Experimental model of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis potentiates the deleterious effects on functional capacity, leukocyte migration, synovial and periodontal tissues in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate whether ligature-induced periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) potentiate the deleterious effects on functional capacity, periodontal and synovial tissues, leukocyte migration, and interleukin 17 (IL-17) levels, and to investigate the repercussions of single Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) injection associated with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one male Wistar rats were randomised into six groups: control (CG, n = 8), RA (RAG, n = 9), periodontitis (PG, n = 9), periodontitis and RA (PRAG, n = 9), periodontitis and intradermal injection (PIDG, n = 9), and periodontitis and intra-articular injection (PIAG, n = 7). The animals underwent ligature placement and one or two injections with FCA to induce RA. Motor disability, nociceptive threshold, joint edema, and muscle strength were assessed, and the animals were euthanized on day 30. Synovial fluid, hemimandibles, and knee joints were collected. RESULTS: PRAG showed no reduction of edema or improvement of muscle strength, whereas it showed most significant changes in leukocyte migration, morphological analyses of the synovial membrane (SM), and radiographic and histometric analyses of the jaw. The PIAG showed some alterations, though not permanent. CONCLUSION: Ligature-induced periodontitis and RA induced by two FCA injections accentuated the deleterious effects on functional capacity, leukocyte migration, synovial and periodontal tissues.

Maternal periodontal disease as a risk factor for preterm birth and low-birth-weight babies: a case-control study.

Periodontal disease is considered a public health problem because of its high prevalence, while premature birth is a serious perinatal problem, persisting as one of the major causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal periodontal disease on the occurrence of preterm birth and the birth weight of their babies. The study sample included 45 new mothers, aged 18-35 years, who presented either slight or moderate to severe localized or generalized chronic periodontitis with bleeding on probing and gingival inflammation. The women were divided into 2 groups: slight periodontal disease (SPD; n = 15) and moderate to severe periodontal disease (MSPD; n = 30). The women underwent periodontal evaluations 48 hours after delivery of their newborns. The evaluations consisted of the following parameters: Plaque Control Record, Gingival Index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and gingival crevicular fluid analysis. In addition, pregnancy data and neonate data, such as birth weight and gestational age at birth, were collected. In the MSPD group, there were moderate, statistically significant negative correlations between the amount of maternal gingival crevicular fluid and the newborn's gestational age at birth (-0.5388; P = 0.0014); maternal Plaque Control Record and gestational age (-0.5026; P = 0.0046); and maternal Gingival Index and gestational age (-0.4562; P = 0.0112). In the SPD group, there were no statistically significant correlations between the maternal periodontal parameters and the newborn's gestational age or birth weight. The data in the present study suggest that the presence of inflammation caused by moderate to severe periodontitis may represent a risk factor for the occurrence of preterm birth.

Evaluation of periodontitis treatment effects on carotid intima-media thickness and expression of laboratory markers related to atherosclerosis.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the treatment of periodontal disease and its effects on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and expression of laboratory markers related to atherosclerosis. Twenty-three healthy patients (group 1) and 21 patients with moderate to severe periodontitis (group 2) underwent evaluation of clinical periodontal parameters. The patients were submitted to CIMT measurements and laboratory evaluations at the start of the study (0 months), 6 months, and 12 months. All patients received oral hygiene instruction; patients in group 2 also underwent supragingival and subgingival scaling and root planing. A statistically significant improvement in clinical periodontal parameters occurred in both groups (P < 0.05). Improvements were more evident between the first and second evaluations and were greater in group 2. Both groups experienced a statistically significant decrease in CIMT in the first 6 months (P < 0.05). Treatments--oral hygiene instruction in group 1 and instruction plus mechanical periodontal instrumentation in group 2--were effective in improving clinical periodontal parameters of both groups and promoting reduction in CIMT at 6 months.

Evaluation of the effect of simvastatin on the progression of alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis--an animal study.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of simvastatin, a potent antiinflammatory drug, on the progression of alveolar bone loss in an experimental model of periodontitis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cotton ligature was used around the lower right first molar in a submarginal position in order to induce experimental periodontitis. Sixty rats were divided into 12 groups consisting of three control groups, three simvastatin groups, three ligature groups, and three ligature plus simvastatin groups. The distance between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar crest was determined at the mesial root surfaces of the lower right first molars by radiographic as well as profilometric analyses. RESULTS: In rats of the experimental periodontitis group (ligature), alveolar bone loss was higher compared to the control groups. However, simvastatin was associated with decreased alveolar bone loss in all treatment groups with experimental periodontitis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Simvastatin treatment seems to be a beneficial and supporting therapeutic that favors protection against alveolar bone loss in a model of experimental periodontitis in rats.

Comparing semilunar coronally positioned flap to standard coronally positioned flap using periodontal clinical parameters.

This study compared the effectiveness of 2 surgical root coverage techniques--semilunar coronally positioned flap and coronally advanced flap--using the clinical parameters of periodontal tissues from patients with Miller Class I gingival recession. Twenty patients (20-50 years of age) were selected. Basic periodontal treatment was performed, and plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and height of the attached gingiva were determined. Each patient was placed into 1 of 2 groups: Group 1 patients underwent the semilunar coronally positioned flap technique, and Group 2 patients underwent the coronally advanced flap technique. Patients were assessed for 180 days. Both groups showed significant reduction of plaque and gingival indices and an improvement in clinical attachment levels and probing depth. However, results showed the standard coronally positioned flap technique was deemed more effective due to significant clinical attachment level gains.

The Effect of Resin Composites and Polishing Procedure on Periodontal Tissue Parameters in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of this study was to establish relationship between restorative resin and periodontal tissues of patients with diabetes mellitus. We selected 30 patients, 15 patients with diabetes mellitus with a total of 30 restorations and 15 patients without diabetes mellitus with a total of 49 restorations and the periodontal parameters and restorations parameters were evaluated. The total period was 12 months. The results showed a significant improvement in periodontal parameters assessed (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that over the 12-month period, there was no adverse reaction to periodontal tissue as a result of various polishing regimes of a restorative resin-based composite in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Effect of maintenance therapy with or without the use of chlorhexidine in teeth restored with composite resin in patients with diabetes mellitus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maintenance therapy with or without the use of 0.12% chlorhexidine in the periodontal tissues of patients with diabetes mellitus who had carious lesions restored with composed resin. Twenty patients were selected, all of whom had diabetes mellitus in addition to carious cervical lesions in previously treated teeth. After 90 days, improvement in plaque and gingival indices and probing depth were noticed among patients in the group that received 0.12% chlorhexidine.

Effects of the Association of Periodontitis and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Induced on Periodontal Tissues and the Duodenal Mucosa of Wistar Rats.

Forty Wistar rats were used: (1) control group (CG); (2) group of periodontal disease (PD); (3) type 1 diabetes mellitus group (T1DM); (4) type 1 diabetes mellitus + periodontal disease group (T1DM + PD). In groups T1DM and T1DM + PD, T1DM induction was performed with the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) 80 mg/kg intraperitoneal body weight. The PD and T1DM + PD groups were submitted to PD induction with ligation. After the experimental phase and euthanasia, histological, radiographic, and morphological analyses were performed. For data analysis, was used the one-way ANOVA and post-test Tukey. The T1DM + PD group had a significantly higher level of fasting blood glucose compared to the other groups. In radiographic and histomorphometric analyses, the T1DM + PD group showed greater alveolar bone loss compared to the control group. The T1DM + PD group showed greater osteoclastic activity compared to the control, T1DM, and PD groups and exhibited an intense inflammatory infiltrate, most of which were PMN, being that the amount of this group of cells (PMN) was significantly greater than the PD group. The heights of the intestinal villi were statistically higher in the PD, T1DM, T1DM + PD groups, compared to the control. Regarding the height of the crypt, only the T1DM and T1DM + PD groups were significantly higher compared to the other groups. Association of diabetes and periodontal inflammation increased the deleterious effects on bone tissue and adverse effect on the permeability of the duodenal mucosa.

Low-Level Laser Effect on Peripheral Sciatic Regeneration Under the Systemic Inflammatory Condition of Periodontal Disease.

Introduction: Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition, which leads to tooth loss and promotes a systemic inflammatory state that can aggravate the nerve degeneration. As laser therapy may stimulate regeneration, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the low-level laser (LLL) on peripheral nerve regeneration under the systemic inflammatory condition of PD. Methods: Thirry-two male rats were used, distributed in 4 groups: nerve injury (NIG); periodontal disease with nerve injury (PDNI); nerve injury and treatment (TNIG); periodontal disease with nerve injury and treatment (PDNIT). On the 7th day of the experiment, the animals had ligatures placed around the lower first molars. On the 22nd day, they underwent peripheral nerve damage, and on the 25th day, the LLL treatment was initiated, performed for two weeks. The sciatic functional index (SFI) was evaluated with subsequent euthanasia of all the animals on the 37th day of the experiment. The sciatic nerve was collected for morphological and oxidative stress analysis and the hemi jaws for radiographic analysis. Results: Regarding the SFI, there was no difference among the groups in the first evaluation (EV) pre-injury; as for theEV2, after injury, all the groups presented a decrease in these values, which remained in post-treatment. For the morphology of the PDNI, nerve tissue presented larger diameter fibers, whereas, for NIT and PDNIT, fibers had smaller diameters with endoneurial organization. When it comes to the antioxidant system, there was an increase in protein concentration, higher superoxide activity, and decreased glutathione transferase activity in the treated groups. Catalase and cholinesterase did not differ between the groups, and lipoperoxidation (LPO) increased in the PD groups. For the mandible radiographic analysis, it was possible to verify the induction of PD. Conclusion: As for the used parameters, the low-level laser was not effective in increasing the nociceptive threshold, but it contributed to the regeneration of nerve fibers, although the inflammation was still present in the site. However, the treatment was effective in protecting cells against oxidative damage due to increased SOD and increased protein, although the decrease in GST demonstrates the inhibition of this stage of the antioxidant system.

Clinical Evaluation of Obesity In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Periodontal Treatment: A Comparative Study.

AIM: Periodontitis is often associated with diabetes mellitus and may be considered one of the chronic complications of this disease. Increasing evidence indicates that periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) has an adverse effect on glycemic control and participates in the pathophysiology of complications related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of obesity on clinical periodontal parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with stage II or III periodontitis grade C after conventional periodontal treatment. METHODS: For this study, 36 patients, aged 25 to 65 years, were evaluated; 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and moderate to severe periodontitis (Non-Obese Group) and 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity and moderate to severe periodontitis (Obese Group). These patients underwent conventional periodontal treatment and were evaluated using plaque index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and gingival crevicular fluid analysis, as well as laboratory tests of glycated hemoglobin, fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, and fractions of triglycerides. Periodontal and laboratory parameters were evaluated at baselineand six months. RESULTS: The results showed improvements in periodontal and clinical laboratory parameters(p less than 0.05) in the evaluated periods; however, the non-obese group presented significantly better results when compared to the obese group. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the presence of obesity may hinder the improvement of periodontal clinical parameters after conventional periodontal treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis.

Comparative Clinical Evaluation between Conventional Periodontal Treatment and Full Mouth Disinfection.

Periodontal disease is chronic and multifactorial, affecting protection and support tissues of the tooth. Its onset is due to the accumulation of bacterial plaque, in which are found microorganisms, mainly Gram-negative, which stimulate the host cells and the production of immune-inflammatory molecules. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of two techniques of periodontal treatment through clinical parameters and laboratory tests. For this, 42 patients were randomly evaluated and divided into three groups of 14 patients each: Group 1 (control) - periodontally healthy patients; Group 2 - patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis treated with conventional periodontal treatment [quadrant scaling and root planing (Q-SRP)]; and Group 3 - patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (FM-SRP). All of these patients received periodontal treatment and were evaluated using the plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), analysis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) isoform expression and analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), for a total period of 180 days. The results of the periodontal and laboratory parameters did not show significant differences statistically (p > 0.05) when comparing the treatments at 180 days. Therefore, it can be affirmed that both periodontal treatments were effective, but without differences between them. Both treatments improved periodontal and laboratorial clinical parameters significantly. Thus, the professional should evaluate the case and choose the treatment that best suits the needs of the patient and availability.

Effect of probiotic therapy on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis / Efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura

INTRODUCTION: As periodontitis is caused by dysbiotic biofilm, it is believed that therapy with probiotics can act to control the mechanisms of adhesion and colonization, competing with invading microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate probiotic therapy effect on periodontal tissues and intestinal mucosa of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS: 32 Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): Control Group (CG); Periodontal disease (PD); Probiotic (PROB); PD + probiotic (PDPRO). PD and PDPRO received a ligature over the first lower molars and PROB and PDPRO the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus based were given orally for 44 days. The animals were euthanized and the blood was collected for evaluation of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. The hemimandibles were collected for histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. The duodenum was removed for morphological evaluation and gingival tissue around the molars was collected for analysis of IL-17. RESULTS: The ANOVA one-way test was used followed by Tukey Test. PDPRO had a significantly lower bone loss than the PD (p<0.05) and a smaller number of osteoclasts on PDPRO when compared to the PD. As for IL-17, there was a decrease in the PDPRO when compared to the PD. The histomorphometry of the duodenum showed that there was a significant increase in the width of the villi in PROB only. CONCLUSION: The therapy with probiotics was effective to avoid the development of periodontitis by reducing alveolar bone loss and inflammation modulation and increasing the width of the duodenum villi, which may help to restabilize the balance of the gastrointestinal tract.

INTRODUÇÃO: Como a periodontite é causada por biofilme disbiótico, acredita-se que a terapia com probióticos possa atuar no controle dos mecanismos de adesão e colonização, competindo com microrganismos invasores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da terapia probiótica nos tecidos periodontais e mucosa intestinal de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura. MÉTODOS: 32 ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=8): Grupo Controle (GC); Doença periodontal (PD); Probiótico (PROB); PD + probiótico (PDPRO). PD e PDPRO receberam ligadura sobre os primeiros molares inferiores e PROB e PDPRO, o probiótico à base de Lactobacillus acidophilus dado via oral por 44 dias. Os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliação das concentrações de triglicerídeos e colesterol total. As hemimandíbulas foram coletadas para análise histomorfométrica e radiográfica. O duodeno foi removido para avaliação morfológica e o tecido gengival ao redor dos molares foi coletado para análise de IL-17. RESULTADOS: Foi usado Teste ANOVA seguido pelo Teste de Tukey. PDPRO teve uma perda óssea significativamente menor do que o PD (p<0.05) e um menor número de osteoclastos no PDPRO quando comparado ao PD. Já para IL-17, houve diminuição do PDPRO em relação ao PD. A histomorfometria do duodeno mostrou que houve aumento significativo da largura das vilosidades no PROB somente. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia com probiótico foi eficaz para evitar o desenvolvimento de periodontite por reduzir a perda óssea alveolar e a modulação da inflamação e aumentar a largura das vilosidades duodenais, o que pode ajudar a estabilizar o equilíbrio do trato gastrointestinal.

Cyclosporin A-induced new cementum formation: a morphometric evaluation in the periapical region of rats.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressor used in organ transplantation and in the management of various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown that CsA stimulates deposition of cementum on root surfaces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periapical cementum thickness and the apical foramen width in CsA-treated rats. Rats weighing 50 g were treated with a daily injection of 10 mg/kg body weight of CsA in the chow for 60 days. The cementum of the mandibular 1st molars was histologically and morphometricaly examined by analysis of 5-microm-thick serial buccolingual paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histometric and stereologic analyses revealed the presence of large amounts of cementum in all root surfaces, particularly abundant in the periapical region and obliterating the foramen. The volume density of cementoblasts did not increase. Five to 90 days after the termination of CsA therapy, there was no reduction of cementum thickness. These results suggest that cementum deposition is not reversible after cessation of CsA treatment.

Experimental Periodontitis in the Potentialization of the Effects of Immobilism in the Skeletal Striated Muscle.

This study aims to evaluate if ligature-induced periodontitis can potentiates the deleterious effects of immobilization in the skeletal striated muscle, contributing to the development of muscle atrophy due to disuse. Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control Group (CG), (2) Periodontal Disease (PDG), (3) Immobilized (IG), and (4) Immobilized with Periodontal Disease (IPDG). Periodontal disease was induced for 30 days, with ligature method, and the immobilization was performed with cast bandage for 15 days. Prior to euthanasia, nociceptive threshold and muscular grasping force were evaluated. Afterwards, the soleus muscle was dissected and processed for sarcomere counting and morphological/morphometric analysis. For data analysis, was used the one-way ANOVA and post-test Tukey (p < 0.05). The IG and IPDG presented lower muscle weight, lower muscular grip strength, and less number of sarcomeres compared to CG. The PDG showed reduction of muscle strength and nociceptive threshold after 15 days of periodontal disease and increased connective tissue compared to CG. The IPDG presented lower muscle length and nociceptive threshold. The IG presented reduction in cross-sectional area and smaller diameter, increase in the number of nuclei and a nucleus/fiber ratio, decrease in the number of capillaries and capillary/fiber ratio, with increase in connective tissue. The IPDG had increased nucleus/fiber ratio, decreased capillaries, and increased connective tissue when compared to the IG. The IPDG presented greater muscle tissue degeneration and increased inflammatory cells compared to the other groups. Ligature-induced periodontitis potentiated the deleterious effects of immobilization of the skeletal striated muscle.

Effectiveness of periodontal treatment on the improvement of inflammatory markers in children.

AIM: It is known that atherosclerosis begins in childhood, a behaviour towards oral health care and metabolic control, since an early age, is essential for patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of periodontal treatment full-mouth scaling and root planning (FMSRP), applied to children without systemic diseases, correlating with periodontal clinical and blood parameters (lipid profile and inflammatory markers). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 29 patients were divided into two groups, group 1 (14) - scaling and rot planning (SRP), group 2 (15) - FMSRP and the follow-up was conducted among 180 days. RESULTS: The results showed a significant improvement in clinical periodontal parameters (p<0.05) in both groups. In the analyzed blood parameters there was a greater evidence, with a significant improvement (p<0.05), in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), fibrinogen (FGN), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we suggest that both periodontal treatments were effective in children without any systemic diseases.

Bone tissue behavior of rats with experimental periodontitis subjected to physical exercise / Comportamento do tecido ósseo de ratos com periodontite submetidos ao exercício físico / Comportamiento del tejido óseo de ratas con periodontite sometidas al ejercicio físico

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is possible that physical activity protects the periodontium by mitigating excessive inflammatory response of the individual. There is some evidence from longitudinal studies and a prospective study demonstrating that physically active adults have experienced a decrease in the risk of periodontitis. To date no study has jointly explored the relationship of physical activity and periodontitis using inflammatory biomarkers. Objective: In this regard, the objective was to assess the bone tissue behavior of rats with experimental periodontitis subjected to aquatic exercise. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1) without periodontitis and without exercise (CS); 2) without periodontitis and with exercise (CE); 3) with periodontitis and without exercise (DPS); 4) with periodontitis and with exercise (DPE). The animals from groups CE and DPE had swimming sessions for four weeks and the DPS and DPE groups were subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis. After 30 days the animals were sacrificed, and had their right and left hemimandibles removed for radiographic and histological analysis. The data obtained were analyzed and evaluated through ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: Bone loss in the animals from the DPE group was found to be significantly lower (61.7 ± 2.2; p <0.05) than in those from the DPS group (84.5 ± 1.2; p <0.05), while in terms of the number of osteoblasts (DPS=11.0 ± 1.4; DPE=10.7 ± 5.2) and osteocytes (DPS=17.3 ± 3.1; DPE=19.0 ± 4.4), there was no significant decrease (p <0.05) in the groups subjected to experimental periodontitis, regardless of physical exercise. Conclusion: Physical exercise was found to have a protective effect in relation to bone height and did not influence bone density. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: É possível que a atividade física proteja o periodonto por atenuar a resposta inflamatória excessiva do indivíduo. Há algumas evidências em estudos longitudinais e um estudo prospectivo que demonstram que adultos fisicamente ativos têm tido diminuição do risco de periodontite. Até o momento, nenhum estudo explorou conjuntamente o relacionamento da atividade física com a periodontite, utilizando biomarcadores inflamatórios. Objetivo: Neste sentido, objetiva-se avaliar o comportamento do tecido ósseo de ratos com periodontite experimental submetidos ao exercício físico em meio aquático. Métodos: Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em quatro grupos: 1) Grupo sem periodontite e sem exercício (CS); 2) Grupo sem periodontite e com exercício (CE); 3) Grupo com periodontite e sem exercício (DPS); 4) Grupo com periodontite e com exercício (DPE). Os animais dos grupos CE e DPE realizaram natação por quatro semanas e nos animais dos grupos DPS e DPE induziu-se a doença periodontal por ligadura. Aos 30 dias, os animais foram sacrificados, sendo retiradas as hemimandíbulas do lado direito e esquerdo para análise radiográfica e histológica. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e avaliados através dos testes ANOVA e Tukey. Resultados: Foi possível observar que nos animais do grupo DPE, a perda óssea foi significantemente menor (61,7 ± 2,2; p < 0,05) do que no grupo DPS (84,5 ± 1,2; p < 0,05). Na quantidade de osteoblastos (DPS = 11,0 ± 1,4; DPE = 10,7 ± 5,2) e de osteócitos (DPS = 17,3 ± 3,1; DPE = 19,0 ± 4,4), não houve diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) nos grupos submetidos à periodontite experimental, independentemente do exercício físico. Conclusão: Foi possível observar que o exercício físico apresentou um efeito protetor com relação à altura óssea e não influenciou a densidade do osso. Nível de evidência: II; Estudos terapêuticos-investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Es posible que la actividad física proteja el periodonto por atenuar la respuesta inflamatoria excesiva del individuo. Hay algunas evidencias en estudios longitudinales y un estudio prospectivo que demuestran que los adultos físicamente activos tuvieron riesgo reducido de periodontitis. Hasta el momento, ningún estudio exploró conjuntamente la relación de la actividad física con la periodontitis utilizando biomarcadores inflamatorios. Objetivo: En este sentido, se pretende evaluar el comportamiento del tejido óseo de ratas con periodontitis experimental sometidos al ejercicio físico en en medio acuático. Métodos: Se utilizaron 24 ratas Wistar machos, divididas en cuatro grupos: 1) Grupo sin periodontitis y sin ejercicio (CS); 2) Grupo sin periodontitis y con ejercicio (CE); 3) Grupo con periodontitis y sin ejercicio (DPS); 4) Grupo con periodontitis y con ejercicio (DPE). Los animales de los grupos CE y DPE realizaron natación por cuatro semanas y en los animales de los grupos DPS y DPE se indujo la enfermedad periodontal por ligadura. A los 30 días, se sacrificaron los animales, siendo retiradas las hemimandíbulas del lado derecho e izquierdo para análisis radiográfico e histológico. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados y evaluados por las pruebas ANOVA y Tukey. Resultados: Se observó que en los animales del grupo DPE, la pérdida ósea fue significativamente menor (61,7 ± 2,2; p < 0,05) que en el grupo DPS (84,5 ± 1,2; p < 0,05). En la cantidad de osteoblastos (DPS = 11,0 ± 1,4; DPE = 10,7 ± 5,2) y de osteocitos (DPS = 17,3 ± 3,1; DPE = 19,0 ± 4,4), no hubo una disminución significativa (p <0,05) en los grupos sometidos a la periodontitis experimental, independientemente de ejercicio físico. Conclusión: Fue posible observar que el ejercicio presentó un efecto protector con relación a la altura ósea, no influenció en la densidad del hueso. Nivel de evidencia: II; Estudios terapéuticos-investigación de los resultados del tratamiento

Avaliações Histométrica, Radiográfica e Imunológica dos Tecidos Periodontais de Ratas Ovariectomizadas com Periodontite Induzida / Histometrical, Radiographic and Immunological Evaluations of the Periodontal Tissues of Female Ovariectomized Rats With Induced Periodontits

Objetivo: A relação da osteoporose com pós-menopausa é controversa, mas pode ser um fator de risco para doença periodontal. Assim o objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a influência da deficiência de estrógeno nos tecidos periodontais de ratas ovariectomizadas com peridontite induzida. Material e método: Quarenta ratas com 8 semanas de vida foram divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: 1) Grupo controle; 2) Grupo ligadura; 3) Grupo ovariectomia; 4) Grupo ovariectomia e ligadura; sendo que todos os animais receberam dieta padrão e água à vontade. Aos 70 dias de vida os animais foram anestesiados e foi realizada a indução da doença periodontal, sendo após este procedimento aos 79 dias de vida, as ratas também foram submetidas à anestesia e à cirurgia de ovariectomia. Aos 100 dias de vida, as ratas foram sacrificadas sendo retiradas as hemimandíbulas esquerda e direita de cada rata para análises histomorfométrica e radiográfica, bem como amostras do tecido gengival para avaliar os tecidos periodontais. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que na análise radiográfica e histomorfométrica do osso alveolar dos primeiros molares inferiores nos grupos onde foi feita a indução da doença periodontal por ligadura, houve maior perda óssea alveolar significativamente (p<0.05). Em relação às concentrações de citocinas, os grupos que foram ovariectomizadas apresentaram concentrações maiores estatisticamente significante em relação aos demais (p<0.05). Conclusão: Assim pode-se concluir que a deficiência de estrógeno poderia contribuir para uma evolução mais rápida da perda óssea alveolar em ratas ovarietomizadas.

Aim: The relation of osteoporosis on the post-menopause is controversial; however, it can be a risk factor for the periodontal disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the estrogen deficiency on the periodontal tissues of female ovariectomized rat with induced periodontitis. Materials and methods: Forty rats with 8 weeks of life were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) Control group; 2) Ligature group; 3) Ovariectomized group; 4) Ovariectomized and ligature group; that being that all the animals were treated in a standard diet and water available all time. When reaching 70 days of life, the animals were anesthetized and a periodontal disease induction was carried, after this procedure, when reaching 79 days of life, the rats were also submitted to anesthesia and went through the ovariectomy surgery. When reaching 100 days of life, the female rats were sacrificed, at when the left and right hemimandible of each rat were taken for radiographic and histomorphometric analysis, as the samples of the gingival tissue to evaluate the periodontal tissue. Results: The results highlighted that the radiographic and histomorphometric analysis of the lower alveolar bone first molars of the groups in which the induction of the periodontal disease by ligature, there was higher alveolar bone loss significantly (p<0.05). When it comes to the relation of the cytokine concentration, the groups that were ovariectomized presented significant higher concentration when compared to the others (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this way, we could conclude that the estrogen deficiency could contribute to the quicker evolution of the alveolar bone loss on female ovariectomized rats.

Radiographic evaluation of the effect of obesity on alveolar bone in rats with ligature-induced periodontal disease.

There is evidence that the lack of metabolic control of obese patients may accelerate periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate radiographically the effect of cafeteria-diet-induced obesity on alveolar bone loss in rats subjected to periodontal disease. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) control group, 2) control and ligature group; 3) cafeteria group; and 4) cafeteria and ligature group. The animals were evaluated for obesity and euthanized, and the mandible of each rat was removed to perform a radiographic evaluation of alveolar bone loss and its effect on diet-induced obesity. The results showed greater alveolar bone loss in the mice in Group 4 (P<0.01). Thus, we concluded that obese mice, on average, showed greater radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss than mice undergoing induction of obesity.

Periodontal evaluation of different toothbrushing techniques in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

INTRODUCTION: Plaque control is the major consensus during orthodontic treatment to prevent the occurrence of cavities and periodontal inflammation. The mechanic resource of greater effectiveness and frequent use in this control is the oral hygiene. The tooth brushing techniques most used in orthodontic patients are: Ramfjord's method, Modified Stillman technique and Bass method. OBJECTIVE: Since control studies evaluating the effectiveness of usual tooth brushing techniques do not show clear advantage, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three brushing methods, through periodontal clinical parameters of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS: Thirty patients were selected, with ages between 14 and 22 years old, with fixed orthodontic appliances. After basic periodontal treatment the following factors were evaluated: 1--Plaque index and 2--Gingival index and each patient was randomly included in one of the three selected groups according to the brushing technique: Group 1--Scrubbing technique; Group 2--Modified Stillman technique and Group 3--Bass technique. Patients were evaluated for 9 months. RESULTS: The results showed a significant reduction of clinical parameters by the end of this period, however there was a very significant reduction of Gingival index on group 3 (13.6%) when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: Thus, it can be suggested that the Bass technique can be effective on the reduction of periodontal clinical parameters of Plaque index and Gingival index in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Lipid profiles and inflammatory markers after periodontal treatment in children with congenital heart disease and at risk for atherosclerosis.

Due to the biological associations between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the fact that atherosclerosis begins in childhood, behavior based on oral health care and metabolic control from an early age is essential for patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of full-mouth scaling and root planing on the reduction of periodontal disease in children with congenital heart disease. In this study, treatments were related to clinical periodontal parameters and also to blood ones, such as lipid profile and inflammatory markers. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=17), scaling and root planing; and group 2 (n=16), full-mouth scaling and root planing. The results showed a significant improvement in clinical periodontal parameters (P<0.05) in both groups. Considering lipid parameters, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein parameters showed significant improvement (P<0.05). There was also an improvement in C-reactive protein (ultrasensitive) in the group treated with scaling and root planing (P<0.05). Fibrinogen and interleukin-6 parameters improved (P<0.05) in both groups. We suggest that both periodontal treatments were effective in children with congenital heart disease, though neither demonstrated superiority.