Use of poxvirus display to select antibodies specific for complex membrane antigens.

Antibody discovery against complex antigens is limited by the availability of a reproducible pure source of concentrated properly folded antigen. We have developed a technology to enable direct incorporation of membrane proteins such as GPCRs and into the membrane of poxvirus. The protein of interest is correctly folded and expressed in the cell-derived viral membrane and does not require any detergents or refolding before downstream use. The poxvirus is selective in which proteins are incorporated into the viral membrane, making the antigen poxvirus an antigenically cleaner target for in vitro panning. Antigen-expressing virus can be readily purified at scale and used for antibody selection using any in vitro display platform.

Comparative scoring of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood by flow cytometry and microscopy.

A flow cytometric technique for scoring the incidence of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood was compared to a standard microscopy-based procedure. For these studies, groups of five male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or a broad range of chemical genotoxicants: 6-thioguanine, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, vincristine, methylaziridine, acetaldehyde, methyl methanesulfonate, benzene, monocrotaline, and azathioprine. Animals were treated once a day for up to 2 days, and peripheral blood was collected between 24 and 48 h after the final administration. These samples were processed for flow cytometric scoring and microscopy-based analysis using supravital acridine orange staining, and the percentage of reticulocytes and micronucleated reticulocytes was determined for each sample. The resulting data demonstrate good agreement between these scoring methodologies, although careful execution of the flow cytometric method was found to enhance the micronucleus assay by reducing both scoring time and scoring error. These data add further support to the premise that the peripheral blood compartment of rats can be used effectively to detect genotoxicant-induced micronuclei.

Enumeration of micronucleated CD71-positive human reticulocytes with a single-laser flow cytometer.

The extreme rarity of micronucleated reticulocytes (RETs) in the peripheral blood of non-splenectomized humans has precluded facile enumeration of these cells, as well as evaluation of this endpoint as an index of cytogenetic damage. In this report, we describe a high-throughput, single-laser flow cytometric system for scoring the incidence of micronuclei (MN) in newly formed human RETs. The procedure is based on an immunochemical reagent that differentially labels the most immature fraction of RETs from mature erythrocytes based on the expression level of the transferrin receptor (also known as CD71). The resolution of four erythrocyte populations (young RETs and mature erythrocytes, with and without MN) was achieved for human blood cells treated with phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD71, RNase, and either SYTOX Green or SYBR Green I nucleic acid dyes. Anti-glycophorin A labeling of erythroid cells (CyChrome conjugate) was also incorporated into the staining procedure to ensure that debris or other potential artifacts did not adversely impact the analyses. Instrument calibration procedures utilizing malaria-infected rodent erythrocytes were also developed, and are described. Using this analytical system, blood samples from 10 healthy non-splenectomized human volunteers were analyzed for micronucleus frequencies with a single-laser flow cytometer. Average micronucleus frequencies in the mature and most immature fraction of RETs were 0.016 and 0.19%, respectively. Blood samples from three healthy splenectomized volunteers were also evaluated. As expected, these samples exhibited higher micronucleus frequencies in the mature subset of erythrocytes (range 0.03-0.18%). The resulting data suggest that MN can be quantified in human erythrocyte populations with a single-laser flow cytometer, and that the frequency of MN cells in the youngest reticulocyte population approaches values expected in the absence of splenic selection against MN-erythrocytes. This high throughput system is potentially important for evaluating the value of the micronucleated reticulocyte endpoint as an index of chromosome breakage and/or chromosome segregational abnormalities in human populations.

Micronucleated CD71-positive reticulocytes: a blood-based endpoint of cytogenetic damage in humans.

The frequency of micronuclei (also known as Howell-Jolly bodies) in peripheral blood erythrocytes of humans is extremely low due to the efficiency with which the spleen sequesters and destroys these aberrant cells. In the past, this has precluded erythrocyte-based analyses from effectively measuring chromosome damage. In this report, we describe a high-throughput, single-laser flow cytometric system for scoring the incidence of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RET) in human blood. Differential staining of these cells was accomplished by combining the immunochemical reagent anti-CD71-FITC with a nucleic acid dye (propidium iodide plus RNase). The immunochemical reagent anti-CD42b-PE was also incorporated into the procedure in order to exclude platelets which can interfere with analysis. This analytical system was evaluated with blood samples from ten healthy volunteers, one splenectomized subject, as well as samples collected from nine cancer patients before and over the course of radio- or chemotherapy. The mean frequency of MN-RET observed for the healthy subjects was 0.09%. This value is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than frequencies observed in mature erythrocytes, and is approximately half the MN-RET frequency observed for the splenectomized subject (0.20%). This suggests that the spleen's effect on micronucleated cell incidence can be minimized by restricting analyses to the youngest (CD71-positive) fraction of reticulocytes. Furthermore, MN-RET frequencies were significantly elevated in patients undergoing cancer therapy. Collectively, these data establish that micronuclei can be quantified in human peripheral blood reticulocytes with a single-laser flow cytometer, and that these measurements reflect the level of chromosome damage which has occurred in red marrow space.

Cell proliferation arrest within intrathymic lymphocyte progenitor cells causes thymic atrophy mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, in lymphocytes by the immunosuppressive environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been shown to cause thymic atrophy in every species studied. We set out to identify the specific hemopoietic cellular populations in which the AHR was activated to lead to thymic atrophy and to determine the effect of AHR activation in those cellular populations. Initially, we examined whether AHR activation in intrathymic dendritic cells could mediate TCDD-induced thymic atrophy. It was found that thymic atrophy occurred only when the AHR could be activated in the thymocytes but not hemopoietic-derived dendritic cells or other APCs. We next analyzed the effect of TCDD on the proliferation of thymocytes in vivo. There was a significant increase in the percentage of thymocytes in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle and a significant decrease in the percentage of S plus G(2)/M thymocytes, especially in the CD4(-)CD8(-)CD3(-) triple-negative intrathymic progenitor cell population 24 h after exposure to 30 micro g/kg TCDD. Furthermore, by 12 h after exposure to TCDD, we observed approximately 60% reduction of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation in specific intrathymic progenitor cell populations. This reduction persisted for at least 6 days. These data indicate that intrathymic progenitor cells are direct targets of TCDD in the thymus and suggest that TCDD causes thymic atrophy by reducing entrance into cell cycle in these populations.