Premature Mortality Excess Rates Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis Conducted in Bihor County, Romania.

BACKGROUND: Estimating the excess of premature deaths (before the age of 75 years) and Potential Years of Life Lost allows ranking causes of death as an expression of the burden of disease in a population. We statistically analysed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on excess premature mortality in the total population and specifically, by sexes, compared to the pre-pandemic period, through Potential Years of Life Lost. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this retrospective descriptive observational study, we counted excess of premature mortality in the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 by cause of death (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, digestive diseases, injury, COVID-19, and other causes) and by sexes compared to the period average from 2017-2019, based on the deaths registered in Bihor County (48,948 people). RESULTS: Premature deaths due to COVID-19 (1,745 people of both sexes) contributed 71.3% to excess mortality, the population being similar for both sexes (71.4% in men and 71.2% in women). The Potential Years of Life Lost/death due to COVID-19 was 11.84 years for both sexes (11.76 years in men and 12.02 years in women). Potential Years of Life Lost/all-cause heath was lower during the pandemic (13.42 years for both sexes, 14.06 years for men and 12.32 years for women) compared to the pre-pandemic period (14.6 years for both sexes, 15.1 years for men and 13.5 years for women). CONCLUSIONS: The excess of premature mortality and decreased Potential Years of Life Lost/death during the pandemic, shows an increase in the proportion of deaths at ages closer to the established limit for premature mortality (75 years) compared to the pre-pandemic period.

Mutations in NR5A1 associated with ovarian insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: The genetic causes of nonsyndromic ovarian insufficiency are largely unknown. A nuclear receptor, NR5A1 (also called steroidogenic factor 1), is a key transcriptional regulator of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-steroidogenic axis. Mutation of NR5A1 causes 46,XY disorders of sex development, with or without adrenal failure, but growing experimental evidence from studies in mice suggests a key role for this factor in ovarian development and function as well. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that mutations in NR5A1 cause disorders of ovarian development and function, we sequenced NR5A1 in four families with histories of both 46,XY disorders of sex development and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency and in 25 subjects with sporadic ovarian insufficiency. None of the affected subjects had clinical signs of adrenal insufficiency. RESULTS: Members of each of the four families and 2 of the 25 subjects with isolated ovarian insufficiency carried mutations in the NR5A1 gene. In-frame deletions and frameshift and missense mutations were detected. Functional studies indicated that these mutations substantially impaired NR5A1 transactivational activity. Mutations were associated with a range of ovarian anomalies, including 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency. We did not observe these mutations in more than 700 control alleles. CONCLUSIONS: NR5A1 mutations are associated with 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency and 46,XY disorders of sex development.

Risk profiles and penetrance estimations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A caused by germline RET mutations located in exon 10.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is characterized by germline mutations in RET. For exon 10, comprehensive molecular and corresponding phenotypic data are scarce. The International RET Exon 10 Consortium, comprising 27 centers from 15 countries, analyzed patients with RET exon 10 mutations for clinical-risk profiles. Presentation, age-dependent penetrance, and stage at presentation of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism were studied. A total of 340 subjects from 103 families, age 4-86, were registered. There were 21 distinct single nucleotide germline mutations located in codons 609 (45 subjects), 611 (50), 618 (94), and 620 (151). MTC was present in 263 registrants, pheochromocytoma in 54, and hyperparathyroidism in 8 subjects. Of the patients with MTC, 53% were detected when asymptomatic, and among those with pheochromocytoma, 54%. Penetrance for MTC was 4% by age 10, 25% by 25, and 80% by 50. Codon-associated penetrance by age 50 ranged from 60% (codon 611) to 86% (620). More advanced stage and increasing risk of metastases correlated with mutation in codon position (609→620) near the juxtamembrane domain. Our data provide rigorous bases for timing of premorbid diagnosis and personalized treatment/prophylactic procedure decisions depending on specific RET exon 10 codons affected.

Perineural invasion of the major and minor nerves in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perineural invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent total or partial laryngectomy. METHODS: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pyriform sinus who underwent laryngectomy between 2002 and 2006 in the ENT Clinic of Cluj-Napoca were investigated for histopathological identification of perineural invasion. RESULTS: The present study included 256 patients. Perineural invasion was present in 86 cases out of the 256. Perineural invasion was detected in the major nerves of only one case out of 219 patients who had undergone total laryngectomy. The difference between the mean disease-free survival of patients with or without perineural invasion of the minor nerves was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.000102). The local recurrence rates in the cases with or without perineural invasion were significantly different (log-rank test, P = 0.00001). CONCLUSION: Major nerves do not constitute a way of spreading in the squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx, whereas minor nerves remain a potential one.

Dominant-negative GCMB mutations cause an autosomal dominant form of hypoparathyroidism.

CONTEXT: Hypoparathyroidism (HP) is characterized by low PTH levels, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia. Heterozygous mutations in pre-pro-PTH or the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) cause some forms of autosomal dominant HP (AD-HP). Furthermore, homozygous mutations in glial cells missing B (GCMB) have been implicated in autosomal recessive HP (AR-HP). In most other HP patients, however, the molecular defect remains undefined. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to determine the genetic defect in the affected members of two unrelated families with AD-HP and define the underlying disease mechanism. SUBJECTS: Several family members affected by AD-HP were investigated. The proband in family A had low calcium detected on routine blood testing, whereas the proband in family B had symptomatic hypocalcemia. METHODS: Mutational analysis of the genes encoding pre-pro-PTH, CaSR, and GCMB was performed using PCR-amplified genomic DNA of the probands and other available members of each family. The identified GCMB mutants were characterized by Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter assay using DF-1 fibroblasts. RESULTS: Two novel heterozygous mutations located in the last GCMB exon (c.1389delT and c.1399delC in families A and B, respectively) were identified that both lead to frame-shifts and replacement of the putative second transactivation domain within carboxyl-terminal region by unrelated amino acid sequence. The mutant GCMB proteins were well expressed, and both showed dose-dependent inhibition of the transactivation capacity of wild-type protein in luciferase reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS: The dominant-negative effect observed in vitro for both GCMB mutations provides a plausible explanation for the impaired PTH secretion observed in the two unrelated families with AD-HP.

Identification of potential gene markers and insights into the pathophysiology of pheochromocytoma malignancy.

CONTEXT: Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-producing tumors that are generally benign but that can also present as or develop into malignancy. Occurrence of malignant pheochromocytomas can only be asserted by imaging of metastatic lesions. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a gene expression profiling of benign and malignant tumors to identify a gene signature that would allow us to discriminate benign from malignant pheochromocytomas and to gain a better understanding of tumorigenic pathways associated with malignancy. DESIGN: A total of 36 patients with pheochromocytoma was studied retrospectively. There were 18 (nine benign and nine malignant) tumors used for gene expression profiling on pangenomic oligonucleotide microarrays. RESULTS: We identified and validated a set of predictor genes that could accurately distinguish the two tumor subtypes through unsupervised clustering. Most of the differentially expressed genes were down-regulated in malignant tumors, and several of these genes encoded neuroendocrine factors involved in prominent characteristics of chromaffin cell biology. In particular, the expression of two key processing enzymes of trophic peptides, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase and glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase, was reduced in malignant pheochromocytomas. CONCLUSION: The gene expression profiling of benign and malignant pheochromocytomas clearly identified a set of genes that could be used as a prognostic multi-marker and revealed that the expression of several genes encoding neuroendocrine proteins was reduced in malignant compared with benign tumors.

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 26-year-old female: still a diagnostic challenge.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder caused by monoclonal Langerhans cells proliferation in bone, skin, lung, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, nervous or hematopoietic system. Pulmonary LCH is a diagnostic trap that is displayed on computed tomography (CT) as an interstitial disorder with honeycomb aspect. In this paper, we present an unusual case of a 26-year-old female that was hospitalized with progressive worsening dyspnea and history of recurrent pneumonia. Lung biopsy showed fibrosis of the interalveolar septa, architectural distortion and large cells with foamy cytoplasm and convoluted nuclei that were marked by CD68, S-100 and the specific antibody CD1a that allowed establishing the diagnosis of pulmonary LCH. The only extrapulmonary manifestations were femoral bone cysts that were radiologically seen 10 years before and were not modified along the years. The therapy consisted on smoking cessation and oral corticosteroids without significant improvement of the clinical symptoms and enlargement of the cystic spaces during six months of follow-up. This case highlights for a rare disorder of the lung that should be taken into account in young patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

Cyclopia and proboscis - the extreme end of holoprosencephaly.

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a major congenital abnormality in brain development is characterized by the absence or incomplete cleavage of prosencephalon into separate hemispheres, with cyclopia as the extreme manifestation of HPE, presenting as a failure of embryonic prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye in two cavities. We report the case of a 15-year-old pregnant patient, who delivered a 34-week living fetus with alobar HPE, cyclopia and proboscis. The patient did not have any routine scans during pregnancy; her first obstetrical exam was performed at 29 weeks of gestation (WG), when a prenatal ultrasound found a fetus with alobar HPE, cyclopia, proboscis, polydactyly and single umbilical artery. Despite adequate medical and genetic counseling, the patient and her legal representative refused further investigations - magnetic resonance imaging and genetic testing. She was admitted to the hospital at 34 WG for premature rupture of membranes, with clear amniotic fluid. Twenty-four hours later, she delivered vaginally a living male fetus, weighing 1995 g. Macroscopic examination revealed umbilical cord with two vessels, fetal proboscis, cyclopia, low implanted ears, bilateral polydactyly of the upper limbs, spina bifida occulta in the sacral region. The newborn lived for 40 minutes. Microscopy of the eyeball revealed choroid, ciliary body and conjunctiva structures, with no identification of the retina, and no evidence of the optic nerve in the fragments obtained from the optic chiasm region. This case underlines the importance of early obstetrical examinations during pregnancy and raises concerns about the ethics of allowing therapeutic termination of pregnancy after 24 WG in selected cases.

Expression and processing of the neuroendocrine protein secretogranin II in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas.

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression levels of secretogranin II (SgII), prohormone convertases (PC)1 and PC2, and the proteolytic processing of SgII in benign versus malignant pheochromocytomas. Quantitative (Q)-PCR experiments indicated that SgII, PC1, and PC2 mRNAs were overexpressed in pheochromocytoma compared to non-tumoral chromaffin cells (P<0.001) and in benign compared to malignant tumors (P<0.01). Western blot analysis using a human SgII antiserum revealed the occurrence of a 97-kDa band corresponding to the expected size of SgII, with significantly higher quantities in benign than in malignant tumors (P<0.05). Using antisera directed against sequential regions of SgII (N-terminal, secretoneurin [SN], EM66, internal, and C-terminal sequences), we observed distinct processing profiles between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. In contrast, using PC1 and PC2 antisera no differences between the two types of tumors were found. RIA measurement showed that EM66 median values between benign and malignant chromaffin cell tumors were significantly different (128.5 vs. 6.3 ng/mg protein, respectively; P<0.001). Taken together, these results indicate that, in pheochromocytoma, malignancy is associated with reduced PC1, PC2, and SgII mRNA expression and decreased levels of processing products of SgII, in line with the low concentrations of EM66 that occur in malignant tumors. These data support the notion that SgII-processing products, such as EM66, could represent prognostic markers of pheochromocytomas.

Development of novel tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of pheochromocytoma using peptide marker immunoassay and gene expression profiling approaches.

Pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) are rare catecholamine-producing neoplasias that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or from extra-adrenal locations. These neuroendocrine tumors are usually benign, but may also present as or develop into a malignancy. There are currently no means to predict or to cure malignant tumors which have a poor prognosis. We have recently validated several assays for the measurement of peptides derived from chromogranin A (CgA) and secretogranin II (SgII) in order to determine whether these secreted neuroendocrine products could provide useful, complementary markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PHEOs. Both the CgA-derived peptide WE14 and the SgII-derived peptide EM66 proved to be sensitive circulating markers for the diagnosis of PHEO. In addition, much higher EM66 levels were measured in benign than in malignant tumoral tissues, suggesting that this peptide could represent a valuable tool for the prognosis of PHEO. We have also initiated a comparative microarray study of benign and malignant PHEOs, which allowed the identification of a set of about 100 genes that were differentially expressed and best discriminated the two types of tumors. A large majority of these genes were expressed at lower levels in the malignant disease and were associated with various characteristics of chromaffin cells, such as hormone secretion signaling and machinery, peptide maturation, and cellular morphology. Altogether, these studies provide novel tools for the management of PHEO, and new insights for the understanding of tumorigenesis in chromaffin cells, which may offer potential therapeutic strategies.

Recombinant human thyrotropin stimulates thyroid angiogenesis in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous TSH and rhTSH stimulate thyroid growth by a direct effect on thyrocytes. Our hypothesis was that rhTSH may also stimulate thyroid angiogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: A normal human thyroid tissue sample was grafted into the epigastric area of 14 nude mice. Mice were divided in two groups of 7. The first group (treated mice) received rhTSH stimulation (0.014 UI/mouse/day for 3 weeks), while the second group (control mice) had saline. Histological study with special focus on vascular characteristics was performed by image analysis at day 21 for each graft. VEGF immunostaining score, determined by immunohistochemistry, was defined as the percentage of labeled thyrocytes score, plus an intensity score. RESULTS: Thyroid follicles showed signs of increased colloid re-uptake activity in rhTSH group within a larger surface area than controls (p <0.01). Thyrocytes were taller in the rhTSH group (p <0.01). The diameter of capillary vessels was larger and the microvessels expansion more important in the rhTSH group (p <0.02). Relative capillary area, defined as the ratio between capillary area and follicular area, was also higher in the rhTSH group (p <0.02). VEGF immunostaining score was increased in the rhTSH group (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: rhTSH stimulates angiogenesis and local VEGF expression in normal human thyroid.

Predictors and prevalence of paraganglioma syndrome associated with mutations of the SDHC gene.

CONTEXT: Paraganglioma syndrome includes inherited head and neck paragangliomas (HNPs) and adrenal or extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas and are classified according to the susceptibility genes SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD. In contrast with those with germline mutations of the SDHB and SDHD genes, clinical and genetic data on patients with mutations of SDHC are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of SDHC mutation carriers compared with patients with SDHB and SDHD mutations and with sporadic cases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Genetic screening for SDHC mutations in an international HNP registry of 121 unrelated index cases and in 371 sporadic cases from a pheochromocytoma registry, conducted January 1, 2001, until December 31, 2004. Identified index cases and affected relatives were clinically evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of and clinical findings for SDHC mutation-associated HNPs vs those with SDHB and SDHD mutations. RESULTS: The prevalence of SDHC carriers was 4% in HNP but 0% in pheochromocytoma index cases. None of the SDHC mutation carriers had signs of pheochromocytoma. We compared HNPs in 22 SDHC mutation carriers with the HNPs of SDHB (n = 15) and SDHD (n = 42) mutation carriers and with 90 patients with sporadic HNPs. Location, number of tumors, malignancy, and age were different: more carotid body tumors were found in SDHC (13/22 [59%]) than in sporadic HNPs (29/90 [32%], P = .03), as well as fewer instances of multiple tumors in SDHC (2/22) than in SDHD (24/42; P<.001), 0 malignant tumors in SDHC vs 6/15 in SDHB (P = .002), and younger age at diagnosis in SDHC than in sporadic HNPs (45 vs 52 years; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HNP, but not those with pheochromocytoma, harbor SDHC mutations in addition to those in SDHB and SDHD. In total, more than one quarter of HNP patients carry a mutation in 1 of these 3 genes. Head and neck paragangliomas associated with SDHC mutations are virtually exclusively benign and seldom multifocal. Analysis for germline mutations of SDHC is recommended in apparently sporadic HNP to identify risk of inheritance.

Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations.

CONTEXT: Germline mutations of the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase subunits B (SDHB) and D (SDHD) predispose to paraganglioma syndromes type 4 (PGL-4) and type 1 (PGL-1), respectively. In both syndromes, pheochromocytomas as well as head and neck paragangliomas occur; however, details for individual risks and other clinical characteristics are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in clinical features in carriers of SDHB mutations and SDHD mutations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Population-based genetic screening for SDHB and SDHD germline mutations in 417 unrelated patients with adrenal or extra-adrenal abdominal or thoracic pheochromocytomas (n = 334) or head and neck paragangliomas (n = 83), but without syndromic features, from 2 registries based in Germany and central Poland, conducted from April 1, 2000, until May 15, 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic and clinical findings with respect to gene mutation in SDHB vs SDHD compared with nonmutation carriers. RESULTS: A total of 49 (12%) of 417 registrants carried SDHB or SDHD mutations. In addition, 28 SDHB and 23 SDHD mutation carriers were newly detected among relatives of these carriers. Comparison of 53 SDHB and 47 SDHD total mutation carriers showed similar ages at diagnosis but differences in penetrance and of tumor manifestations. Head and neck paragangliomas (10/32 vs 27/34, respectively, P<.001) and multifocal (9/32 vs 25/34, respectively, P<.001) tumors were more frequent in carriers of SDHD mutations. In contrast, SDHB mutation carriers have an increased frequency of malignant disease (11/32 vs 0/34, P<.001). Renal cell cancer was observed in 2 SDHB mutation carriers and papillary thyroid cancer in 1 SDHB mutation carrier and 1 SDHD mutation carrier. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with SDHD mutation carriers (PGL-1) who have more frequent multifocal paragangliomas, SDHB mutation carriers (PGL-4) are more likely to develop malignant disease and possibly extraparaganglial neoplasias, including renal cell and thyroid carcinomas. Appropriate and timely clinical screening is recommended in all patients with PGL-1 and PGL-4.

Study of preoperative predictive signs in management of facial nerve in parotid tumors.

OBJECTIVES: To find preoperative predictive signs for better surgical planning of the facial nerve in parotid tumors. METHODS: Prospective study in patients with primary parotid malignancies. Patients with primary parotid malignant tumor were investigated for preoperative clinical signs in correlation with histological findings and surgical management of the facial nerve. OUTCOMES: The study included 47 patients. Several clinical findings as facial pain, paresthesia, and rapid growth of tumor might suggest the risk of malignancy. Paresis/palsy of the facial nerve was correlates with direct neural involvement. CONCLUSION: There are several predictive clinical signs that might suggest malignancy of a parotid tumor.

Characterization and plasma measurement of the WE-14 peptide in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Granins and their derived peptides are valuable circulating biological markers of neuroendocrine tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the tumoral chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide WE-14 and the potential advantage to combine plasma WE-14 detection with the EM66 assay and the existing current CgA assay for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Compared to healthy volunteers, plasma WE-14 levels were 5.4-fold higher in patients with pheochromocytoma, but returned to normal values after surgical resection of the tumor. Determination of plasma CgA and EM66 concentrations in the same group of patients revealed that the test assays for these markers had an overall 84% diagnostic sensitivity, which is identical to that determined for WE-14. However, we found that WE-14 measurement improved the diagnostic sensitivity when combined with the results of CgA or EM66 assays. By combining the results of the three assays, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was increased to 95%. In fact, the combination of WE-14 with either CgA or EM66 test assays achieved 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of paragangliomas and sporadic or malignant pheochromocytomas if taken separately to account for the heterogeneity of the tumor. These data indicate that WE-14 is produced in pheochromocytoma and secreted into the general circulation, and that elevated plasma WE-14 levels are correlated with the occurrence of this chromaffin cell tumor. In addition, in association with other biological markers, such as CgA and/or EM66, WE-14 measurement systematically improves the diagnostic sensitivity for pheochromocytoma. These findings support the notion that granin-processing products may represent complementary tools for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors.

Cardiac metastasis and tumor embolism in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting with paraneoplastic polymyositis.

Colorectal cancer usually presents with alterations in the bowel habit. Less commonly, the presenting symptoms may be part of a paraneoplastic syndrome. Metastasis can occur by lymphatic or hematogenous spread, most frequently to the lungs and liver. We present the case of a 56-year-old man admitted with paraneoplastic polymyositis due to a poorly differentiated colon adenocarcinoma. The evolution was unfavorable with death on the 19th day following admission due to pulmonary thromboembolism and subsequent pulmonary edema. Autopsy showed micrometastases with lymphatic and venous emboli to the heart, liver, kidney, adrenal gland and lung. The case highlights the diversity of manifestation that can occur in a colon adenocarcinoma.

Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the thyroid gland: Case report and review.

The Ewing family of tumors and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) represent different manifestations of the same entity. Immunohistochemical and cytogenetic studies suggest that these tumors have a common origin. Ewing sarcoma is more common in bone, while pPNET is more common in soft tissues. Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma (EoES) is rare. We present the case of a 48-year-old man who presented with acute obstructive respiratory failure secondary to a large thyroid swelling. The patient was initially diagnosed with giant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and treated with chemotherapy. However, subsequent immunohistochemical staining of biopsy specimens revealed that the patient actually had EoES/pPNET of the thyroid gland. We performed a nearly complete surgical resection of the tumor plus a total laryngectomy and resection of five tracheal rings. However, the patient died of a cerebral metastasis 1 month later after he had completed one cycle of postoperative chemotherapy.

Expression of somatostatin receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, noradrenaline transporters, and vesicular monoamine transporters in 52 pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.

While somatostatin receptors (sst), through somatostatin-radiolabeled analogs, are used, mainly in second line, in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL), the clinical significance of dopamine receptor subtype 2 (D2) in PCC/PGL is unknown. Indeed, radiolabeled dopamine (DA) analogs such as fluorine 18 ((18)F)-DA, used for positron emission tomography in PCC localization, are mainly correlated to the presence of noradrenaline transporter (NAT) and vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT) but not to D2. The aim of this study was to quantitate D2 and sst expression in 52 PCC/PGL and to compare it with that of 35 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Quantitative RT-PCR of sst(1-3) and sst5, D2, NAT, VMAT1/2 was performed in all tumors, while immunohistochemistry analysis of sst2 and D2 was performed in seven tumors. D2 mRNA was expressed in all PCC/PGL. Mean expression was significantly higher in PCC/PGL than in GEP-NETs (4.8 vs 0.5 copy/copy ß-glucuronidase (Gus)). sst2 and sst(1) were expressed in most PCC/PGL, with sst(2)-dominant expression (mean mRNA: 1.6 vs 0.4 copy/copy ß-Gus). sst2 expression level was similar to that of GEP-NETs, whereas sst5 expression level was significantly lower (0.12 vs 0.78 copy/copy ß-Gus). Our study evidenced strong D2 mRNA expression in PCC and for the first time in PGL. PCC/PGL express sst2 mRNA at levels similar to those of GEP-NETs. New drugs can target ssts and D2 more efficiently than current somatostatin analogs. Moreover, transporters like NAT and VMAT1/2, could be co-targeted with sst, as a basis of new radionuclide compounds in the imaging and treatment of these tumors.

Expression of trophic amidated peptides and their receptors in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas: high expression of adrenomedullin RDC1 receptor and implication in tumoral cell survival.

Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-producing tumors which are generally benign, but which can also present as or develop into malignancy. Molecular pathways of malignant transformation remain poorly understood. Pheochromocytomas express various trophic peptides which may influence tumoral cell behavior. Here, we investigated the expression of trophic amidated peptides, including pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and adrenomedullin (AM), and their receptors in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas in order to assess their potential role in chromaffin cell tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. PACAP, NPY, and AM are expressed in the majority of pheochromocytomas studied; NPY exhibiting the highest mRNA levels relative to reference genes. Although median gene expression or peptide levels were systematically lower in malignant compared to benign tumors, no statistically significant difference was found. Among all the receptors of these peptides that were analyzed, only the AM receptor RDC1 displayed a differential expression between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. This receptor exhibited a fourfold higher expression in malignant than in benign tumors. AM and stromal cell-derived factor 1, which has also been described as a ligand for RDC1, increased the number of human pheochromocytoma cells in primary culture and exerted anti-apoptotic activity on rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. In addition, RDC1 gene silencing decreased the number of viable PC12 cells. This study shows the expression of several trophic peptides and their receptors in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas, and suggests that AM and its RDC1 receptor could be involved in chromaffin cell tumorigenesis through pro-survival effects. Therefore, AM and RDC1 may represent valuable targets for the treatment of malignant pheochromocytomas.

Systematic comparison of sporadic and syndromic pancreatic islet cell tumors.

Pancreatic islet cell tumors (ICTs) occur as sporadic neoplasias or as a manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). Molecular classification of ICTs is mandatory for timely diagnosis and surveillance. Systematic comparison of VHL-ICTs and sporadic ICTs has been lacking. Our registry-based approaches used the German NET-Registry with 259 patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), who were primarily diagnosed with NETs, and the German VHL-Registry with 485 molecular genetically confirmed patients who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the abdomen. All patients provided blood DNA for testing of the MEN1 and VHL genes for intragenic mutations and large deletions. In the NET-Registry, 9/101 patients (8.9%) with ICTs had germline mutations, 8 in MEN1 and 1 in VHL. In the VHL-Registry, prevalence of NETs was 52/487 (10.6%), and all were ICTs. Interestingly, of those with VHL p.R167W, 47% developed ICTs, compared to 2% of those with p.Y98H. In total, there were 92 truly sporadic, i.e. mutation-negative ICT patients. Comparing these with the 53 VHL-ICT patients, the statistically significant differences were predominance of female gender (P=0.01), multifocal ICTs (P=0.0029), and lower malignancy rate (P<0.001) in VHL-ICTs compared to sporadic cases. VHL was prevalent in <0.5% of NETs, while NETs occur in ∼10% of VHL, virtually exclusively as ICTs, which are rarely the first presentation. Patients with NETs should not be subjected to genetic testing of the VHL gene, unless they have multifocal ICTs, other VHL-associated tumors, and/or a family history for VHL.