Phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and 6 in keratinocytes of canine atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a disease associated with Type 2 helper T (Th2) immune responses in the acute phase of the disease. In humans, keratinocytes are activated by Th2 cytokines via the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. However, the activation of keratinocytes by Th2 cytokines in cAD has not yet been demonstrated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate keratinocyte activation based on the phosphorylation (p) of JAK1, STAT3 and STAT6. ANIMALS: Seven dogs with cAD and three healthy dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect pJAK1, pSTAT3 and pSTAT6 in keratinocytes in normal canine skin, and the skin of atopic dogs. In the latter group samples were collected from both primary and secondary lesions, and nonaffected skin. RESULTS: The percentage of pJAK1-positive keratinocytes was significantly higher in primary cAD lesions than in healthy skin (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in pSTAT3-positive keratinocytes among the groups. The percentage of pSTAT6-positive keratinocytes was significantly higher in primary and secondary lesions than in healthy skin (p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The novel finding in this study was the activation of keratinocytes as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of JAK1/STATs in lesional and nonlesional cAD skin. These results suggest the potential of not only JAK1, but also of STAT6 as therapeutic targets for cAD.

Outcome of Localized Bile Duct Carcinoma in Six Dogs Treated with Liver Lobectomy.

The prognosis for bile duct carcinoma in dogs is generally believed to be poor. However, only a few studies have evaluated the postoperative outcomes in such cases. The objective of this case series was to describe the postoperative outcomes of localized intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma in dogs. The electronic medical records of 16 dogs with bile duct carcinoma were reviewed, and 6 dogs were included in the study. All cases were diagnosed as bile duct carcinoma using postoperative pathology, and five of them had already been diagnosed using preoperative core biopsy. The tumors in all of the dogs were confirmed as completely resected on histopathological examination. Two dogs received toceranib following the surgery. The median follow-up time was 693 days (range, 420-1386 days), with a median survival time of 894 days (range, 420-1386 days). Local recurrence or distant metastases were detected in two of the six dogs (33%) on 354 and 398 days following surgery, respectively. The median progression-free survival was 492 days (range, 354-1386 days). In conclusion, dogs with localized intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma had a good prognosis following complete surgical resection.

Correction to: Phase II study of sunitinib in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

In the original publication of this article, the license subtype should be CC BY and not CC BY-NC.

Hypofractionated radiotherapy in nine dogs with unresectable solitary lung adenocarcinoma.

Although lung lobectomy is the most common treatment option for dogs with solitary lung tumors, surgery often cannot be performed at the time of diagnosis. In this retrospective, case series study, we described the effects of hypofractionated radiotherapy for tumor mass reduction in nine dogs with solitary lung adenocarcinoma that were later considered for surgical resection, and we assessed the tolerability of the radiation protocol. Tumors were deemed unresectable by the attending veterinarian. The dose prescription was 7.0-12.0 Gy/fraction in four to seven fractions, administered weekly for a total dose of 40-50 Gy. Treatment planning prioritized normal tissue dose constraints. The median interval between the last radiotherapy session and maximum tumor size reduction was 56 (range: 26-196) days, with six and three dogs exhibiting a partial response and stable disease, respectively. Although acute and late radiation-induced toxicity to the skin and/or lungs developed in all nine dogs, it was self-limiting or improved with short-term anti-inflammatory treatment. Tumor progression after initial size reduction was confirmed in three dogs at 62, 126, and 175 days, respectively, after the last radiotherapy session. Seven of the nine dogs underwent lobectomy a median of 68 days after radiotherapy when tumors were in partial response or stable disease or at the time of progression, and five received systemic chemotherapy concurrent with or after radiotherapy. These findings suggest that hypofractionated radiotherapy for canine solitary lung adenocarcinoma is useful when the tumor is large or when surgery cannot be performed immediately after diagnosis.

Efficacy and safety of long-acting pasireotide in Japanese patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism: results from a multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 2 study.

A multicenter, open-label, phase 2 study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of long-acting pasireotide formulation in Japanese patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism. Medically naïve or inadequately controlled patients (on somatostatin analogues or dopamine agonists) were included. Primary end point was the proportion of all patients who achieved biochemical control (mean growth hormone [GH] levels<2.5µg/L and normalized insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]) at month 3. Thirty-three patients (acromegaly, n=32; pituitary gigantism, n=1) were enrolled and randomized 1:1:1 to receive open-label pasireotide 20mg, 40mg, or 60mg. The median age was 52 years (range, 31-79) and 20 patients were males. At month 3, 18.2% of patients (6/33; 90% confidence interval: 8.2%, 32.8%) had biochemical control (21.2% [7/33] when including a patient with mean GH<2.5µg/L and IGF-1< lower limit of normal). Reductions in the median GH and IGF-1 levels observed at month 3 were maintained up to month 12; the median percent change from baseline to month 12 in GH and IGF-1 levels were -74.71% and -59.33%, respectively. Twenty-nine patients completed the 12-month core phase, 1 withdrew consent, and 3 discontinued treatment due to adverse events (AEs; diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, liver function abnormality, n=1 each). Almost all patients (97%; 32/33) experienced AEs; the most common AEs were nasopharyngitis (48.5%), hyperglycemia (42.4%), diabetes mellitus (24.2%), constipation (18.2%), and hypoglycemia (15.2%). Serious AEs were reported in 7 patients with the most common being hyperglycemia (n=2). Long-acting pasireotide demonstrated clinically relevant efficacy and was well tolerated in Japanese patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism.

Hypofractionated radiation therapy in the treatment of canine thymoma: Retrospective study of eight cases.

Thymomas are one of the most common tumors of the cranial mediastinum in dogs; however there is limited information available on the use of radiation therapy for treating this neoplasm. Objectives of the current retrospective observational study were to describe outcomes and side effects of a hypofractionated radiation therapy protocol in a group of dogs with confirmed thymoma. A total of eight dogs were included. To generate individualized treatment plans, we designed the planning target volume according to the limits on mean lung dose and the percentage of the total lung volume exceeding 20 Gy (V20). The total administered dose was 48-49 Gy, with one fraction per week for a total of six to seven fractions. After therapy, two dogs achieved complete responses, two achieved partial responses, and the disease remained stable in two. Two dogs died during the radiation therapy protocol and were not classified. The median mean lung dose and V20 were 6.0 Gy (range: 3.1-15.0 Gy) and 12.4% (range: 2.3-27.5%), respectively. The overall response rate was 50.0%, and the median time to response following treatment initiation was 22 days (range: 14-115 days). Acute and late side effects were common in the skin and/or lung and were self-limiting or asymptomatic. The median survival time was not reached (range: 8-1128 days) and the 1 year survival rate was 75.0%. Hypofractionated radiation therapy was well tolerated in this sample of dogs with thymoma and may be considered when owners decline surgical treatment or the tumor is deemed unresectable.

Targeted therapy of spontaneous murine pancreatic tumors by polymeric micelles prolongs survival and prevents peritoneal metastasis.

Nanoscaled drug-loaded carriers are of particular interest for efficient tumor therapy as numerous studies have shown improved targeting and efficacy. Nevertheless, most of these studies have been performed against allograft and xenograft tumor models, which have altered microenvironment features affecting the accumulation and penetration of nanocarriers. Conversely, the evaluation of nanocarriers on genetically engineered mice, which can gradually develop clinically relevant tumors, permits the validation of their design under normal processes of immunity, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Therefore, considering the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer, we used the elastase 1-promoted luciferase and Simian virus 40 T and t antigens transgenic mice, which develop spontaneous bioluminescent pancreatic carcinoma, and showed that long circulating micellar nanocarriers, incorporating the parent complex of oxaliplatin, inhibited the tumor growth as a result of their efficient accumulation and penetration in the tumors. The reduction of the photon flux from the endogenous tumor by the micelles correlated with the decrease of serum carbohydrate-associated antigen 19-9 marker. Micelles also reduced the incidence of metastasis and ascites, extending the survival of the transgenic mice.

Changes in the Physical Characteristics of the Eardrum Induced by Otitis Media with Effusion.

Detecting changes in the physical characteristics of the eardrum by ocular inspection is difficult. Herein, we propose an alternative method for the quantitative detection of such changes using an acoustic conductance tympanogram, termed as G tympanograms, which exhibit the real part of acoustic admittance. 　The middle ear, including the eardrum, can be modeled using a mechano-acoustic system with physical parameters comprising mass, spring, and friction, and we have developed a procedure to numerically evaluate these parameters. We report the results obtained thus far and discuss their significance and implications. 　Specifically, we performed pure tone audiometry, 226-Hz tympanometry, and rigid endoscope otoscopy on 175 children aged 5-13 years. Of 350 total ears, we selected 248 ears with normal hearing levels, type A tympanogram, no effusion in the middle ear, non-retracted eardrums, and no eardrum calcification. We measured the distortion product of otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and performed four-frequency (i.e., 226, 678, 800 and 1000 Hz) tympanometry. From the latter analysis, we extracted G-tympanograms, which enabled us to calculate the above-mentioned parameters, the spring constant in particular, for each of the 248 selected ears. We classified these ears into three groups: group I (68 ears), which showed no evidence of acute otitis media (OMA) or otitis media with effusion (OME); group II (68 ears), which showed evidence of OMA but not of OME; and group III (112 ears), which showed evidence of OME and OMA. 　We found that ears in group III had reduced spring constants, even after apparently recovering from OME. We also found a strong correlation between the spring constant and OAE value, which suggests that eardrums with low OAE values tend to have reduced spring constants. Because DPOAE-measurement is much easier to perform than four-frequency tympanometry, we suggest that DPOAE is a practical means of detecting reduced spring constants.

MicroRNA-214 and MicroRNA-126 Are Potential Biomarkers for Malignant Endothelial Proliferative Diseases.

Malignant endothelial proliferative diseases including human angiosarcoma (AS) and canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) are serious diseases with a grave prognosis. Establishing liquid biopsy-based biomarkers for screening has definite clinical utility; however, plasma miRNAs up- or down-regulated in these sarcomas have been unclear. For identifying possible diagnostic plasma miRNAs for these sarcomas, we investigated whether plasma miR-214 and miR-126, which miRNAs play important roles in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, were elevated in malignant endothelial proliferative diseases. For this investigation, human angiosarcoma and canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines and clinical plasma samples of canine hemangiosarcoma were examined by performing miRNA qRT-PCR. We report here that human angiosarcoma and canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines over-secreted miR-214 and miR-126 via microvesicles; in addition, their levels in the plasma samples from canines with hemangiosarcoma were increased. Moreover, the surgical resection of primary tumors decreased the levels of plasma miR-214 and miR-126. Our findings suggest that these malignant endothelial proliferative diseases over-secreted miR-214 and miR-126, thus suggesting that these miRNAs have potential as diagnostic biomarkers for malignant endothelial proliferative diseases in canine and possible in human angiosarcoma.

Carboxymethylcellulose-based and docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles circumvent P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance.

Taxanes are a class of anticancer agents with a broad spectrum and have been widely used to treat a variety of cancer. However, its long-term use has been hampered by accumulating toxicity and development of drug resistance. The most extensively reported mechanism of resistance is the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). We have developed a PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose conjugate of docetaxel (Cellax), which condenses into ∼120 nm nanoparticles. Here we demonstrated that Cellax therapy did not upregulate Pgp expression in MDA-MB-231 and EMT-6 breast tumor cells, whereas a significant increase in Pgp expression was measured with native docetaxel (DTX) treatment. Treatment with DTX led to 4-7-fold higher Pgp mRNA expression and 2-fold higher Pgp protein expression compared with Cellax treatment in the in vitro and in vivo system, respectively. Cellax also exhibited significantly increased efficacy compared with that of DTX in a taxane-resistant breast tumor model. Against the highly Pgp expressing EMT6/AR1 cells, Cellax exhibited a 6.5 times lower IC50 compared with that of native DTX, and in the in vivo model, Cellax exhibited 90% tumor growth inhibition, while native DTX had no significant antitumor activity.

Uterine haemangiosarcoma in a Netherland Dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus Netherland dwarf).

A 7-year-old intact Netherlands Dwarf rabbit with bloody discharge from the vulva underwent ovariohysterectomy. Grossly, both sides of the uterus were enlarged. Histologically, the tumour had formed protruded from the myometrial wall toward the serosa and was composed of irregular small capillaries with irregularly shaped structures and bundled proliferation of spindle-shaped cells. No tumour cells infiltrated the endometrium. The tumour cells were positive for CD31, and histological and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of haemangiosarcoma. Vascular tumours in the uterus of animals are uncommon, and only one case has been reported in the uterus of rabbits.

Highly malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma in a cat.

An 11-year-old female Persian cat underwent ovariohysterectomy due to dilation of the uterine cavity with irregular thickening of the wall. Macroscopically, the middle and distal regions of the left uterine horn were swollen and the uterine wall was irregularly thickened due to the development of multiple coalescent, variably sized nodules. Microscopically, the nodules had originated in the endometrium and were composed of round to polygonal neoplastic cells arranged in dense sheets or ill-defined fascicles. The neoplastic cells had locally invaded the myometrium and reached the subserosa, with lymphovascular invasion. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cell population was partially positive for CD10, an established marker of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) in humans, with focal and diffuse nuclear immunopositivity for oestrogen and progesterone receptors and immunonegativity for desmin and α-smooth muscle actin. Based on these findings, the uterine tumour was diagnosed as ESS and was considered to correspond morphologically to high-grade ESS in humans.

Reduction of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 expression in feline mammary carcinoma.

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors involved in various normal physiological cellular processes. Moreover, STATs have been recently identified as novel therapeutic targets for various human tumors. STAT3, STAT5a, and STAT6 have been suggested to be involved in tumorigenesis in human breast cancer. Owing to the similarity between feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) and human breast cancers, these factors may play an important role in FMCs. However, studies on the expression of STATs in animal tumors are limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to characterize the expression of total STAT5 (tSTAT5) and phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) in FMCs, feline mammary adenomas, non-neoplastic proliferative mammary gland lesions, and normal feline mammary glands using immunohistochemistry. High expression of tSTAT5 was observed in the cytoplasm of all the samples assessed in this study. Moreover, high expression of tSTAT5 was observed in the nucleus; however, its levels varied depending on the lesion. The percentage of pSTAT5-nuclear positive cells varied among normal feline mammary glands (40.1 ± 25.1%), and non-neoplastic lesions, including mammary hyperplasia (43.2 ± 28.6%) and fibroadenomatous changes (18.0 ± 13.6%). Moreover, the percentage of pSTAT5-nuclear-positive cells in feline mammary adenomas was 24.5 ± 19.2%, which was significantly reduced in feline mammary carcinomas (2.4 ± 5.6%), regardless of histopathological subtype. This study suggests that decreased STAT5 activity may be involved in the development and malignant progression of feline mammary carcinomas.

Establishment of a novel canine soft tissue sarcoma cell line and comparison of its characteristics with other soft tissue sarcoma cell lines.

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a relatively common tumor in dogs. However, very few canine STS cell lines are available. This study aimed to establish a new cell line, STS-YU1, derived from a recurrence of myxosarcoma in an 11-year-old mixed-breed dog. We examined STS-YU1 for in vitro cell proliferation, migration, anticancer drug sensitivity, transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq), and in vivo tumorigenicity in mice and compared it with previously established STS cell lines, MUMA-G and A72. The cell proliferation and migration of STS-YU1 were higher than MUMA-G although MUMA-G only exhibited tumorigenicity in mice. STS-YU1 showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs, but with weak effects. RNA-seq analysis revealed the molecular phenotype of STS-YU1 was different from that of a previously reported cell line, A72. Hence, the use of STS-YU1 would help in efficient drug screening against canine STS in vitro.

Phase II study of sunitinib in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare but are frequently diagnosed at advanced stages and require systemic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicenter, open-label, phase II study evaluated sunitinib in Japanese patients with well-differentiated pancreatic NET. Patients received sunitinib 37.5 mg/day on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) schedule. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit rate (CBR; percentage of complete responses [CRs] plus partial responses [PRs] plus stable disease [SD] ≥ 24 weeks). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), tumor shrinkage, progression-free survival (PFS) probability, safety, pharmacokinetics, and biomarkers. RESULTS: Twelve patients received treatment. The CBR was 75 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 43-94) and included 6 patients with a PR and 3 with SD. The ORR was 50 % (95 % CI, 21-79). PFS probability was 91 % (95 % CI, 54-99) at 6 months and 71 % (95 % CI, 34-90) at 12 months. Commonly reported treatment-emergent (all-causality), any-grade adverse events included diarrhea (n=10), hand-foot syndrome and hypertension (both n=8), fatigue and headache (both n=7), and neutropenia (n=6). No deaths on study were reported; one death due to disease progression occurred >28 days after end of treatment. Sunitinib on a CDD schedule resulted in sustained drug concentrations without accumulation across cycles. Tumor responses in all 12 patients did not appear to correlate with decreases in chromogranin A levels. CONCLUSIONS: Sunitinib 37.5 mg/day on a CDD schedule demonstrated antitumor activity in Japanese patients with unresectable, well-differentiated pancreatic NET. Commonly reported adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of sunitinib.

Meningothelial hamartoma on the forehead of a young cat.

A 1 year and 2-months-old neutered male cat underwent surgical resection of a cutaneous nodule on the midline of the forehead that had been present since approximately 6 months of age. Histopathologically, the nodule was composed of interlacing collagenous fibres interspersed with varying numbers of spindloid cells with round to oval nuclei and moderate to abundant amounts of pale eosinophilic cytoplasm. Similar to meningothelial cells, the spindloid cells were immunopositive for vimentin, neuron-specific enolase, E-cadherin and somatostatin receptor 2. Based on these findings and the absence of nuclear atypia and mitotic figures, the nodule was diagnosed as meningothelial hamartoma. Although cases of cutaneous meningioma have been reported, this is the first report of meningothelial hamartoma in a domestic animal.

Activation of the Akt signalling pathway as a prognostic indicator in canine soft tissue sarcoma.

Canine soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is relatively common in dogs and is the generic term for tumours that originate from mesenchymal cells. While histopathological grade and immunolabelling with Ki-67 have been used for estimating prognosis, additional indicators are needed for predicting prognosis. Aberrant cell signalling pathways may contribute to disease activity and, therefore, prognostic markers. However, their role in canine STS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated S6 (phospho-S6) as potential prognostic indicators. Immunohistochemical labelling was conducted on clinical samples of canine STS (n = 67). We found that phospho-Akt expression was positively correlated with histopathological grade (P = 0.001) and Ki-67 index (P <0.01). There was no apparent relationship between the type of STS and the expression of phospho-Akt. The number of cases that expressed phospho-S6, which is the downstream molecule of the Akt signalling pathway, was higher in immunopositive phospho-Akt cases than in immunonegative phospho-Akt cases (P <0.0001). Furthermore, phospho-Akt expression was significantly higher in recurrent and metastatic cases. We also confirmed that phosphorylation of Akt occurred in conjunction with S6 phosphorylation in three canine STS cell lines. These results suggest that immunolabelling for phospho-Akt, phospho-S6 and Ki-67 could potentially be used as a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in canine STS.

PARP deficiency causes hypersensitivity to Taxol through oxidative stress induced DNA damage.

Taxol is an antitumor drug derived from the bark of the Pacific Yew tree that inhibits microtubule disassembly, resulting in cell cycle arrest in late G2 and M phases. Additionally, Taxol increases cellular oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species. We hypothesized that the inhibition of specific DNA repair machinery/mechanisms would increase cellular sensitivity to the oxidative stress capacity of Taxol. Initial screening using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrated that base excision repair deficiency, especially PARP deficiency, caused cellular Taxol hypersensitivity. Taxane diterpenes-containing Taxus yunnanensis extract also showed hypertoxicity in PARP deficient cells, which was consistent with other microtubule inhibitors like colcemid, vinblastine, and vincristine. Acute exposure of 50 nM Taxol treatment induced both significant cytotoxicity and M-phase arrest in PARP deficient cells, but caused neither significant cytotoxicity nor late G2-M cell cycle arrest in wild type cells. Acute exposure of 50 nM Taxol treatment induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. The antioxidant Ascorbic acid 2 glucoside partially reduced the cytotoxicity of Taxol in PARP deficient cell lines. Finally, the PARP inhibitor Olaparib increased cytotoxicity of Taxol in wild type CHO cells and two human cancer cell lines. Our study clearly demonstrates that cytotoxicity of Taxol would be enhanced by inhibiting PARP function as an enzyme implicated in DNA repair for oxidative stress.

Lokivetmab improved pruritus in a dog with cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma.

A 13-year-old spayed female Cavalier King Charles Spaniel presented with chronic swelling and pruritus on the palmar aspect of the left forepaw and on the tail. Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma (CEL) was diagnosed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry. Prednisolone was initially used alone as an alternative treatment for CEL. Despite long-term corticosteroid therapy, the patient's physiological (pruritus) and dermatological signs (alopecia, erythema, erosion, and ulceration with crust) progressed and showed no evidence of improvement. To address the worsening condition of pruritus, lokivetmab was started in combination with prednisolone. Once on lokivetmab, the pruritus steadily improved and was effective in resolving and maintaining remission. Further investigation on the critical role of IL-31 in the pruritus pathway of dogs with CEL is required.

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma associated with two different types of synthetic fibers derived from a surgical swab in a dog.

A 10-year-old spayed female Japanese Shiba Inu had an intraperitoneal mass that was excised surgically. The central area of the mass was composed of osteoblast-like neoplastic cells, osteoid, macrophages, and numerous fibers. The neoplastic cells showed nuclear atypia and many mitotic figures. Therefore, the central area of the mass was diagnosed as an extraskeletal osteosarcoma. The peripheral area of the mass was granuloma tissue with numerous fibers. The neoplastic and granuloma area included two types of fibers, which were identified as rayon and polyester by their morphological and staining characteristics. These fibers were consistent with those of commercial surgical swab, suggesting that the fibers may have been derived from retained surgical swabs at the time of ovariohysterectomy. Therefore, this lesion was considered an extraskeletal osteosarcoma associated with a retained surgical swab.