Evaluation of synthetic naphthalene derivatives as novel chemical chaperones that mimic 4-phenylbutyric acid.

The chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) has potential as an agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the requirement of high concentrations warrants chemical optimization for clinical use. In this study, novel naphthalene derivatives with a greater chemical chaperone activity than 4-PBA were synthesized with analogy to the benzene ring. All novel compounds showed chemical chaperone activity, and 2 and 5 possessed high activity. In subsequent experiments, the protective effects of the compounds were examined in Parkinson's disease model cells, and low toxicity of 9 and 11 was related to amphiphilic substitution with naphthalene.

A new methodology for functionalization at the 3-position of indoles by a combination of boron Lewis acid with nitriles.

We discovered that a reagent comprising a combination of PhBCl2 and nitriles was useful for syntheses of both 3-acylindoles and 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)alkylamine from indoles. The reaction proceeded selectively at the 3-position of indoles providing 3-acylindoles in moderate to high yields on treatment with the above reagent. Furthermore, the reaction provided the corresponding amine products in moderate to high yields after the intermediate imine was reduced by NaBH3CN. These reactions proceeded under mild conditions and are applicable to the formation of indoles functionalized at the 3-position.

Spectroscopic investigation for the interaction of mycophenolate mofetil with ferrous ions.

The interaction of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) in the solid state, in water, and in polar organic solvents was investigated using (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, IR, and UV-visible (Vis) spectroscopies. A red-purple colored substance was formed after grinding solid MMF and FeSO4·7H2O in a mortar. The IR spectrum of taken as a KBr tablet of the colored substance showed a new absorption band at 1651 cm(-1). Although the color disappeared when the sample was dissolved in water, it persisted in organic solvents such as MeOH or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The UV-Vis spectrum of a 0.25 mM MeOH solution of MMF showed a new absorption maximum at 507 nm in the presence of Fe(2+) ions, while an aqueous solution of the same mixture showed no significant change from the MMF solution. All the signals in the (13)C-NMR spectrum in DMSO-d6 solution were unambiguously assigned. Upon the addition of 0.5 eq. of Fe(2+) ions, all the carbon signals except those of the 2-morpholinoethyl group almost disappeared, which clearly indicated that the Fe(2+) ions were located far away from the 2-morpholinoethyl groups in the MMF molecules. On the basis of these results, we have concluded that the MMF-Fe(2+) complex is actually formed in the solid state as well as in polar organic solvents such as MeOH or DMSO.

4-Phenylbutyric acid protects against neuronal cell death by primarily acting as a chemical chaperone rather than histone deacetylase inhibitor.

This letter describes the mechanism behind the protective effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced neuronal cell death using three simple 4-(p-substituted phenyl) butyric acids (4-PBA derivatives). Their relative human histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory activities were consistent with a structural model of their binding to HDAC7, and their ability to suppress neuronal cell death and activity of chemical chaperone in vitro. These data suggest that 4-PBA protects against neuronal cell death mediated by the chemical chaperone activity rather than by inhibition of histone deacetylase.

Peculiarity of methoxy group-substituted phenylhydrazones in Fischer indole synthesis.

We found that the Fischer indole synthesis of ethyl pyruvate 2-methoxyphenylhydrazone (5) with HCl/EtOH gave an abnormal product, ethyl 6-chloroindole-2-carboxylate (7), as the main product, with a smaller amount of ethyl 7-methoxyindole-2-carboxylate (6) as the normal product. This abnormal reaction was the result of a cyclization on the side with the substituent (methoxy group) of a benzene ring on phenylhydrazone, which was not previously observed. In this initial investigation, we focused on 1) the application of the above-mentioned abnormal Fischer indole synthesis, 2) the details of this reaction of phenylhydrazone with other kinds of substituents, 3) the mechanism of the first step of the Fischer indole synthesis, 4) the abnormal reaction in methoxydiphenylhydrazones, and 5) a synthetic device to avoid an abnormal reaction. The results of these studies are summarized herein.

Orally active factor Xa inhibitors: investigation of a novel series of 3-amidinophenylsulfonamide derivatives using an amidoxime prodrug strategy.

A series of novel and potent 3-amidinophenylsulfonamide derivatives of factor Xa inhibitors were designed and synthesized using an amidoxime prodrug strategy. We focused on systemic clearance of parent compounds in rats, and performed in vivo pharmacokinetic screening. Incorporation of a carboxymethoxy group markedly improved systemic clearance (compound 43), and the related amidoxime 44 showed sufficient prodrug conversion. Compound 45, the double prodrug of 43, exhibited practicable bioavailability after oral administration in rats. Among the various compounds under investigation, KFA-1982 was selected for clinical development.

[New reactivities of nitrogen-containing aromatics and their synthetic application].

This review describes new knowledge on reactivities and syntheses of N-containing aromatics and their application to the synthesis of natural products covering three subjects. 1) The first part describes the Fischer indole synthesis of o-substituted phenylhydrazones, its mechanism, Reissert indole synthesis, a new synthetic approach from pyrrole to indole, some reactions of indoles (i.e., etc.), acylation, bromination, debromination, debenzylation, Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, and synthesis of 4-methoxy-beta-carboline alkaloids. 2) The second part describes a new method of introduction of allyl and vinyl groups on the indole nucleus by means of a Pd catalyst. This method was applied to the synthesis of optically active ergot alkaloids. 3) The third part describes the synthesis of o-substituted diacylanilines and its application to chemoselective acylating reagents. A study on axial chirality based on the Ar-N axis is also involved.

Chemistry of unprotected amino acids in aqueous solution: direct bromination of aromatic amino acids with bromoisocyanuric acid sodium salt under strong acidic condition.

Brominations of unprotected aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glycine, with bromoisocyanuric acid mono sodium salt (BICA-Na) were conducted in 60% aq. H(2)SO(4) at 0 degrees C to give a mixture of mono-brominated products in good yield. Unexpectedly, meta-bromophenylglycine was obtained as main product accompanied by ortho- and para-substituted products, while phenylalanine gave only ortho- and para-substituted products. Bromination of 2-phenylethylamine or benzylamine showed a tendency similar to the corresponding amino acids.