años, hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos durante al menos 24 horas, con o sin requerimiento de ventilación mecánica. Se determinó el cumplimiento diario del considerando la presencia del registro en la ficha clínica de cada elemento: evaluación del dolor (elemento A), prueba de interrupción de la sedación (elemento B1) y ventilación espontánea (elemento B2), elección de la sedación (elemento C), evaluación del (elemento D), movilización temprana (elemento E) y empoderamiento de la familia (elemento F). Resultados: Se obtuvieron 4165 elementos del registrados provenientes de enfermería (47%), kinesiología (44%) y medicina (7%), incluyendo 1134 días/paciente (133 pacientes). Los elementos E y C mostraron un cumplimiento del 67 y 40%, mientras que D, A, y B2 mostraron 24, 14 y 11%, respectivamente. Para B1 y F se obtuvo 0% de cumplimiento. El cumplimiento fue mayor en los pacientes sin ventilación mecánica para A y E, mientras que para D fue similar. Conclusiones: La movilización temprana fue el elemento con mayor cumplimiento, mientras que las pruebas de interrupción de sedación y el empoderamiento de la familia tuvieron incumplimiento absoluto. Futuros estudios deberían explorar las razones que expliquen los diferentes grados de cumplimiento por elemento del en la práctica clínica.

Dynamic changes of hepatic vein Doppler velocities predict preload responsiveness in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of dynamic parameters to guide fluid administration is one of the mainstays of current resuscitation strategies. Each test has its own limitations, but passive leg raising (PLR) has emerged as one of the most versatile preload responsiveness tests. However, it requires real-time cardiac output (CO) measurement either through advanced monitoring devices, which are not routinely available, or echocardiography, which is not always feasible. Analysis of the hepatic vein Doppler waveform change, a simpler ultrasound-based assessment, during a dynamic test such as PLR could be useful in predicting preload responsiveness. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of hepatic vein Doppler S and D-wave velocities during PLR as a predictor of preload responsiveness. METHODS: Prospective observational study conducted in two medical-surgical ICUs in Chile. Patients in circulatory failure and connected to controlled mechanical ventilation were included from August to December 2023. A baseline ultrasound assessment of cardiac function was performed. Then, simultaneously, ultrasound measurements of hepatic vein Doppler S and D waves and cardiac output by continuous pulse contour analysis device were performed during a PLR maneuver. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were analyzed. 63% of the patients were preload responsive defined by a 10% increase in CO after passive leg raising. A 20% increase in the maximum S wave velocity after PLR showed the best diagnostic accuracy with a sensitivity of 69.6% (49.1-84.4) and specificity of 92.8 (68.5-99.6) to detect preload responsiveness, with an area under curve of receiving operator characteristic (AUC-ROC) of 0.82 ± 0.07 (p = 0.001 vs. AUC-ROC of 0.5). D-wave velocities showed worse diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic vein Doppler assessment emerges as a novel complementary technique with adequate predictive capacity to identify preload responsiveness in patients in mechanical ventilation and circulatory failure. This technique could become valuable in scenarios of basic hemodynamic monitoring and when echocardiography is not feasible. Future studies should confirm these results.

Mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) induces extracellular matrix (ECM)-detachment of viable breast cancer cells by a DRP1-independent mechanism.

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that cancer progression is under mitochondrial control. Mitochondrial fission plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of cancer cell homeostasis. The inhibition of DRP1, the main regulator of mitochondrial fission, with the mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) had been associated with cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutics and decrease proliferation. Here, using breast cancer cells we find that mdivi-1 induces the detachment of the cells, leading to a bulk of floating cells that conserved their viability. Despite a decrease in their proliferative and clonogenic capabilities, these floating cells maintain the capacity to re-adhere upon re-seeding and retain their migratory and invasive potential. Interestingly, the cell detachment induced by mdivi-1 is independent of DRP1 but relies on inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Furthermore, mdivi-1 induces cell detachment rely on glucose and the pentose phosphate pathway. Our data evidence a novel DRP1-independent effect of mdivi-1 in the attachment of cancer cells. The generation of floating viable cells restricts the use of mdivi-1 as a therapeutic agent and demonstrates that mdivi-1 effect on cancer cells are more complex than anticipated.

Cardiac events occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide. Study conducted on behalf of the GETH-TC.

This multicenter study investigates the incidence and predictors of cardiac events (CE) following allo-HCT with PTCY in 453 AML patients. CE occurred in 57 (12.3%) patients within a median of 52 days (IQR: 13-289), with day 100 and 5-year cumulative incidences of 7.7% and 13.5%. Early (first 100 days) and late CE occurred at rates of 7.7% and 4.8%. The most prevalent CE were heart failure (n = 18, 31.6%), pericardial complications (n = 16, 28.1%), and arrhythmia (n = 14, 24.6%). The proportions of patients older than 55 years (64.9% vs. 46.1%, P = 0.010), with hypertension (36.8% vs. 18.4%, P = 0.001) and dyslipidemia (28.1% vs. 11.1%, P = 0.001) were higher in patients with CE. Patients undergoing haplo-HCT trend to have more CE (68.4% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.083). The multivariate regression analysis revealed that only hypertension (HR 1.88, P = 0.036) and dyslipidemia (HR 2.20, P = 0.018) were predictors for CE, with no differences according to donor type (haplo-HCT vs. others: HR 1.33, P = 0.323). Among the 57 patients with CE, the mortality rate was 12.2%. Notably, the diagnosis of CE negatively impacted NRM (HR 2.57, P = 0.011) and OS (HR 1.80, P = 0.009), underscoring necessity of aggressively treating cardiovascular risk factors, and implementing post-transplant cardiac monitoring protocols to prevent these complications.

Cardiac events after allo-HCT in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

ABSTRACT: This multicenter study sponsored by the GETH-TC investigates the incidence and predictors of early (first 100 days) and late cardiac events (CEs; ECEs and LCEs, respectively) after allo-HCT in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with anthracyclines, focusing on exploring the impact of PTCY on cardiac complications and the impact of CEs on OS and NRM. A total of 1020 patients with AML were included. PTCY was given to 450 (44.1%) adults. Overall, 94 (9.2) patients experienced CEs, with arrythmias, pericardial complications, and heart failure the most prevalent. ECEs occurred in 49 (4.8%) patients within a median of 13 days after allo-HCT, whereas LCEs were diagnosed in 45 (4.4%) patients within a median of 3.6 years after transplant. Using PTCY increased the risk for ECEs in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.86; P = .007) but did not significantly affect the risk for LCEs (HR, 1.06; P = .892). The impact of variables on outcomes revealed was investigated using multivariate regression analyses and revealed that the diagnosis of CEs decreased the likelihood of OS (HR, 1.66; P = .005) and increased the likelihood of NRM (HR, 2.88; P < .001). Furthermore, despite using PTCY increased ECEs risk, its administration was beneficial for OS (HR, 0.71; P = .026). In conclusion, although the incidence of CEs was relatively low, it significantly affected mortality. Standard doses of PTCY increased ECE risk but were associated with improved OS. Therefore, protocols for preventing cardiac complications among these patients are needed.

[Uric acid and purine plasma levels as plausible markers for placental dysfunction in pre-eclampsia]. / Purinas y ácido úrico en pre-eclampsia: interacciones fisiopatológicas y proyecciones en investigación.

Uric acid is the final metabolite of purine break down, such as ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. The metabolite has been used broadly as a renal failure marker, as well as a risk factor for maternal and neonatal morbidity during pre-eclamptic pregnancies. High purine levels are observed in pre-eclamptic pregnancies, but the sources of these purines are unknown. However, there is evidence that pre-eclampsia (mainly severe pre-eclampsia) is associated with an increased release of cellular fragments (or microparticles) from the placenta to the maternal circulation. These in fact could be the substrate for purine metabolism. Considering this background, we propose that purines and uric acid are part of the same physiopathological phenomenon in pre-eclampsia (i.e., placental dysfunction) and could become biomarkers for placental dysfunction and postnatal adverse events.

[Protection against ionizing radiation by leaded glass googles during interventional cardiology]. / ¿Es suficiente la protección otorgada por gafas plomadas en cardiología intervencionista?

BACKGROUND: It is not known whether leaded glass goggles with 0.25 mm Pb equivalency, used in interventional cardiology procedures, attenuate radiation below the levels established by the latest recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). AIM: To assess if the degree of attenuation of the secondary ionizing radiation achieved by the use of 0.25 mm Pb leaded glass goggles, in occupationally exposed workers in interventional cardiology procedures, meets the latest ICRP recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective investigation was carried out to compare the eye exposure to secondary ionizing radiation received by occupationally exposed personnel in a 9 months period. A set of two thermo luminescent dosimeters was arranged in the front and back of leaded glass goggles in a cohort of seven members of an interventional cardiology service, exposed to 1057 consecutive procedures. RESULTS: The monthly dose equivalent measurement performed in front of the goggles ranged between 1.1 and 6.5 mSv, for paramedics and interventional cardiologists. The radiation measured in the back of the glass varied between 0.66 and 2.75 mSv, respectively. The degree of attenuation of the dose at eye level ranged from 40% to 57.7%, respectively. The projected annual exposure would reach 33 mSv for the interventional cardiologist. CONCLUSIONS: With a similar load of work and wearing 0.25 mm Pb equivalent glass goggles, interventional cardiologists will exceed the crystalline equivalent dose limit recommended by the ICRP (20 mSv/year averaged over the past 5 years).

Six-month post-intensive care outcomes during high and low bed occupancy due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic can be seen as a natural experiment to test how bed occupancy affects post-intensive care unit (ICU) patient's functional outcomes. To compare by bed occupancy the frequency of mental, physical, and cognitive impairments in patients admitted to ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Prospective cohort of adults mechanically ventilated >48 hours in 19 ICUs from seven Chilean public and private hospitals. Ninety percent of nationwide beds occupied was the cut-off for low versus high bed occupancy. At ICU discharge, 3- and 6-month follow-up, we assessed disability using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Quality of life, mental, physical, and cognitive outcomes were also evaluated following the core outcome set for acute respiratory failure. RESULTS: We enrolled 252 participants, 103 (41%) during low and 149 (59%) during high bed occupancy. Patients treated during high occupancy were younger (P50 [P25-P75]: 55 [44-63] vs 61 [51-71]; p<0.001), more likely to be admitted due to COVID-19 (126 [85%] vs 65 [63%]; p<0.001), and have higher education qualification (94 [63%] vs 48 [47%]; p = 0.03). No differences were found in the frequency of at least one mental, physical or cognitive impairment by bed occupancy at ICU discharge (low vs high: 93% vs 91%; p = 0.6), 3-month (74% vs 63%; p = 0.2) and 6-month (57% vs 57%; p = 0.9) follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in post-ICU outcomes between high and low bed occupancy. Most patients (>90%) had at least one mental, physical or cognitive impairment at ICU discharge, which remained high at 6-month follow-up (57%). CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04979897 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Enhancing fibre-optic distributed acoustic sensing capabilities with blind near-field array signal processing.

Distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) can monitor mechanical vibrations along thousands independent locations using an optical fibre. The measured acoustic waveform highly varies along the sensing fibre due to the intrinsic uneven DAS longitudinal response and distortions originated during mechanical wave propagation. Here, we propose a fully blind method based on near-field acoustic array processing that considers the nonuniform response of DAS channels and can be used with any optical fibre positioning geometry having angular diversity. With no source and fibre location information, the method can reduce signal distortions and provide relevant signal-to-noise ratio enhancement through sparse beamforming spatial filtering. The method also allows the localisation of the two-dimensional spatial coordinates of acoustic sources, requiring no specific fibre installation design. The method offers distributed analysis capabilities of the entire acoustic field outside the sensing fibre, enabling DAS systems to characterise vibration sources placed in areas far from the optical fibre.

Cheminformatics analysis of molecular datasets of transcription factors associated with quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Transcription factors associated with quorum sensing in P. aeruginosa are promising targets for discovering new adjuvants against infection with this pathogen. Regulation of these transcription factors offers the possibility of controlling multiple virulence factors related to them as biofilm development, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, among others. Numerous molecules have been tested against these targets, however, the keys responsible for antagonistic activity are still unknown. In this work, the structure-activity relationships of active molecules tested against LasR, PqsR, and RhlR transcription factors are analyzed in order to establish the structural characteristics associated. As part of the study, molecular complexity, scaffold, activity cliffs, and chemical space visualization analyses were conducted to find out characteristics associated with biological activity. In this study, several structural features were identified as significant for antagonist activity, highlighting molecular size and hydrogen bond acceptors.

[Seasonal influenza campaign 2020 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an unprecedented public health experience in Chile]. / Campaña influenza 2020 en contexto de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2: una experiencia inédita de salud pública en Chile.

In Chile, the Immunization Department of the Ministry of Health has carried out the seasonal influenza vaccination campaign annually since 1982 in collaboration with the national health services, regional health offices, and primary health care centres. With the aim of preventing deaths and serious morbidity in high-risk groups and preserving the integrity of health services, the seasonal influenza campaign had been the largest implemented in Chile until 2020, since in 2021 the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to become the largest ever implemented. In response to local demographic and epidemiological changes, and taking into account the new scientific evidence on the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines, the influenza vaccines available in Chile would increase annually as a result of campaign planning. In 2020, the influenza campaign had to be re-planned while in progress due to the addition of new high-risk groups to be vaccinated in accordance with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic health alert modification of March 6th, 2020. Over the course of three weeks, the Immunization Department managed to increase the doses of available influenza vaccines from 6,799,800 previously agreed upon to 8,480,325 and thus serve high-risk groups, guaranteeing their access to state funded influenza vaccination.